Ukwazisa Kwinkqubo Yomgwebo

Inkqubo yokugweba yeyomthetho elungelelanisiweyo apho iingxabano ziconjululwa khona kwaye kulawulwa okusesikweni kwibutho labantu elilawulwa ngumthetho. Ibandakanya uthotho lwamanyathelo asemthethweni, ukususela kwixesha elisemthethweni izikhalazo ezinikezelwa ngokusemthethweni kwinkundla ukuya ekudluliseleni isigqibo sokugqibela. Le nkqubo ayiyiyo enye; iyahluka-hlukene kwimithetho elawulayo (imeko ekhoyo), iintlobo zamatyala (iivil, isaphuli-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nobukho okanye ukungabikho kwenkundla yetyala. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ingundoqo kubafundi, abafundisi-mthetho, kunye nabantu abahlala kuwo ngokufanayo, njengoko icacisa indlela imigaqo engokomthetho esetyenziswa ngayo kwiingxoxo ezicacileyo. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuvavanywa kweqongala, ukuqwala imigaqo yokugweba, ukukhuselwa kwemithetho, nokuchonga okugxekayo, neengongoma zayo.

Abathabathi-nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yezahlulelo

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlolisise amaqondo, kubalulekile ukuphawula abadlali abaphambili abalawula uhambo lwetyala. Ukuqonda indima yabo kucacisa indlela iqonga ngalinye elisebenza ngayo.

Iintsuku Zokubhiyozela

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, iqela eliqalisa ukumangalela lilo lichaza uphando , kwaye iqela eliye lamangalelwa liyi idendendint[. Kumatyala alwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) uzisa izityholo nxamnye [ne- .

Isiluleko Esisemthethweni

I-attorney imela amatheko, inikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni, ilungiselela amaxwebhu, inikela ubungqina, ingxengxezo ephikisayo.

Umgwebi

Ijaji isebenza njengommeli womthetho ongathathi-nxaxheba. Umgwebi umisela umthetho ohamba phambili, ugqiba ukuba bungachanabekanga ubungqina, uyalela abachopheli-mgwebi kumthetho osebenzayo (kwizivavanyo zabachopheli-tyala), kwaye, kwiinkundla zebhentshi, usebenza njengomfumani wento onikela isigqibo.

IJury

Kwityala elininzi loburhulumente nelolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho bamisa imibuzo yenyaniso — umzekelo, enoba ummangalelwa usenze eso senzo sixeliweyo ngenene na. Indima yabachopheli-tyala ipheleliselwe ekuhloleni ubungqina nasekusebenziseni umthetho njengoko ufundiswa ngumgwebi.

ISebe leNkundla neNkundla

Abacholacholi beengxelo benkundla benza amaxwebhu athetha ngokuvakalayo.

Isicatshulwa 1: Ukuqhushumbisa Ityala (Ukutshintsha Umthetho)

Inkqubo yokugweba iqala xa iqela licela igunya lenkundla. Eli qonga lilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo ephathelele ulawulo, indawo, kunye noxwebhu olufanelekileyo.

ISifungo/Iziqinisekiso

Kwisingqiniso sangaphakathi, i-paltiff ifayle i- collett — uxwebhu olumisela isiseko solawulo lwenkundla, iimpikiswano eziyinyaniso, kunye neengxelo ezithe ngqo ezisemthethweni (izizathu zesenzo) kummangalelwa. Isikhalazo kufuneka sinikezelwe kummangalelwa kunye ne impummons, eyalela ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule ngexesha elimiselwe (ngeentsuku 21-30). Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula kuphumele kumgwebo ongagqibekanga nxamnye nommangalelwa.

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente uqala ityala ngetyala isohlwayo (libuyiselwe ngabachopheli-mthetho abakhulu) okanye ulwazi (lixokiswe ngqo ngumtshutshisi). La maxwebhu atyhola ummangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho aze achaze ikhowudi yengxengxezo.

Ukubhabha Nokuxiba

Abasebenzi kufuneka bahlawule iirhafu zefashoni, nangona abahlawuli bemali bekhona kumaqela angenayo. Umabhalane wenkundla wabela inani letyala elikhethekileyo, ubeka ityala kwizibuko lenkundla, kwaye umisela ixesha lokugqiba.

Impinda yokuqala yesigwebo

Kwezinye iindawo, abagwebi benza uhlolo lokuqala lwezikhalazo ukuqinisekisa ukuba banelisekile ngokusemthethweni (izinto ezithe zathethwa ngokungenamsebenzi). Oku kuqheleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimiqolo yeqokobhe elikwimo (ezithe wazichaza).

