Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla Kube Yingxaki

Inkqubo yenkundla yakha isiseko sobulungisa nakweliphi na ibutho labantu, ilungiselela ibala elilungelelanisiweyo apho iingxabano ziconjululwa khona, imithetho itolikwa, kwaye amalungelo akhuselekile. Kumntu oqhelekileyo, noko ke, ukuma komthetho kusenokubonakala kusoyikeka, kuxhotyiswe ngeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuba nolwazi olusebenzayo lwendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo akuyoyoyameli okanye abagwebi kuphela enokuba inika abemi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo, ukuqaphela xa loo malungelo esengozini, kwaye uthatha amanyathelo olwazi. Nokuba ujongene nethikithi lendlela yokuqhuba izivumelwano, imbambano, okanye umcimbiswano wentsapho, ukuqonda isiseko senkqubo yenkundla kunokwenza umahluko phakathi kweziphumo ezintle nethuba eliphoswe lithile. Oku kunika ukhokelo olu lungiselelo lokusebenzisa iintlobo, iintlobo zemali, kunye namanyathelo okufuneka ulungele ukubungelana.

Izakhiwo Ezibini Ezihamba kunye: Iinkundla zeFederal nezoMmandla

Enye yeengcamango zokuqala ezinokuqondwa yeyokuba iUnited States isebenza inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelo lizwe : iinkundla zelifa lesizwe neenkundla zikarhulumente. Ziyafana kodwa zahlukile, nganye inegunya layo, imigaqo, kunye nemimandla yegunya. Amatyala amaninzi aqala aze aphele kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ngelinye ixesha iinkundla zephondo zisingatha imicimbi yokubaluleka kwesizwe okanye komgaqo-siseko.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Iinkundla zomanyano zisekwa phantsi kweQumrhu III loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye namatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, imiba yomgaqo-siseko, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwana, okanye amaqela avela kumazwe awahlukeneyo (ulawulo lweziqikili) xa ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kwee-$75,000. Iiklasi ezingundoqo ziquka arrentible, uxwebhu olusemthethweni, umbhali-mvume, nolwaphulo-mthetho lwezibheno zelizwe. Izipili zecala ze-stative ezibandakanya iinkundla zomthetho: [FLT: 0].S. [FLT: [FLT] [FLT] [FF:] [2] [FLT]]

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zephondo zininzi kakhulu kwaye zisingatha iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni ngezantsi kwemithetho-mthetho . ukusuka kumthetho wentsapho kunye nokuchaswa kweetrato ukuya kukwenzakala komntu ngamnye kunye namatyala avunyelweyo. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe kunye nesakhiwo senkundla, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo jikelele uquka iinkundla zamatyala (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba zinkulu, zisiphaluka, okanye iinkundla zesithili kumaphondo ahlukeneyo), iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo. Amanye amazwe anezahlulelo ezikhethekileyo njengeenkundla zentsapho okanye iinkundla zenkundla ezizimeleyo kumgangatho. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya kwityala lakho (igunya elingumbandela ophambili kunye nendawo ekumisa kuyo indawo ethile) linyathelo lokuqala ekuzazini indawo ekuyo okanye apho unokubizwa khona.

Ukuhlehla nokususa

Amatyala athile angaviwa nakweyiphi na indlela ukuba abandakanya imiba yomthetho yorhulumente norhulumente. Umzekelo, ukumangalelwa kombuso othe wabekwa itort kunye nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo asekuhlaleni kusenokususwa ngummangalelwa ukusuka kwinkundla yesizwe. Iwebhsayithi yenkundla yephondo. yase-U.S. inika iingcaciso ezicacileyo zale mida yemithetho.

Amaqondo eNkundla: Ileli yeNtlanganiso

Inkqubo zenkundla yorhulumente neyorhulumente zilungelelaniswe kumgangatho oyintloko othathu. Umgangatho ngamnye wenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo kwibhayisekile yobomi yetyala.

