Inkqubo yesibheno kwinkqubo yomthetho: Isikhokelo esinetyala

Xa inkundla egwebayo inikela umgwebo wokugqibela, ityala alisoloko liphelela apho. Inkqubo yomthetho inika inkqubo yeqela elilahlekileyo ekucinezeleni ukucela uvavanyo lwenkundla ephakamileyo ukuze lihlole isigqibo. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengesibheno, ligumbi lesiseko lenkqubo yokulungisa ityala, eliyilelwe ukulungisa iimpazamo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, nokugcina ukungaguquguquki ekusetyenzisweni komthetho. Ukuqonda inkqubo yesibheno akucetyiswa kuphela ziingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa ikwanomntu okanye nabani na ishishini elibandakanyekileyo ekufakeni isibheno. Eli nqaku linikela ukupapasha ngokufihlakeleyo kwinkqubo yesicelo, kuquka amanyathelo abandakanye nezibheno, iindidi ezifanelekileyo, kunye noko kwenzekayo emva kwenkundla yenkundla.

Yintoni Ebangela Umtsalane?

Isibheno sisicelo esisemthethweni kwinkundla ephakamileyo sokuhlola nokutshintsha isigqibo senkundla esezantsi. asilotyala elitsha [. Inkundla yesicelo alusivanga ubungqina obutsha okanye ubungqina obukhoyo. Endaweni yoko, ihlola ingxelo yetyala lokuvavanywa kwenkundla ephezulu `iingxelo zetyala' quka iingxelo, iimbonakaliso, kunye nentshukumo `zeenkcukacha' ezibhaliweyo zokwenza ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenzeka yini na ezichaphazekileyo. Inkundla yetyala ibizwa ngokuba yi-'FLT''',, kwaye iqela elichasanayo liyi-'lingeneyo [[FLT:] [FLD]] [okanye [FLT]] [okanye ne-'i-'ayisenzile).

Isakhiwo Seenkundla Eziza Kuphandwa

EUnited States, inkqubo ye-appellate idla ngokuba namanqanaba amabini: iinkundla eziphakathi (ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla zezibheno) kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo (Ngokuqhelekileyo iNkundla Ephakamileyo). Amatyala amaninzi asuka kwinkundla yamatyala ukuya kwinkundla ephakathi. Liphesenti encinane kuphela ebheniswa kwinkundla ephakamileyo, enokuthi ngokufanelekileyo ibe nesigqibo esisemthethweni (umz., ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okuva). Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya elikwisibheno sokuqala kwinkqubo. Umzekelo, izibheno zolawulo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. S. Iinkundla zezibheno zeSibheno zeNkupho zeNkundla ze-US.

Amanyathelo Abalulekileyo Kwinkqubo Yesibheno

1. Ukubhaqa isaziso sesibheno

Inkqubo yesibheno iqala ngokufaka isaziso sesibheno kwinkundla egwebayo kunye nenkundla yetyala. Olu xwebhu kufuneka lugcinwe kumda ongqongqo wexesha. Ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka ekungeneni komgwebo wokugqibela kwinkundla yesizwe, kodwa mfutshane kwamanye amazwe (umz. 10-15 iintsuku zemiyalelo yokubhalisa). Ukungalufumani olu cwangciso kuyingozi; ilungelo lokubhenela lilahlekile ngokupheleleyo. Isaziso kufuneka siqonde umgwebo obhexweyo kwaye inkundla apho isibheno sithatyathwa khona. Amanye amagunya akwafuna ukuhlawulwa kwentengiso kunye nenkonzo kuwo onke amaqela.

Ukulungiselela umbhalwa nokuhlanganisa ushicilelo

Xa isaziso sifakiwe, umqwalaseli kufuneka ayalele irekhodi yetyala elivela kumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. Ingxelo ekwisibheno iquka onke amaxwebhu abekwe kwinkundla yokuvavanya, imiqondiso, kunye ne khowudi ebhaliweyo. Le ngxelo igqithiselwe kwinkundla yenkcazelo kwaye isebenza njengesiseko esipheleleyo sokuhlola. Ummeli umele aqinisekise ukuba ingxelo iphelele kwaye ichanile. Iimpazamo okanye iimpazamo ezishicilelweyo kwingxelo zingaba yindlela yokugxothwa okanye yokuqinisekisa.

