Inkqubo yobulungisa yezomthetho yenye yeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo nezineziphumo eziphambili kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje. Ilawula indlela abantu abatyholwa ngayo ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumangalelwa, ukugwetywa, kunye nokusohlwaywa kwetyala. Ukusuka kulandelelwano olulula, inkqubo ibandakanya intsalela emininzi yenkqubo esemthethweni, ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngomthetho, abatshutshisi, abagwebi, abagwebi, nabagwebi. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ayiyo kuphela kwiingcaphephe ezingomthetho kodwa kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukungenela ngokunentsingiselo kwimibandela esesikweni, ukuphendula, namalungelo abantu. Oku kuhamba-hamba ngesigaba ngasinye, kusuka kumthetho onyanzelo mphicotho, kuqalisa uphando lweziko lokuqulukulwa kwetyala, nakumalungelo.

Uphando lwangaphambi kophumlo: Indlela Imeko Eziqala Ngayo

Phambi kokuba ubanjwa, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kusenza uphando ukuze kuqokelelwe ubungqina nokuseka unobangela ongafanelekanga. Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osemthethweni ofuna izibakala ezaneleyo ukukhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye umntu othile olwenzileyo. Uphando lungaqala ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Iingxelo zeCIT: Ixhoba okanye amapolisa angaboniyo, achaza umsebenzi okrokrelekayo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • IObservation: Igosa libona ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo okanye liphawule ukuziphatha okucebisa umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[Unikezelo:0] Iingcebiso ezitshintshayo: Abalamli abayimfihlo okanye iincam ezingaziwayo zinika ulwazi oluthi, xa uxhasa, lungathethelela uphando oluqhubekayo.
  • Ubuchule bokubhekisa phambili obuquka ukugada i-DNA, uhlalutyo lweDNA, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-manani zixhaphakile.

Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, abaphathi bangafaka isiqinisekiso sokufuna [[FLT: 0] ukuba bafuna ukungena ekhaya okanye ukuthatha impahla. Ulwandiso lwesine lufuna imvume yokuxhaswa yisizathu esilindelekileyo nokuchaza ngenkani indawo ezakuphehlwa kwaye izinto zibhaqwe. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni okanye ukuphulwa kwemithetho yemvume bungacinezelwa phantsi komthetho [ owe-exclusionary , obenziswa ngokugcinwa ngoncedo lwezikhuseli.

Ityala 1: Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kukukuthatha umntu asiwe entolongweni. Lixesha elibalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba libangela uthotho lwezikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko (kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala buthule kunye nelungelo lokuxelela igqwetha) ukuba ummangalelwa makaxelelwe phambi kokuba nayiphi na ingxinaniso yegunya iqhubeke, njengokuba imisiwe ku Manda v. Arizona [1966].

Ukubanjwa Kwabantu Abayimfazwe

Umthetho wahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo zokubanjwa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uphumlo kunye noMgwebi: Umgwebi ukhupha umthetho wokubamba emva kokuhlola i-affidavit esuka kumthetho oqinisekisa ukubhambathiswa kwesifungo kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Isiqinisekiso siqinisekisa ukuba umphathi wejaji wobundilele uvumele ukuncishwa kwenkululeko.
  • Ababanjwa abangenatyala: [ Amapolisa angabanjwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso ukuba anesizathu esilindelekileyo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwenzekile phambi kwabo, okanye ukuba banosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ityala lenziwe. Noko ke, ukubanjwa okungenaziqinisekiso ekhaya kudla ngokufuna iimeko ezitsha, ngelinye I-Revoton v. New York (1980).

Inkqubo Yokubhala Nenkumbulo Yokuqala

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umkroti usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa okanye entolongweni ukuze afumane incwadi. Ngexesha lokubhala, amagosa arekhoda inkcazelo yobuqu yomntu, athathe iminwe nemifanekiso, enze itsheki yolwaphulo-mthetho, aze anike nayiphi na into yobuqu. Orhanelwayo asenokubekwa kwisisele esibambekileyo ngoxa amapolisa elungiselela isikhalazo okanye ukukhutshwa. Ngeli xesha, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufowuna aze axelelwe ngezityholo.

Okubalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba uHlaziyo lweNkqutyana lufuna ukumiswa komthetho okukhawulezileyo kwesizathu esinokwenzeka emva kokubanjwa okungenasiqinisekiso / ngokunjalo phakathi kweeyure ezingama-48, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zikho (] ibala elipheleleyo lonxweme loMlambo v. McLaughlin, 1991]). Olu kuzimisela kwenzeka koko kwaziwaziwa njengobunjani bobunjani bobunjani bobunjaniwe [[FT: 4,4]].

