Ukuqonda Indima YeRaje Sabha Ekupheliseni UmGaqo - siseko waseIndiya

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya umela igunya eliphakamileyo elingokwasemthethweni lesizwe, kwaye ukulitshintsha ngumbandela obalulekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, ofuna ukuba inkoliso ephantsi kwePalamente, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kufuna umqobo ophezulu wokuvumelana nokusemthethweni. Oku kulapho iRajeya Sabhaha, iBhunga, isebenzisa igunya layo elipheleleyo elikwinkqubo ephambili. Njengomsebenzi wendlu esisigxina emela amazwe kunye nemimandla emanyanayo, iRajiya Sabha isebenza njengekhuselwa ngokubalulekileyo nxamnye nokuqwalaselwa okanye iinguqulelo eziphenjelelwe ngokwezobupolitika.

Inkqubo yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko ayichazwa ngokungqongqo; ichazwe njengeqabane elilinganayo kwiGatya 368 lomGaqo-siseko. Eli nqaku limisela amandla achanekileyo ePalamente ukuphelisa uxwebhu lize lichaze iinkqubo ezizizo ezimele zilandelwe. IRajiya Sabha ayingomnye wabathathi-nxaxheba kule nkqubo; ime njengeqabane elilinganayo neLok Sabba. nawuphi umGaqo-siseko kufuneka ukhusele ukuvunyelwa kweeHowa zombini. Ngenxa yokuba iRaji Sabra ayilawulwa, inika ukuqhubekeka kunye novukelo lwezikomvolo, isoloko ingavumi iingcinezelo zezobupolitika ezinokuphembelela iNdlulo esezantsi.

ISicwangciso somGaqo-siseko: Inqaku 368

Imbombo yesiseko yenkqubo yokulungisa yi Article 368. Inika iPalamente amandla okuphelisa ngokudibanisa, umahluko, okanye ukuphinda-phinda naliphi na ilungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko ngokuhambelana nenkqubo ebekwe phantsi kwinqaku ngokwalo. Lekhowudi efakelwe ngokwayo iveza iindidi ezintathu ezahlukileyo ze-mendingments, nganye ifuna umgangatho owahlukileyo wenkxaso yepalamente. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima ethile ye-jaya Sabha.

Yingcamango engaqhelekanga yokuba zonke iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zifuna uninzi lwezibini-sithathu kwiRajeya Sabha. Enyanisweni, amalungiselelo athile omGaqo-siseko angalungiswa ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo bezindlu. Noko ke, igama elithi “iinkonzo yotshintsho” lidla ngokugcinelwa utshintsho olufuna utshintsho olucacileyo phantsi kweGatya 368. Unqakrazo lweQumrhu 368 luqinisekisa ukuba ukwakhiwa okusisiseko kukarhulumente akutshintshwa ngobuninzi obudlulayo, kwaye iRajiya Sabha isebenza njengoyena mxhasi oyintloko wesingqiniphelo.

Iintlobo Zezikhulu Ezifunekayo KwiRaje Sabha

Umgangatho woninzi olufunekayo kwiRaje Sabha uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwindlela ekhoyo yolungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko olungisiweyo. Kukho iithala ezintathu ezahlukileyo.

IziHlaliso Eziqhelekileyo

Amanqaku aliqela omGaqo-siseko avumela ngokucacileyo ukubuyiselwa kwenkoliso yendlu ekhoyo kunye nokuvota. Ezi azithathwa njengezilungisi phantsi kweGatya 368. Imizekelo iquka ukudalwa okanye ukuphinda-phinda kwamazwe phantsi kweGatya 3, ukutshintsha kweemfaneleko zokuba ngummi phantsi kweGatya 11, okanye utshintsho kwimivuzo kunye nokuvunyelwa kwamalungu ePalamente. Kule meko, iRajiya Sabba isebenza kakhulu njengoko yenzayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo, ufuna uninzi olulula kuphela ukuba lungenelele.

I-Majongg ekhethekileyo phantsi kweGatya 368

Le yinkqubo esesikweni yenkoliso yolungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Imfuneko ichazwe kwiGatya 368(2). IBhili kufuneka idluliselwe kwindlu nganye ngobuninzi bamalungu apheleleyo ale ndlu kunye ngoninzi lwamalungu angengaphantsi kwesibini-sithathu samalungu aloo Home akhoyo kunye novota.