3. Izabelo ezifutshane ezingenisa

Zizimpikiswano ezifutshane ezibhaliweyo ezichaza isizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla yetyala sitshintshwe, siqinisekiswe okanye silungiswe. Imposiso emfutshane yomgwebi ichaza iimpazamo zomthetho, ichaza umthetho onxulumene netyala kunye nemimiselo, kwaye iphikisa indlela iimpazamo ezicalucalulwe ngayo. I-appellee eyimpendulo emfutshane, iphikisa ukuba inkundla yetyala ichanile okanye ukuba nayiphi na impazamo ayiyo. Umxhasi angafaka impendulo emfutshane. Iimfutshane zilandela imithetho engqongqo yokulungisa imigaqo emalunga nemilinganiselo yephepha, ifomati, indlela yokubhala, i-mscrifi, iBluebook yeenkundla zorhulumente), kunye neemfuno zolwakhiwo. Izicelo eziqinileyo zigxekwa ngokufutshane zigwetywa kuba ezininzi azinangachananga ziphumelwangachananga ngomlomo kwimpikiswano emfutshane.

4. Impikiswano engokwasemzimbeni

Impikiswano engoonozala yintetho ekhoyo phambi kweqela labagwebi abagwebi abathatha inxaxheba − ngokunjalo abagwebi abathathu kwiinkundla eziphakathi. Icala ngalinye labelwe ixesha elifutshane (onke 15-30 imizuzu) ukunikela iingongoma ezingundoqo nokuphendula imibuzo yabagwebi. Impikiswano engomlomo asiyonto ithetha ishwankathelane yezifutshane; lithuba lomphulaphuli lokuthetha imicimbi eqhubekayo nentsonkothile enzima. Abagwebi badla ngokusebenzisa impikiswano yomlomo ukuvavanya imiqathango yempikiswano engomthetho kunye nokuhlola imibandela enokwenzeka. Ngoxa kungenjalo onke amatyala afumana impikiswano yomlomo (amatyala agqibelwayo kuphela), xa evumelekile, lingumba orhoqo.

5. Isigqibo Senkundla Esiza Kuqulunqwa

Emva kokuqwalasela irekhodi, iingxoxo ezifutshane, kunye neempikiswano zomlomo, inkundla yetyala ibhala uluvo. Isigqibo sisenokuba singqinelane okanye sahlulele (kunokungavumelani okanye ukuququzelelana kweembono). Inkundla ingenza izenzo eziliqela:

  • Isiqinisekiso – ixhasa isigqibo senkundla egwebayo.
  • jika umva - ubhukuqa isigqibo senkundla eququzelelayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] inguqu[[UMTL:1] – utshintsho lwenxenye yomgwebo.
  • [[UMTL:0] IRemand – thumela elityala emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela ingcebiso ezithe rhoqo noluvo.

Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla ingadibanisa ukuguqulwa nokubuyiselwa, iyalele ityala elitsha okanye ukufumana enye into. Iqela elingaphumeleliyo lingafuna uhlomelo olubhekele phaya ngenkundla ephakamileyo (umz., isicelo sokucela ityala lecertitoori kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.).

Iindidi Zezibheno

Zonke izibongozo azifani. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunceda abasebenzi bacebe indlela abaza kuyisebenzisa baze bakwazi ukusingatha izinto abazilindeleyo.

Izibheno ezithe ngqo

Isibheno esingqalileyo sisibheno esivela kwisigwebo sokugqibela senkundla yamatyala. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo. Iqela elinomtsalane licela umngeni wesiphumo sokugqibela, lifuna iimpazamo zomthetho ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Izibheno ezithe ngqo zikhona njengezokulawula imimandla emininzi (ukuthetha ukuba inkundla yetyala elinobundlobongela kufuneka ilive elo tyala).

Izibheno zoNxibelelwano

Isibheno sokufakela sigcinwa phambi kokuba umgwebo wokugqibela ungene. Ezi zivunyelwa kuphela kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengaxa inkundla egwetywayo ifaka isibambiso kumbandela wokulawula umthetho nenkundla ekhupha imvume. Imizekelo iquka imiyalelo yokunika okanye yokukhanyela imimiselo yokuqala, okanye imiyalelo ebandakanya ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu. Ngenxa yokuba isibheno sokufaka isibheno siphazamisa inkqubo yokuvavanya, ziyangamkeleki kwaye zifuna ukuboniswa kwengozi elungisekayo okanye imbambano engomthetho ebalulekileyo.