1.5: Imbonakalo yeNkundla yasemva kweNkundla kunye neMicimbi

Ixesha eliphakathi kokubanjwa nokuchotshelwa kwetyala lizele ngamanyathelo alo abumba lonke ityala. Nangona lingasoloko lichazwa ngomzekelo olula weqonga lesithathu, eli candelo libalulekile kumalungelo abamangalelwa nakwiziphumo zetyala.

Imbonakalo yokuqala nokuzimisela

Kwimbonakalo yokuqala, ummangalelwa usiwa phambi komgwebi ofunda izityholo, ucebisa ummangalelwa wamalungelo akhe, kwaye umisela iimeko zokukhulula. UBail ngumba ophambili. UMthetho oLawulayo wesiXhosa uyalwalela ibheyile egqithisileyo, kodwa iinkundla zingayikhanyela ngokupheleleyo ibheyile yolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu okanye ukuba ummangalelwa ubeka umngcipheko okanye ingozi kuluntu. Imithetho emininzi isebenzisa ucwangciso [[FLT: 0] lommiselo wetyala elincinci, ngelixa imiba enzima ifuna ukuvalelwa. Ii-bheth-bheth-nte ezinokunga-jinga ngemali, njengokuhlola kwe-elektrone okanye ukukhululwa, iyakhula njengoko abaguquli bebiza abaqhubi bemali abangelwayo.

Umthetho Noyonwabisayo

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa uva izityholo ezisesikweni aze angene esicelweni: ulwaphulo-mthetho, engenatyala[, okanye [ nolulo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [5] [iii-awuthi] [i-awulo i-'i-'i-'asel']. Isibongozo esinetyala sisenokukhatshwa [, isivumelwano phakathi komtshutshisi kunye nokuzikhusela apho ummangalelwa etyholwayo [iiiityala elincinci okanye ufumana ingcebiso lokuphepha ukuphepha ukuphepha. Ngaphezu kwe-90% yemeko yolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States isombulula ngokudlula kumgaqo-mthetho ophakathi, indlela elungeleneyo le nkqubo yokugweba.

Intshukumo zangaphambili zovavanyo

Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko elungisa iziphumo zangaphambili zovavanyo ukuvavanya imiba ecacileyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha: Ingxalabo zokuba izityholo azinele ngokusemthethweni okanye ukuba umtshutshisi waphula amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqibo sokucinezela uBubungqina: Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokwaphula isiHlanu, sesihlanu, okanye seSithandathu soHlaziyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isicelo sokutshintsha iVenue: izicelo ezisusa ityala ukuya kwindawo eyahlukileyo ukunqanda usasazo olucalucalulo lwangaphambili lwezoshishino.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukuqukunjelwa: Ifuna ityala ukuba libalise ubungqina elifuna ukubusebenzisa xa kuvavanywa, kuquka izinto ezikhutshwayo phantsi Brady v. Maryland [1963]).

Ityala Lesibini

Ukuba ityala alipheliswanga ngesibongozo esinetyala, liqhubekeka licinywe. Ityala lelona candelo linguwonke-wonke nenkqubo yobulungisa obuqhelekileyo, elenzelwe ukumisela ityala okanye ubumsulwa ngexesha libhekisele kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko ommangalelwa (kodwa lilo ] ukubekwa kweliso lobumsulwa [, [[FLT]] kulungele ukuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke [, kunye kunelungelo lokudibana namangqina ].

Ukhetho

Le nkqubo iqala ngokukhetha igqibo labachopheli-tyala kwiqela labemi elibizwe kumsebenzi. Ii-attorney zamacala omabini zibuza ukuba abachopheli bejaji bangachonga ikhethe okanye ungquzulwano lwenzala. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elisikelweyo le [ ucelomngeni[[[FLT:]] (ukubetha ijaji ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, nangona ingesosiso sesizwe okanye ubufana, ngokwesigqeba BAtson v.]]) kunye nenani elingenasiphelo ityala lonobangela (ukuba i-julverver ibonakalisa i-cantlue.).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Emva kokuba abachopheli-tyala befunqulwe, omabini amacala anikela iingxelo zokuvula. Ityala liqala lichaza ubungqina abaceba ukubunikela. Ukuzithethelela kungalandela ngokukhawuleza okanye kugcine ingxelo yalo ikwisiqalo setyala lalo. Iingxelo zokuvula aziyompikiswano; zizinto ezizinyani ezijolise ekuncedeni abachopheli-tyala baqonde ukubala ixesha eliza kuvela.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala laso libekwa kuqala, ukubiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa ubungqina obuphathekayo okanye obuyinkqubo. Ukhuselo lunelungelo lokunqumla-ikhamine qho onke amangqina. Imithetho yobungqina, elawulwa yiMimiselo yoBufakazi (okanye urhulumente olinganayo), ilawula oko kunokuvunywa. Umzekelo, indlebe, ayinakubonwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe phantsi komahluko oqwalaselweyo. Emva kokuba umtshutshisi ephumlile, ingxubelo ingashukuma i-e [[[FLT:]] ukugwetywa kwe-rightous , iphikisa ukuba akukho mgwebi womthetho ofanelekileyo unokufumana isakhono sokuzityala ngaphandle kokuthanda ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Ingqwalaselo ithetha ngetyala layo, elisenokuquka ukubiza amangqina, ukunikela ubungqina be-alibi, okanye ukuthembela kubungqina obungoonontlalo-ntle. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungangqini; ukuba akhetha ukungangqini, umtshutshisi akanakugqabaza ngokuzola ( Griffin v. California). Emva kokuba ingxubusho inika ubungqina obungqikelelo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala Nemiyalelo