Le yimeko ephindiweyo. Makhe siqwalasele lento:

  • Amalungu aneziqu ezibini: IBhili kufuneka ifumane izivoti ezinconywayo ukusuka kwi 50% yamandla onke endlu. Kwi Rajiya Sabha, ngamandla amakhulu amalungu angama 245, oku kuthetha ukuba amalungu ali-123 kufuneka avote ngokukhetha. Akwanele ukuba noninzi lwabo bakhoyo; ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko kufuna uvumo lwendlu njengendawo yonke.
  • Amalungu amabini-Thirdies zangoku nezi Voning: Ukongeza kubuninzi obupheleleyo, iBhili kufuneka ixhaswe ubuncinane ngamalungu amabini esithathu akhoyo ngenene kwaye akhuphele ivoti. Ukuba amalungu angama 200 akhona, noko ayi 134 kufuneka avote ee.

Angaphezulu kula manani mabini lixhoba elisebenzayo. Ukuba kukho amalungu angama 200, iBhili ifuna iivoti eziyi 134, inika zombini iimeko ezimbini eziziisithathu kunye nemeko enkulu. Le ndawo itshixayo ephindaphindiweyo iqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa akunakudluliswa ngeqhezu elincinane lendlu okanye ngoninzi olulula kwintlanganiso encinane ekhoyo.

Ubuninzi obukhethekileyo bokhutshelo lwelizwe

Ludidi olukhethiweyo lwezilungiso, ezichaphazela isakhiwo sorhulumente, lufuna inkqubo egqithisileyo. Emva kokudlula zombini izindlu zePalamente kunye noninzi olukhethekileyo oluchazwe ngasentla, iBhili kufuneka ivunywe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zesiqingatha esinye samazwe. Oku kufuna isigqibo esidluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho nganye karhulumente.

Imixholo ebangela le mfuneko idweliswe ngokucacileyo kwinqaku 368(2) kwaye iquka:

  • Unyulo lukaMongameli.
  • Umlinganiselo wegunya elilawulayo leManyano neUnited States.
  • IiNkundla Eziphezulu neUnion Judicary.
  • Ukusasazwa kwamagunya owiso-mthetho phakathi kwamaManyano namaZwe.
  • Umelo lwamaRhulumente ePalamente.
  • Inqaku lama - 368 ngokwawo.

Kule nxaki, indima kaRaje Sabra iyabalasele kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba amaphondo ameleke ngqo kwi Rajeya Sabba, ilizwi lawo kwingxoxo yokulungisa linobunzima obungaphezulu. Imfuneko yorhulumente yokuhluza iguqula inkqubo ibe ngumsebenzi worhulumente wokwenene.

Imithetho Enenkcukacha EkwiRajiya Sabha

Uhambo loMgaqo-siseko owenziwe yiBill ohamba ngeRaje Sabha lulawulwa yiMithetho yeProcedua neNdlela yokuBusiswa kwiBhunga laseUnited States.

Ukwazisa Ibhili

IBhili yoHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko ingaziswa kwiNdlu yePalamente. Inokuziswa ngumPhathiswa okanye lilungu labucala. Ngokungafaniyo neBhili yeNgxowa-mali, incomela kaMongameli waseIndiya ayifuneki ekungeniseni uLwelo loMgaqo-siseko. Isigaba sokuqala sibandakanya inkcazelo emfutshane yezinto nezizathu zokulungisa.

Ulwazelelelo ngeKomiti eKhethekileyo okanye edityanisiweyo

Ibonelele ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, iBhili isoloko ibhekiswa kwiKomiti Yokukhetha yeRajeya Sabha okanye iKomiti eManyeneyo yeeNdlu ezimbini. Eli qonga livumela ukuvavanywa okunenkcukacha zeingcali nabagcini-mathiriyeli. IKomiti ihlolisisa igalelo leBhili ngengxelo, imema ukuthotyelwa kukawonke-wonke, kwaye inikezela ingxelo kwiNdlu. Ngoxa ingekho semthethweni, le sigaba iqhelekile ekulungiseni iziphenelo, njengoMgaqo-siseko wekhulu le-73 (Panchati Raj) okanye uJaji we-110% (GST), ivumela ukuba kuqhutywe ingxoxo engakumbi kumgangatho weNdlum.