Iinkundla zokuchophela ityala (IiNkundla zeQumrhu lokuqala)

Iinkundla zetyala zilapho kuqalisa khona. Ubungqina bunikelwa, amangqina, kwaye ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bagqiba izibakala baze basebenzise umthetho. Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, ummangali-tyala kufuneka abonise ityala ngokuqwalaselwa bubungqina obububungqina. Iinkundla zetyala zikuphela kwenqanaba apho iimpikiswano eziyinyaniso ziconjululwa khona. Ukuba kukho impazamo yomthetho, iqela eliphulukana netyala lisenokubhenela kwinqanaba elilandelayo.

Inkundla

Iinkundla zezicelo azizingqinelani izibakala. Endaweni yoko, bahlola ingxelo yamatyala eempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuvunywa ngokungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo, okanye iimpazamo zenkundla elawulayo. Iqela leejaji (ngokufuthi ezintathu) lifunda iingxubusho ezifutshane, ziva iingxoxo zomlomo, kunye neengxelo ezibhaliweyo. Ukuba inkundla ye-appelte ifumana impazamo echaphazelekayo kwisiphumo, isenokujika, iphinde iguqule (igqibele ukuvavanywa kwetyala elitsha), okanye ilungise isigqibo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla zesibheno ze-U.S.

IiNkundla Eziphezulu

Inkundla ephakamileyo kwindlela nganye, --inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. "isiso sokugqibela somxhasi wetyala." Le nkundla idla ngokuhlola ngokusemthethweni, ithetha ukuba ikhetha amatyala abalulekileyo amele eviwe. Isingatha imicimbi yomgaqo-mthetho obalulekileyo, njengomthetho osemthethweni okanye umlo phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.U.S. ihlola amatyala kwiinkundla ze-amperentelliste kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente (xa kubandakanye netyala elisemgaqwele). Isigqibo senkundla ephakamileyo sibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla eziphantsi kwigunya layo.

Iintlobo zeenkundla ngemibandela

Ngaphandle kwemigangatho yemigangatho, iinkundla zidla ngokuba ngonolwazi olukhethekileyo lokusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi inkundla yetyala omele ujongene nayo kunokuzigcina ixesha kwaye kuthintele iimpazamo ezilawulayo.

  • Ityala leCIIL:[ Ukusingatha iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo (abantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho) efuna umonakalo wemali okanye umsebenzi othile. Imizekelo iquka ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, iimpikiswano zempahla, kunye nokumangalelwa komntu ngamnye. Umgangatho wokuqinisekisa uphantsi kunakwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • IiNkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho: Amatyala agwetywa ngurhulumente kubantu abatyholwa ngokwaphula imimiselo. Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zisingatha yonke into esuka kwizenzo eziphosakeleyo (umz., ubusela obuncinane) kwityala (umz., ukuphanga, ukubulala). Abameli baye baqinisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanya ityala, ilungelo legqwetha, kunye nelungelo lokuhlala buthule.
  • IiNkundla zoNtsapho: Yicandelo elikhethekileyo kwiinkundla zamatyala zikarhulumente elithetha ngolwalamano lwasekhaya/i-divoce, inkxaso yabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa, imiyalelo yokukhusela ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye nokuzala. Iinkundla zentsapho zidla ngokugxininisa ukusetyenziswa konxibelelwano kunye nesigqibo kuncedo olulungileyo lwabantwana.
  • IiNkundla eziNcinci: Iinkundla zequmrhu eziyilelwe iimpikiswano eziphantsi ze-draldar (ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kwe $5 000 ukuya kwi R10 000 kuxhomekeke kurhulumente). Ii-athorney azisoloko zifuneka, kwaye iinkqubo ziyaqukunjelwa. Iinkundla ezincinci zilukhetho olufikelelekayo kubantu ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Iprojekthi:[ Isalathisi somrhumo, izakhiwo, iinqanawa zokukhusela, kunye neenqanawa zokulungisa. Ezi ntendelezo ziqinisekisa ukuba izinto zomntu ofileyo zabelwa ngokwentando okanye ngokomthetho karhulumente, kwaye abantu ababuthathaka banokhuseleko olufanelekileyo olusemthethweni.
  • [[UMKCIT: 0] IiNkundla zeTax: Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zikarhulumente eziva iimpikiswano phakathi kwabaqeshi berhafu kunye neNkonzo yeNguqu yangaphakathi (IRS). Iinkundla zerhafu zomgangatho karhulumente zikhona kwezinye iindawo kwimiqathango yerhafu yasekuhlaleni.
  • Iinkundla zeBankruptic: Iinkundla zoMasipala ezisingatha iinkomfa zomntu ngamnye kunye nezoshishino ezingekhoyo phantsi kweBhankiptic Code. Ityala lingabandakanya ukupheliswa (Icala 7) okanye uHlaziyo (Ikhampasi 11 okanye 13). IBhankiruptic imisa ngokuzenzekelayo izenzo ezininzi zokuqokelela intelekelelo ngemijelo ezenzekelayo.