Emva kokuba amacala omabini enikele ubungqina, ngalinye linikela ingxubusho yokuqukumbela ityala lize licebise ngesigqibo esithile. Ijaji ngoko iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuquka ingcaciso yolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina (ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni), kunye neziqalelo zamatyala kufuneka zingqine. Abachopheli-tyala bandule ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi besenza isigqibo esifihlakeleyo.

ISeva yesiGqibo

Ijaji kufuneka ifikelele isigqibo esimfutshane kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kwinkundla yetyala yesizwe nakwimimandla emininzi. Ukuba abavumi abavumelani emva kwengqwalasela eyandisiweyo, imistrial ixelwa, kwaye ityala linokuphinda ligwetywe nge-ava-mthetho entsha. Ukuba isigqibo si- u-'[[FLT:], ityala liyaqhubeka ligweba. , ummangalelwa uxolelwa uxolelwa kwaye akanakuphinda agwetywe ngenxa yetyala elifanayo phantsi [[FLT:] Jeoperard Claus [FFF]]

Ityala lesithathu:

Ukugwetywa liqonga apho inkundla imisela isohlwayo kummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo. Ngokufuthi yeyona nxalenye ilandelayo, ithwala iziphumo ezimandundu kummangalelwa, amaxhoba, kunye noluntu. Iinkqubo zokugweba ziyahluka ngokubanzi ngokolawulo nokulungelelana kolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa imigaqo ethile ikho ehlabathini lonke.

Imigaqo Egwebayo Nengcebiso

Umthetho omninzi usebenzisa izikhokelo ezigunyazisayo ezinika uluhlu olunconyelweyo olusekelwe kubukhulu betyala kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa. Iinkundla zomanyano, umzekelo, zisebenza phantsi kwe-U.S. IziKhokeli ezilawulayo, ezithi zifakwe emva kokulawula kweNkundla ePhakamileyo United States v. Incwadi yesandla (2005]. Abagwebi kufuneka baqwalasele izikhokelo kodwa bahambele phezulu okanye ezantsi ukuba bafumana iimeko ezigragva okanye ezizinzileyo. EUnited States zineenkqubo zazo: zisebenzisa ezinye ii-demiddiction (ediction), kwezinye ii-parttimentiact (ediction) kunye ne-folation.

Izinto Eziqwalaselwayo Kwisigwebo

ABagwebi balinganisa iinkalo ezininzi:

  • I- Imeko kunye neemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho: ngaba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwalunogonyamelo okanye lwalungenabundlobongela? Ingaba isixhobo sasisetyenziswa? Ingaba kwakukho ingozi enkulu kumaxhoba?
  • Imbali yoMmeli wolwaphulo-mthetho: uluvo lwangaphambili lusoloko lukhokelela kwizigwebo ezingqwabalala, maxa wambi zikhuliswe phantsi “kwezibheno ezintathu” imithetho.
  • Iindawo ezinika amandla: Ukunqongophala kwengxelo yangaphambili, ubutsha, iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, intsebenziswano namagunya, okanye ukuzisola kokwenene kunganciphisa ubukhali.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imeko ezinyuswayo: ubundlobongela, ukucinga, ukuhlasela amaxhoba abuthathaka, okanye ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lo gama lusongezwa lunganyusa isohlwayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNtsebenziswano ze-Vict: okanye iintsapho zabo zingathetha nenkundla, zichaza umonakalo weemvakalelo nowemali wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iintlobo zezigwebo

Iinkundla zineendlela ezininzi zokugweba, kungekhona nje ukuvalelwa entolongweni kuphela:

  • Ukuqukunjelwa: Intolongo (kwizigwebo zetyala zonyaka omnye okanye ngaphezulu) okanye intolongo (kwimpazamo okanye imiyalelo emifutshane).
  • Isiqinisekiso: Ummangalelwa uhlala kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo, phantsi kweemeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, ukufika kwexesha, kunye nee-ecending ezithe rhoqo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso ze-monetic kunye ne-Restitution: izisohlwayo ze-monetic ezihlawulwayo kurhulumente (iintlobo) okanye ngqo kwixhoba (ukuziphatha kakubi).
  • Inkonzo ye-community: Umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kurhulumente okanye kumbutho ongangeni ngeniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigwebo se-AlternIntestial:[ Ukuquka iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, ukubanjwa kwendlu, ukujongwa kwe-elektroniki, okanye iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya.