Isifundo sesibini: Incoko kaClaske-te-Collection

Eli lelona qondo libalulekileyo. Indlu ixubusha ngemigaqo yeBhili kwaye ishukuma kwintwana- yegalelo. Icandelo ngalinye leBhili libekwe ukuba livote ngokwahlukileyo. Kungexesha eliphakathi apho imfuneko ekhethekileyo yoninzi isetyenziswayo. Ukuba i Rajiya Sabha ifuna ukulungisa umbhalo weBhili, kufuneka yenze njalo ngoko amanqaku. Nayiphi na isiqinisekiso kuBhili ecetyiswa lilungu kufuneka idlule ngoninzi olukhethekileyo olukhankanyiweyo kwiSigqeba 368.

Ukufunda Kwesithathu Nokudlulayo

Emva kokuba amacandelo athathiwe, ilungu eliphethe iBhili lihamba iBhili idluliswa. Ingxoxo ibekelwe umda kuhlobo lokugqibela lweBhili. Xa intshukumo yokudlula ishukunyisiwe, uninzi olucacileyo phantsi kweGatya 368 (2), lusetyenziswa kwivoti yokugqibela. Usihlalo we Rajiya Sabata ubhekelela isiphumo. Ukuba uBill akaphumeleli ukukhusela abaninzi, ihlala ingafunwa kwi Rajiya Sabbaha, ngokunempumelelo ibulala i-mendment yaloo ntlanganiso.

Uhambo Emva KweRaje Sabra: ILok Sabba Nenye Inxalenye Yalo

Xa iBhili igqithisiwe kwi Rajiya Sabha, idluliselwa kwiLok Sabha. ILok Sabha kufuneka iqwalasele ize idlulise iBill enye ngobuninzi obufanayo. Umba obalulekileyo wesigqumo somgaqo-siseko kukuba akukho lungiselelo lokuhlala kwelungu [[FLT: 1] lezindlu ezimbini ukusombulula ingxilolo efileyo. Ukuba iLok Sabha ilahla uBill, okanye iwudlulise ngesiphelo somzimelo kukuba iRapya Sabha ayilwamkeli, uBill uthathwa njengongaphumelelanga. Oku kunika uRajiya u-jaha imeko yemeko yedetoto ye-omgrac, igcina indima yayo njengendawo yokuzinzisa.

Indima Ebalulekileyo YoMongameli

Emva kokuba uMmiselo woMgaqo-siseko weSigqibo udluliselwe yiMigaqo-siseko yeMigaqo-siseko yomGaqo-siseko yomZiko wama-368, uMongameli ubekwe kwizindlu zombini zePalamente ezikhethekileyo (ye, ukuba kufanelekile, kuvunywa ngurhulumente waseIndiya), unikwa uMongameli ukuze avume. Indima kaMongameli apha yahlukile ngokusisiseko kweyo ngokuphathelele amatyala aqhelekileyo. Phantsi kweGatya 368, uMongameli uluntselele [[FLT] [[FLT: 1] ukunikezela njengoMmiselo woMgaqo-siseko weSigxilo. Ngokungafani nomthetho oqhelekileyo, apho uMongameli anokusebenzisa iveto (pettettotototo) okanye abuyisa isibhengezo-mthetho wokungatsha, eli gunya livaliwe ngokucacileyo malunga nomthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Impinda Yomgwebo Nemfundiso Esisiseko

Akukho ngxoxo yenkqubo yokulungisa igqibekile ngaphandle kokuthetha ngesithunzi esikhulu esiphoswe yiBhisbec Biblication. Kwimeko ephawulayo ye Khavanaba Bharati v. Umbuso weKerala [773], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya ibambelele ukuba ngoxa iPalamente inamagunya amakhulu okuphelisa umGaqo-siseko, ayinakonakalisa okanye iguqule “isiseko sayo sobukhomboloko.” Ngoxa iNkubeko ibandakanya izinto ezingundoqo njengobukhulu bomGaqo-siseko, umthetho, ukuzimela komthetho, uzimele komthetho, ulawulo lwesizwe, nomgaqo wezwelozwe.

Le mfundiso ibangela umahluko obalulekileyo, nangona ibekwe ngokwayo, umlinganiselo kwiRajiya Sabha. Xa iphikisana ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, iNdlu ilindeleke ukuba iqwalasele ukuba utshintsho olucetyisiweyo luchasene nale siseko sisisiseko. Iingxoxo kwiRajiya Sabba ekupheliseni okufana ne 99th Reconstmentmentmentmentmentmentation Commissions (Izigqibo zesizwe) zaphenjelelwa kakhulu yile mfundiso. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yabethelelwa phantsi kweso seso sakhiwo, iqinisekisa ukuba i-Ronjiko yesizwe ayipheliswanga ngokusemthethweni kodwa isebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo Yenkqubo Yohlaziyo Ebonakaliswayo