Ukungena nzulu kwiintlobo zeenkundla zesizwe, iCornell Legal Information Institute’s Wex iphepha kwiinkundla [[FLT: 1] inika ubhekiso oluthembekileyo.

Amalungelo Akho Asemthethweni Enkundleni: Yazi Oko Umele Ukulindele

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho enkundla yenkundla kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba uphathwa ngokufanelekileyo nokuba nasiphi na isigqibo esinxamnye nawe sifanelekile. Nangona amalungelo ehluka ngandlel ’ ithile phakathi kwemicimbi yezolwaphulo - mthetho nezolwaphulo-mthetho, imigaqo emininzi esisiseko isebenza ngokubanzi, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo - mthetho.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Ngokufanelekileyo

[[NTLT: 0] IsiHlalisi-mda se-stix siqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banelungelo lokumangalelwa ngetyala elikhawulezayo nelinobuni ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo kwisithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho benziwe khona. Abagwebi kufuneka bakhethwe ngaphandle kocalucalulo, kwaye abamangalelwa banelungelo lokubakho, amangqina ajongene noogxamente, kwaye banyanzelela ukuveliswa kobungqina obulungileyo (ulawulo oluphezulu). Kwimeko zamakhaya, uLawulo lwezigwebo lugcina ilungelo lokugweba kwityala ityala lombuso elingaphezu kwemali ka-20, nangona iinkundla ezininzi zinezikhuseli ezifanayo.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthule Nokuzichasa

Phantsi [[Nkqutyana:0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi seNkcubeko se-, akukho mntu unokunyanzeleka ukuba abe lingqina elinxamnye naye kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba akunyanzelekanga ukuba unikele ubungqina, kwaye ukuba awuthi cwaka akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina betyala. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, elo lungelo lincinane kodwa liyasebenza ukuba ubungqina bungakuchanaba kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ilungelo Lokufumana Iathorney

Abamangalelwa abangenalo ilungelo lokunika igqwetha ilungelo lokumisela omnye ngetyala likarhulumente ngokuhlawulwa ngurhulumente, kodwa imibutho emininzi yoncedo esemthethweni imisela imelo lomntu kwimicimbi enzima enjenge-closession, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye nelokugcina. Kwanokuba uzimela (). Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, akukho lungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwigqwetha elikhululekileyo, kodwa imibutho emininzi yoncedo lwasemthethweni inikela umelo kubantu abaphantsi ekufumaneni kwimicimbi enzima enjenge-clockse, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye nelo lungelo. Ukuba umele wena ([FLTLD:2]] pro[FLT]] [FLT]]), unalo ilungelo lokudibana negqwetha igqwetha ekufuneka wenze izigqibo eziqatha phambi kokwenza izigqibo eziqatha.

Ilungelo Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

[[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi se-Fourtenth sithintela urhulumente ekumncisheni umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ufumane isaziso esifanelekileyo ngawo nawuphi na umsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Oku kubandakanya ilungelo lokufumana ubungqina, amangqina ee-examine, kwaye unemithetho esekelwe kumthetho nakububungqina obunekhethe.

Ilungelo Lokubhenela

Ngeli xesha ityala lingagqibekanga, ummangalelwa wesigebenga usoloko enesibheno esizenzekelayo esisuka kwityala (ngaphandle kwezinye iimeko ezinetyala). Abamangalelwa bamakhaya bangafaka izicelo zomgwebo wokugqibela. Unefestile elinganiselweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-30) uku faka isaziso sokubhenela. Iinkundla zezicelo zihlola iimpazamo zomthetho, hayi izibakala, ngoko ke kubalulekileyo ukugcina iimpikiswano ekucinyweni.