Xa kubulawa isigwebo, isigwebo sisenokuba kukufa, nangona isigwebo sokufa singazange sisetyenziswe ngokuphawulekayo yaye kujongwe ngokungqongqo phantsi koMthetho - siseko ohlaziyiweyo wesiHlayiso.

Isalathisi seposi: Izibheno

Inkqubo yomthetho yokwaphula umthetho ayipheleli ngokugweba. Abameli banelungelo lokubhenela ityala labo okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno azizizo iimvavanyo ezintsha; zibundela iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphaze iziphumo. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, ihambo engafanelekanga yomtshutshisi, okanye ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko.

Inkqubo ephunyeziweyo

Inkundla (ummangalelwa ophulukana netyala, ngokuqhelekileyo ummangalelwa) ufakela isaziso sesibheno kwaye udlulisa iimpazamo ezifutshane ezithe ngqo. Inkundla yetyala isenokuyiva impendulo, kwaye inkundla yetyala isenokuva impikiswano yomlomo. Ukuba inkundla ifumana impazamo enokubuyiselwa, ingabhukuqa ityala, iwise inkqubo entsha, okanye inciphise isigwebo. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sixhaswe, ummangalelwa angafuna uphengululo oluthe chatha kwinkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente okanye kwinkundla ephakamileyo ye-U.S.

Ukuhlasela okungqukuva:

Emva kokuba isibheno esithe ngqo sigqibile, abamangalelwa bangafuna iziphumlisi kwinkundla yesizwe, bephikisa ngelithi ukuvalelwa kwabo kuphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Oku kusisi sicombululo esingaqhelekanga, esilinganiselwa yimithetho yeprocedal kunye neAnti Prophective Deatric neSception Penalty Act (AEDPA). Izicelo zengingqi ye-partment-iam-victs zivumela amabanjwa ukuba aphakamise ubungqina obutsha, intengiso yoqobo, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko esingabhekiswanga kakuhle kwisibheno esithe ngqo.

IParole, iprojekthi, kunye nokubuyiselwa

Kubamangalelwa abagwetyelwe ukuvalelwa entolongweni, i-parole ingafumaneka emva kokusebenza inxalenye yesigwebo. Iibhodi zamatyala zihlola ukuba ngaba umbanjwa ukulungele ukukhululwa. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zikwaphula umthetho okanye i-parole elinganiselweyo, endaweni yoko ifuna amabanjwa asebenze kwicandelo elisisigxina sesigwebo sawo. Emva kokukhululwa, abantu ngabanye basoloko bejamelene neengxaki eziphawulekayo zokufumana umsebenzi, ukuhlala, nokuphinda bavuselele amaqhina entsapho. Ukungathobelwa kweparale okanye iimeko ze-soli.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Indlela Epheleleyo Yokuqhuba

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho asiyonto ilula. Yinkqubo esebenzayo, elawulayo eyenzelwe ukulungelelanisa impumelelo nokusesikweni, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuvuselelwa kokubuyiselwa. Iqonga ngalinye (ukusukela kuphengululo lokubuya umva ukuya kuhlolo-magama) olunoxanduva oluchaphazela ngokunzulu ubomi babo bonke ababandakanyekileyo. Ngokuqonda ezi zigaba, abafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi bangavavanya kakuhle amandla enkqubo kunye nobuthathaka, baxhase utshintsho apho kufuneka khona, kwaye babandakanyeke kwintetho engobulungisa kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kweziseko zomgaqo-siseko wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, bona i-website yase-U.S. yophando lweenkqubo zovavanyo kunye nokuvavanya. ACLU's Impempempe yoLugwebo oluQhelekileyo[[ inika izibonelelo zokugweba utshintsho kunye nezinye iindlela zokufakwa entweni. Ugcino-data lwemithetho ekwimeko kunye nesigwebo lungafunyanwa kwiMithetho yeMithetho yeJasties . Ukuqonda abakhetiwesi nkqubo yinyathelo lokuqala lokuyenza ityala.