Izibheno Zobulumko

Kwezinye iinkundla, ingakumbi inkundla ephakamileyo yegunya, izibheno azingombandela olungileyo. Inkundla inetyala lokukhetha amatyala okuva asekelwe kwimibandela enjengokubaluleka kombuzo ongokwasemthethweni, iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi, okanye ukubaluleka kwesizwe. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inika kuphela malunga no-1/2% yezibongozo ze-ceretori. Isibheno seqhinga sifuna ukukhupha isicelo esichaza isizathu sokuba ityala lifanele lihlaziswe.

Ii-Appals ezinqamlezayo

Xa elinye iqela libhena, iqela eliphikisanayo lingayila umphandle wokunqamleza ukuze licel ’ umngeni imiba yomgwebo ochasene nalo, nokuba ithathiwe kancinane. Iiapplethi ezinqamlezileyo kufuneka zigcinwe ngexesha elinye njengesibheno sokuqala. Zivumela omabini amacala afune ukulungiswa kwempazamo ngaphandle kokulinda isibheno sokuqala ukuba sigqitywe.

Indawo Yokubhenela: Yintoni Onokuyibhenela?

Isibheno asilothuba lokuphendula izibakala okanye lokuvakalisa ukunganeliseki sisigqibo. Izizathu ezifanelekileyo zokubhenela zixhomekeke kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenziwa ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

  • [[UMTL:0] Iimpazamo ezingokwenzululwazi – umz., ukwamkela okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-mthetho, okanye ikhethe lejaji.
  • Abaphathi bomthetho – umz., ukusetyenziswa komthetho okanye umgangatho osemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] ubungqina obungonelanga [ – isigqibo sichasene kakhulu nobungqina bokuba akukho bagwebi abafanelekileyo abanokufikelela kweso sigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Special – umz., ukuziphatha okubi, igqwetha eliphethe kakubi, okanye ukuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi.
  • Uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko – (kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) apho ukusetyenziswa kwesiluleko sokuzikhusela kwakungaphantsi komgangatho onenjongo wobungcathu kunye nommangalelwa.

Okubalulekileyo, ummangalelwa kufuneka aphakamise umba kwinkundla yamatyala (ngokuchasana okanye ngokuhamba) ukuyigcina ikwindawo yokubhenela. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina umba kungawususa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuqwalasela Okubalulekileyo Ekufuneni Isibheno

Imida Yexesha Ingqongqo Yaye Iphelele

Ulawulo ngalunye lumisela ixesha elikhethekileyo lokugcina isaziso sesibheno. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka ekungeneni komgwebo. Ezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente zivumela iintsuku ezili-10 kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zemiyalelo. Le miqathango ilawula, ithetha ukuba inkundla yezabelo ayinalo igunya lokuzidlulisela. Iziphumo zokukhupha isibheno zibalulekile ukukhangela imithetho esebenzayo ngokukhawuleza emva komgwebo ongalunganga.

Umgangatho Wempinda

Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yohlolo exhomekeke kumbandela. Imibuzo yomthetho iphinda incitshiswe ngenovo (inkundla yesigwebo ayiniki thuba lokuzibophelela kwinkundla evavanyiweyo). Ukufumana inyani kubuye kuhlolwe ngemposiso yento [[[FLT:]] imposiso ecacileyo [[FLT]] [iiiiiii] siseko esiphezulu]. Izigqibo zomgamlo (umz., ukuba ukuvumela inkqubela phambili) iyaphinda ibuyekezwe ngenxa [[FLT:]] i-eviedingss. Ukuqonda umgangatho wohlolo lubalulekileyo lwempikiswano yentengo zentengo zentengo zentengiso.

Ukukhusela iAttorney enamava

Izibheno zingobuchule obuphezulu kwaye zahlukile kuqheliselo lokuvavanya. Amagqwetha amaninzi avavanyayo akanabo ubuchule obufunekayo bokufumana iziphumo ezisebenzayo zobuchule bokungafundi. Igqwetha elinamava liyakuqonda ukutshintsha-tshintsha komshwampunguzu, isiphumezi-miyalelo esidluliselwa ngomlomo, kunye nemithetho ye-procedific. Bangachonga iimpazamo ezigciniweyo, iimpikiswano zobuchule ezinyanzelisayo zomthetho, kwaye bakhangele ingxelo. [[FLT:] Umelo lwezigwebo lungaba ngumahluko phakathi kokuphumelela nokuphulukana nesibheno. Jonga igqwetha ibhodi ekhutshelwe kwi-ulwe kumthetho we-appellette okanye inomkhondo wengxelo yempumelelo.