Ukuhlolisisa la malungelo ngokweenkcukacha, i- iZibonelelo zemfundo kawonke-wonke zeMelika zinika iingcaciso eziluncedo, zolwimi olucacileyo.

Ukunyanzelisa Inkqubo Yenkundla: Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo

Ukwazi isakhiwo namalungelo akho kusisiqingatha sedabi. La manyathelo alandelayo anokukunceda udlule kwinkqubo yenkundla ngentembelo engakumbi kunye nokuphumelela.

1. Beka isiqinisekiso sakho kunye neVenue

Yazi ukuba ityala lakho likwinkundla yesizwe okanye yesizwe. Ulawulo lwetyala (imeko emalunga) kunye nolawulo lobuqu (apho amaqela ahlala khona okanye enza khona ishishini) kufuneka lwaneliswe. UVenue ubhekisela kwindawo ethile yelizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ingingqi apho isiganeko senzeka khona okanye apho ummangalelwa ehlala khona.

Yiqonde Imithetho Yomthetho

Zombini iinkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente ezisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ebhaliweyo entsonkothileyo (umz., iMimiselo yeNkqutyana yeNkqubo yoLuntu, imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko worhulumente). Ezi mithetho ilawula indlela yokufakela isikhalazo, yokulungiselela elinye iqela, yokuphendula, yokufumana inkqubela-phambili, kunye nobungqina obukhoyo. Ukungazi kwaloo mithetho akufane kwamkelwe njengesizathu. Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela amaziko oncedo okanye amaziko oonobhalanezo ukuze zifumane ukhokelo.

3. Bunganisela Amaxwebhu Uze Ulungelelanise

Ityala ngalinye lenkundla lixhomekeke kumaxwebhu: izivumelwano, ii-imeyili, ii-lisithi, iingxelo zezamayeza, iingxelo zamapolisa, iingxelo, iileta, kunye nayo nayiphi na imiyalelo yenkundla engaphambili. Yenza imibhalo (engakhange iqale ngentla) yokuqokelela nokugcina ixesha lokulandelelana kwetyala. Ukuvavanywa, lungiselela uluhlu lwemiboniso kwaye ube nemibhalo emininzi yejaji, umabhalane, icebiso eliphikisayo, kunye nabachopheli-tyala ukuba kufanelekile.

4. Funa umelo okanye icebiso elingokwasemthethweni

Ngoxa kunokwenzeka ukuzimela, izibonda zisoloko ziphezulu kakhulu ukuba zingahamba zodwa. Igqwetha elifanelekayo lingazihlola iinzuzo zetyala lakho, licebisa ngeqhinga, amaxwebhu abhaliweyo asemthethweni, lize liphikisane nawe. Ukuba iindleko zingumqobo, qwalasela uncedo olusemthethweni, iinkqubo ze-probo, iikliniki zesikolo, okanye umelo lwezikolo olulinganiselweyo (inkonzo ezisemthethweni ezingagunyaziswanga).

5. Ukulawulwa kweMihla yeNkundla kunye neMigaqo

Phumeza ixesha elimiselweyo kwaye ungalahlekelwa lilungelo lakho lokufakela okanye isibheno. Sebenzisa inkqubo yekhalenda (iqela okanye iphepha) kwaye ucwangcise izikhumbuzo. Rhoqo qinisekisa imihla yokuva ne ofisi yomabhalane. Fika kwangoko, nxiba ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye uze uzise zonke izinto ezifunekayo. Ukuba awunakubakho, bhala indlela yokuqhubekeka phambili kakuhle kuhle.

Ezinye Izinto Ezinokusetyenziswa KwiNkundla Yesithethe

Asiyonto yonke ingxabano ekufuneka iconjululwe ngaphakathi enkundlani. Iindlela ezichaseneyo zeDispute Resolution (ADR) zinokuba nesantya, zingabizi mali ingako, kwaye zingabikho ngqongqo kangako.