Ukuhlolisisa iinguquko ezingqalileyo kucacisa indlela iRaje Sabha aye wawasebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

  • IsiHlalisi saMa-42 seMpanzi-Mda (196): Idlula ngexesha le-Emergency, le yenye yezona ziphendulo ezikhulu. Yafaka amagama athi “Sociast,” kunye nethi“Intrity” kwiDaggerige. Yagqithiswa nguRapya Sabba. Ngumzekelo ongundoqo wendlela inkoliso elawulayo enokuthi ityhafe ngayo kwiinguqu ezikhoyo, nangona kamva yaphinda yajika.
  • IsiHlalisi se-44th IsiHlaziyo (1978): Idlula ngurhulumente weParti yeJanta ukubuyisela iingqikelelo eziliqela kumandla olawulo oMlawuli wama-42 osusiweyo. Yalisusa ilungelo lokuba lingumnini wempahla. Ibonisa amandla oninzi olutsha kwiRapya Sabba ukuguqula iprojekthi yesiseko semithetho-siseko.
  • IziHlanziso ze- 73th kunye no-74th zonyuso (1992: Ezi zigqibo zongezwayo zongezwa, i-IX kunye ne-IX-A kumGaqo-siseko, isebenzisa umgaqo-siseko iPanchayati Raj Institutions kunye noMasipala. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zindululo zachaphaza imo nomelo, zafuna ukuhlaziywa ngesiqingatha samazwe. Oku kwafezwa ngempumelelo, kubonakalisa ubuchule benkqubo yokulungisa urhulumente.
  • IsiHlalisi se-101 soMphetho-mva (2016 – GST: Ukuveliswa kweMali neNkonzo zaBantwana kwafuna ukuvuselelwa okusisiseko kolawulo lwe-fiscal unigs. UMgaqo-siseko weSimiselo weBhili wagqithiswa yiRajiya Sabba emva kwengxoxo enkulu kunye notshintsho oluncinane. Ngokulandelayo kwafuneka ukuba kwakhiwe iintlawulo zecawa, ezafunyanwa emva kokuba kuvumelaniswe kwezobupolitika. Oku kubonisa ukuba imidlalo entsonkothile phakathi kwePalamente ne-United States.
  • IsiHlalisi sekhulu le- 103 (209) – i-EWS Reservation: Le ntshukumo inika uhlahlo kwi 10% kulawulo lwemfundo kunye nomsebenzi kawonke-wonke wamacandelo abuthathaka kakhulu kudidi jikelele. Yagqithiswa lula kuzo zombini izindlu ngenkxaso ebanzi yezobupolitika. Ingxoxo kwiRajiya Sabba ibhekise kwimbubhiso yomgangatho wama-50% kwisakhiwo esimiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ibalase uxinezelelo oluqhubekayo phakathi komthetho we-wiso siseko nemfundiso egwesagwesayo.

Isiphelo: IRaje Sabha njengeNkokeli yoMgaqo-siseko

Yinkqubo yokudlulisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ngeRaje Sabha asingomthetho-siseko nje oqhelekileyo; sisixhobo esiqinileyo esilungiselelwe ukugcina ingqibelelo kunye nokuqhubeka komgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo wehlabathi omde. Imfuneko yokuba uninzi olukhethekileyo .ukulungisa uninzi lweNdlu kunye noninzi lwabakhoyo nabacholi-isithathu kunye novota---okanye umgangatho ophezulu okhusela iinguqu eziqhelekileyo okanye ezingaqhelekanga. IRajya Sabbaha, ngendalo yayo kanye njengegumbi elimele amaphondo kwaye elinobukho obuqhubekayo, inika umlinganiselo kwingini ephambili yezopolitiko zeLok Sabha.

Ngokusebenza njenge-ankile ekhululayo, iRaje Sabha iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho luxhomekeke kuphando olungqongqo lobuntlola nolopolitiko. Indlu ephezulu isebenza njengonogada oyintloko woburhulumente bomGaqo-siseko kunye nemfundiso esisiseko. Indima yayo kwinkqubo yokulungisa ingubungqina bokubonwa kwangaphambili kwabasebenzi befreyim, ababeqonda ukuba umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe kufuneka kube nzima ukuwutshintsha, kufuna uvumelwano olubanzi nolunzulu olungaphaya kobungangamsha nolukhulu nolunokuthethelelwa kwezobupolitika.