Isicatshulwa 2: Inkqubela-phambili (Indlela Eya ekuvavanyweni)

Emva kokuba ityala libekwe ngommangalelwa uphendule (ngokusoloko enempendulo okanye imvakalelo yokurhoxa [), amaqela angena kwisigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo. Oku kudla ngokuba yeyona inqanaba lide neyona ibalulekileyo, njengoko iimeko ezininzi zisombululwa phambi kokuba zifikelele ukuvavanywa.

Umbuzo

Ukufunyanwa kwenkcazelo ecwangcisiweyo phakathi kwamaqela. Injongo yayo kukuphelisa ukumangaliswa, ukuxinana kwemibandela ephikiswayo, nokugcina ubungqina. Ii-arhente zokufumana ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Uqikelelo: Ubungqina bomlomo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, apho amagqwetha angabuza imibuzo yamangqina namaqela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu: Iimfuno zokuhlola amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, ii-imeyili, iisivumelwano, iifoto, kunye nobunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo ezicelwa kwelinye icala ukuba zivume okanye zikhanye, zixinzelele imiba yokuvavanywa.

Ufihlo lungabangela ingxabano, lukhokelela kwintshukumo yokunyanzela okanye yokukhusela imiyalelo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukufunyanwa kulinganiselwe kakhulu ngenxa yenkxalabo yesiseko somthetho-siseko, kodwa ingtshutshiso kufuneka ityhile ubungqina bocalulo phantsi Brady v. Maryland[[FLT: 1]].

Uqheliselo lweNtshukumo

Attorneys ifayile yentshukumo ezahlukeneyo ukubumba imeko. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Ithetha ukuba ityala lifanele likhutshelwe ngaphandle ngenxa yokungafezeki okusemthethweni, ukunqongophala kolawulo, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukubeka ityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo:[[FT:1] ufuna umthetho wokuba omnye umntu unelungelo lomgwebo njengomthetho kuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umvo in Limine: icela inkundla ukuba ingabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekunikezelweni ekucinyweni (umz., umva wemfene, iifoto zesalathane).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukutshintsha iVenue: Izicelo ezisusa ityala ukuya kwindawo eyahlukileyo yezwe ukunqanda ikhethe okanye ukunceda.

IiNgqungquthela zangaphambi kweNkxaso kunye nokuQonda

Ijaji iqhuba iingqungquthela namagqwetha ukuze kuxutyushwe ulawulo lwetyala, icwangcise amaxesha okufumana nokuhamba kwezithuba, ukuhlahlela amanyathelo okulungisa, nokucwangcisa umhla wokuvavanya. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuba amaqela anike ingxelo edibeneyo echaza izibakala ezivunyiweyo, imibandela ephikiswayo, uluhlu lwamangqina, kunye noludwe lwemiboniso.

Enye iNkxaso

Iinkundla ziya zikhuthaza okanye zigunyazise ukuququzelela okanye ukuququzelela phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. ibandakanya i-Mediation yesithathu yobundilele enceda ukuphendulana. Arbitation yinkqubo esesikweni apho isithinteli sobundilele sinikela isidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingabopheleliyo. Impumelelo ADR ingasombulula ingxaki ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ukugcina ixesha kunye novimba.

Ityala 3: Ityala — Isiganeko EsinguMbindi Sokwaliwa

Ityala lityala likawonke-wonke, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala apho amaqela anikela ubungqina neempikiswano kwinkundla yamatyala okanye kumgwebi. Imo yetyala ilandela indlela engqinelanayo, nangona iinkqubo zahluka kancinane phakathi kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhetho lwe Jury ([[FLT: 0] Idire ejikelezayo[[FLT: 1]])

Kumatyala abachopheli-tyala, inkundla icela iqumrhu labaququzeleli abanokugwetywa. Ii-attorney zombini amacala zibuza iVenire (indawo yokuhlala) ukuvumbulula ucalucalulo oluza kuthintela ukungakhethe. Icala ngalinye lingenza i-challengengensis ukwenzela isizathu [ [ukungamiselwanga] (ukungabekwanga similini, ukuba ijoliswana ngokucacileyo) kunye neengxaki ezithintela ukungakhethi, (kunganikwa sizathu, kodwa akunakusetyenziswa ukucalula okusekelwe kuhlanga okanye ubufana phantsi kobudomi [FLT:]] b[FLT] v [FLT]]]