  • I- I-media: Yinxenye yesithathu engathathi-nxaxheba (ummeli) enceda amaqela ukuba afumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Umlamli akanyanzeli sigqibo. I-Media iqhelekile kumthetho wentsapho, iimpikiswano zamakhaya, kwanemibandela ethile yolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., i-detavier mediation). Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuzama ukuzama ukuqulungela ii-mente phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Arbittion: Isiphathi sobundilele okanye iqela lomkhosi liva ubungqina lize linikezele isigqibo sesiqinisekiso. I-Arbit isoloko isetyenziswa kwizivumelwano zentengiselwano kunye nezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Ngelixesha zingaphantsi kwenkundla, unyuso lusoloko lungafumani nkcazelo epheleleyo kunye namalungelo okubhenela afumanekayo kwi-litigation.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uququzelo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi:[[FT:1] Yinkqubo engeyomfuneko esetyenziswayo kwiimbambano ezincinci okanye kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Amatheko athethana ngqo okanye ngoncedo ukufumana isigqibo esamkelekileyo.

Ukukhetha i-ADR kunokulondoloza ulwalamano, kunciphise iindleko ezingomthetho, kugcinwe imicimbi iyimfihlo. Noko ke, kusenokungafanelekanga kwiimeko ezifuna imizekelo engqongqo esemthethweni okanye ukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngenkqubo yeNkundla

Ukungaqondani ngendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingafanelekanga.

  • [[FLT: 0] Imbaza: "Ungamangalela nabani na ngento nganye". iMithetho kufuneka ibe nesiseko esisemthethweni (ukuma, unobangela ovunyiweyo wesenzo, kunye negunya elifanelekileyo). Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubalulekileyo lungapheliswa ngemvume, kuquka iindleko zegqwetha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izamlo:[ . Elinye icala kufuneka lihlawule iirhafu zakho ezisemthethweni ukuba uphumelele.” Umthetho waseMelika udla ngokufuna macala onke ahlawule iindleko zawo ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano okanye ummiselo uvumela ukutshintsha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umngxuma: [ndingazimela ngokwam] kwaye kulula/iijaji ezininzi zinceda iprothisi.” Abagwebi abathathi cala kwaye abanako ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. I-proligigons zigcinwa kumgangatho ofanayo wento ebhaliweyo njenge gqwetha. Umngcipheko wokwenza impazamo ebulalayo yeprocdism.
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth:[ "Isibheno sithetha uvavanyo olutsha". Izibheno zihlola iimpazamo zomthetho, hayi izibakala. Awunako ukunikela ubungqina obutsha; inkundla yencoko yababini isebenza kwingxelo yokuvavanya.
  • Myth:[ "Iinkundla ezincinci zizinto nje ezingento ingabalulekanga.” Ngexa imida isezantsi, iinkundla ezincinane zisingatha iimpikiswano zokwenene //amatyala angahlawulwanga kakuhle, ulungiso oluphosakeleyo, ugcino lokhuseleko. Isigqibo sibophelele ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphelo: Zinike amandla ngolwazi

Inkqubo yenkundla isenokubonakala ifana ne-byrinth, kodwa yenzelwe kwimigaqo yokusesikweni, ukubonakala, kunye nocwangco. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo esibini seenkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente, imigangatho yeli tyala kunye nemigangatho yokufumana iziphumo zetyala, iindidi ezikhethekileyo zeenkundla, kunye namalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko, uzixhobisa ukuba uphumelele ukusingatha imingeni esemthethweni ngokucacileyo. Ukuba ufuna okusesikweni, ukuzikhusela kwilizwi elithile, okanye ukuzama nje ukuzama ukuva ingcebiso, ulwazi olukwelishwayo olunika isiseko esiqinileyo. Khumbula ukuba ubuncwane obungcono busoloko bukufanelekela ukunikela isiluleko esisemthethweni, kodwa ummi onolwazi sele ehamba phambili. Ukuqhubeka ufunda [[FLT:].U.. ii-Allpowes .[FFLD] [FFP] [12], iividiyo, kwaye unyusa ubuchule bakho bokusebenzisana.[20]