Amaxabiso Okubhenela

Izibheno zinokuba nexabiso elikhulu. Iindleko ziquka iindleko zemali yenkundla, ukulungiselela itranscription (ngokufuthi amawaka amawaka eerandi), ukushicilela nokubophelela ii-fish, kunye nemirhumo yamagqwetha. Kwimeko zabemi, umfaki-sicelo usenokufuneka ukuthumela [[FLT: 0]] umanyano [ngamaxesha amaninzi] (ngamaxesha amaninzi lulingana nomlinganiselo womgwebo) ukugcina ummiselo ngexesha lobheno. Iingxelo kufuneka zilinganisele iinzuzo ezinokwenzeka nxamnye nomthwalo wemali. Kwezinye iimeko, ukwenziwa kwesigqibo okanye ukuphicoselwano-mali kusenokusebenza ngakumbi.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Kwindlela Yokutsala

Kwaneenqanawa ezinamava zizenza iimpazamo eziphazamisana nezicelo zazo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuzinzisa ukugcina imiba xa kuvavanywa – ngaphandle kwesithintelo esifike ngexesha, umba uyarhoxiswa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubeka ixesha elicwangcisiweyo lokugcina ixesha [[FLT: 1] - Le yilahleko ezenzekelayo.
  • Ugcino okanye ingxelo engachananga – Inkundla echazayo ayinakuqwalasela izibakala ngaphandle kwe rekhodi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ngokulandelelanayo wenziwa iimizuzu [[FLT: 1] – Impikiswano ezidityanisiweyo, ukunqongophala kocaphulo, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukunikeza umgangatho wohlolo.
  • Ukuqwalasela iimpikiswano eziyinyaniso – iinkundla zeAppellate ezibambe iziphumo ezicacileyo; ukuphikisa izibakala kudla ngokuba lilize.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iphosa imfundiso yempazamo engenabungozi – nokuba kwenzeke impazamo, umenzi sicelo makabonise ukuba inesiphumo.

Emva Kwesi Sibongozo: Yintoni Elandelayo?

Ukuba umbheno uphulukana nesibheno, bangafuna uhlomelo olubhekele phaya ngenkundla ephakamileyo (umz., inkundla ephakamileyo okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.). Ukuba ingekho okanye ayivunywanga, umgwebo uba ngumva, kwaye iqela elilawulayo lingawunyanzelisa. Ukuba i-appelant yowiso, ityala lingabuyiselwa kwityala elitsha, lilungiswe kwakhona, okanye liphelelwe. Kumanye amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, isibheno esinempumelelo singakhokelela kwisigwebo esincitshisiweyo okanye isilingo esitsha. i-Post, amaqela angahlola kwakhona ukuhlalisa okanye ukuphendula konxibelelwano [FLT]] [FLT]]

Ezinye Izinto Ezinokubhenela

Asiyonto yonke isigwebo esingalunganga efuna ukuba ibhenele ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye iindlela ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Intshukumo zeposi zovavanyo – njengentshukumo yomgwebo nakanjanina isigqibo okanye intshukumo yokuzama okutsha.
  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Ingxoxo ecwangcisiweyo – ukusombulula le meko ngaphandle kolunye uluvo.
  • Imali okanye ulwahlulo – isoloko ifunwa sisivumelwano okanye umthetho wenkundla.
  • Izixhobo ezingaqhelekanga – ezifana nemandamus okanye ukwalela, ezisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinqabileyo xa isibheno singenele.

Ukudibana negqwetha kwangethuba kunokukunceda ukhethe eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yesibheno iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yomthetho, inika uhlolo kwiimpazamo zenkundla evavanyiweyo kunye nokukhuthaza ukudibana komthetho. Ngoxa indlela yokufaka isibheno sokufumana isigqibo sokubhena inokuba yende kwaye ibe yexabiso, ukuqonda amanyathelo, izinyuko, kunye nokuqwalasela okubalulekileyo kunakho ukunika amandla okunika izigqibo zolwazi. Ukuba ungumntu weqela kwityala, umfundi, okanye ugqirha onegunya, uyakwazi ubuchule bemithetho engundoqo yesicelo, kuyimfuneko. [FT.[2] i-FT.[FTP] ibonelela imigaqo eninzi ebanzi ye-procedrodial, ijonge i [[10]] Firedalveral enzulu ye-Appellate [[FLD] [Foctreast] ireasts, i-Exptionstingstion, i-Greastnamestings.[5] kunye ne-Es translavementationstion:[f]