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Igqwetha ngalinye lichaza ngoshwankathelo lobungqina elibulindeleyo. Iingxelo zokuvula asiyompikiswano — ziimaphu eziyinyaniso.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Le yintsusa yetyala. Ubungqina bunikelwa ngamangqina nangemiboniso:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lweqela: Ubizo lubuza amangqina alo ukukhupha ubungqina obulungileyo.
  • [[Ukwasulelwa:0] Ukonakalisa: Iqela eliphikisayo liyabubuza ubungqina, lijolise ekugxekeni ubungqina okanye lityhile ukungavumelani.
  • Yalathisa kunye nokwahlula kwakhona: Landela imibuzo ebekelwe umda kwimicimbi ephakanyiswe ngexesha lokunqamleza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina obuthe ngqo: Amaxwebhu, iifoto, izixhobo, njl. njl., zivezwe kwaye ziphawulwe njengemiboniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sobubhali: iingcali ezifanelekileyo (umz., ababhali-mali, oogqirha bezamayeza) banikela iimbono ezikhethekileyo ukunceda abachopheli-mthetho.

Imithetho yobungqina — ingakumbi iMimiselo Yobungqina okanye yorhulumente — ilawula oko kunokunikelwa.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Oo-athorney bashwankathela ubungqina, baphikisane ngendlela obuxhasa ngayo ityala labo, bacele ijaji ukuba igqibe inyani. Bangalatha kubuthathaka kubungqina obukwelinye icala. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ingtshutshiso isenokuba nesiqinisekiso sokugqibela.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngemigangatho esemthethweni abamele bayisebenzise (umz., ubungqina obungaphaya kwamathandabuzo asengqiqweni kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho; ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni). Ijaji ngoko ithatha umhlala-phantsi isebenzisane ngokufihlakeleyo. Izicelo zinokuthabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esivumelanayo, iziphumo ezixhotyisiweyo, kwaye ityala lisenokuphinda liqululwe.

Izilingo ze-Benkch

Kwityala lebheri (akukho mgwebi), ijaji isebenza njengendawo yokufumana inyani kwaye ikhupha isigqibo kunye neziphumo zenyaniso nezigqibo zomthetho. Amatyala e-Bench axhaphakile kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo zezorhwebo okanye apho inkundla yabachopheli-tyala igwetyelwe.

IStatus 4: Isigwebo Nokungena Komgwebo

Isigqibo sisigqibo esisemthethweni — esinetyala okanye esingenatyala okanye esingenatyala (ityala). Kwezinye iimeko zasekuhlaleni, isigqibo sikwachaza umlinganiselo womonakalo.

Ukungcolisa Ibhotwe

Emva kokuba kufundwe isigqibo kwinkundla evulekileyo, naliphi na iqela lisenokucela ukuba abachopheli - tyala baphandwe — libuze ngamnye kubo ukuba uyavumelana naso.

Intshukumo yeposi

Phambi kokuba umgwebo ube ngumva, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifakela ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo:

  • Motion yesigwebo Nayiphina i Verdict (JNOV): Iququzelo lokuba isigqibo asixhaswanga ngokusemthethweni kwaye ijaji kufuneka ingenise kwisiphumo esichaseneyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela Ityala Elitsha: izityholo ezithi iimpazamo ngexesha lokuvavanywa (umz., imiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi ngesiluleko) zala ukuvavanywa ngokulungileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umqukumbelo kuAlter okanye kugwebo oluMeleyo: lufuna ukulungisa umlinganiselo womgwebo okanye amanye amagama.

Ukuba ezi zinto azivunywa, inkundla iqalisa ukugweba kokugqibela.

Isiqhoboshi 5: Izibheno kunye nonyango lwePosi

Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; kukuhlola ityala letyala lezo mpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkundla yetyala ihlolisisa ingxelo kunye neengxelo ezifutshane ukufumanisa ukuba inkundla yamatyala iwusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo umthetho.

Ukubhabha Isaziso Sesibheno

Iqela kufuneka lifake irethisi yesicelo [[FLT: 0] phakathi komda othile wexesha (okanye iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka ekungeneni komgwebo). Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kulahlekelwa lilungelo lokubhenela.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxelo kwisibheno: Umabhalane wenkundla oqulunqa irekhodi esemthethweni — izibongozo, iirekhodi, imiboniso, kunye nemithetho.
  • I-Briefs: I-appelant (iqela elifumanayo) inikezela iimposiso ezifutshane ezichaza iimposiso nempikiswano ezisemthethweni. I-appelle ifayile yempendulo emfutshane, kwaye i-appellant inga faka impendulo.
  • Impikiswano e-Oral: Kwizibheno ezininzi, amagqwetha anikela iimpikiswano ezifutshane zomlomo (umz. 15-30 imizuzu) phambi kweqela labagwebi (okokunene isithathu kwiinkundla eziphakathi; ukuya kwisithoba kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo). Abagwebi bangabuza imibuzo yokuphanda.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Decision: Inkundla edityanisiweyo ikhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo, olunokuthi lufakelwe [umqulu], guqu-guquko (ukujika), okanye ne [isiphelo sendlela esisemva soluvo oluhambelanayo).

Ezinye Izibheno Nezibheno

Emva kwesigqibo senkundla ephakathi, iqela elingaphumeleliyo lingafuna uhlolo kwinkundla ephakamileyo (umz., ityala lenkundla ephakamileyo okanye eyongamileyo yase-U.S. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkundla ephakamileyo inezingxubusho ezicacileyo — isenokukhetha ukuva eli tyala ngokugqitha kwisixhobo se-writ ye- i-certari.

Ukunyanzelwa Komgwebo

Ukuba umgwebo ungowokugqibela yaye akukho zibheno zibhekele phaya zihleliyo, iqela elilawulayo linganyanzelisa umgwebo. Iindlela ziquka ukuhlawulwa kwemali, iprojekthi, iimali zebhanki, okanye ukuphangwa kwempahla (kwimicimbi yamakhaya). Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa usenokugwetyelwa entolongweni, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukuhlawuliswa, okanye ezinye izigwebo.

Uqwalaselo Olukhethekileyo Ngaphaya Kweentlobo Zomzekelo

Inkqubo yokugweba ilungelelanisa izinto ngokuxhomekeke kwimo yengxabano.

Isenzo sangaphakathi solwaphulo-mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko (ekufaneleni ukucetyiswa, ngokuchasene nokuzibeka ityala, ukucinga ukuba umsulwa). Urhulumente uthwala umthwalo onzima ngokungenakuphikiswa. Amatyala amakhaya abandakanya iimpikiswano zabucala, nobunzima obuncinci bobungqina — ukuqwalasela ubungqina (ngokungakumbi kunokungabuchani).

Iinkqubo zeNkundla yeRhulumente

Iinkundla zomanyano zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, imicimbi yezahlukeneyo, okanye imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala — umthetho wentsapho, iimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ii-torts, kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lorhulumente. Inkqubo nganye inemithetho yayo esemthethweni (Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Politiki Procedure v.)

Uqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nezenzo zodidi

Amatyala esikali esikhulu, anjengeligion (MDL) okanye imisebenzi yodidi, ibandakanya amanyathelo awongezelelekileyo, kuquka ukuva kodidi lweziqinisekiso, ukuvavanywa kwentsimbi, kunye nolawulo lohlalo oluntsonkothileyo. Ezi nkqubo zingathatha iminyaka.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka Kwinkqubo Yezogwebo Zale Mihla

I-pallet ye-electronic (i-e-film-metal) kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwetyala zinolwazi olunemijelo ethambekileyo kunye notshintshiselwano loxwebhu. Ukuva okucacileyo kunye nokubekwa kude, okukhawuleziswa yilebhile, ngoku kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwiinkundla ezininzi. Ubungqina bamanani (iiposi, ii-pasenti zezentlalo-ntle, imetadata zonxibelelwano) zifuna izixhobo ezintsha zokufumana izinto ezinokufumaneka kwaye zinyusa imibandela ekhethekileyo yobunyani kunye neyobuqu. Iinkundla zikwasebenzisa i-AIIP kwimisebenzi ethile yolawulo, nangona isigqibo somthetho sihlala singumntu ngokwemvelo.

Isiphelo: Ukusukela Okusesikweni Ngenkqubo

Inkqubo yokugweba, ukusuka kwityala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela nangaphaya, yinkqubo eyenziwe ngenyameko yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Iqonga ngalinye — ukusuka ekukhalazeni kokuqala ukuya ekufumaneni, ekuvavanyeni, nasekuceleni — lisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwe ngokwezibakala kunye nomthetho, hayi amandla okanye iphupha. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, iqonda amanyathelo eprocedtura inika abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nabaqwalaseli amandla okuqhuba iinkundla ngokunempumelelo nokuqonda umthetho osebenzayo. [[FLT], ukuqhubeka ufunda, jongana no- [[FLT:].S. inkundla yendlela yokuchola yenkqubo yomthetho yesizwe[, [[5]], [iiindlela ekwakuxhasa i-onke i-Generallktrovisss] ye-ognease.[5]