UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, kunye nokulungisa kwawo, wenza isiseko esiqinileyo senkululeko yabemi baseMerika. Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, amaqumrhu karhulumente, okanye abadlali bobuqu abasebenza phantsi kombala womthetho bechasana nezi nkululeko ziqinisekisiweyo, umthetho unika iinkqubo zokuzilungisa. Noko ke, ukwazi indlela yokuvavanya ngokunempumelelo ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko kusoloko kubalulekile njengokuvuma ukwaphulwa ngokwako. Oku kukhokelela ekuhambeni ngokuhambela phambili kwenyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo, ekukhetheni ukuchasana ngokufikelela isigqibo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho OmGaqo-siseko

Phambi kokuba umise ucelomngeni, kufuneka ukwazi oko umGaqo-siseko ukukhuselayo. IBhili yamaLungelo (iziphene zokuqala ezilishumi) kunye nokubuyiselwa (ngokungathandabuzekiyo kokuHlolwa kweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine) imisela amalungelo asebenzayo ekunxibelelaneni norhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo luquka:

  • IsiHlalisi soMgqibo sokuqala: Inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yendibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo oluqulunqweyo: Ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkcitho: Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungaqiqiyo nokuxhuzula; imvume kufuneka ixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye ingakumbi ichaze indawo eza kuphengululwa kwaye abantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa.
  • FINT [Uhlaziyo lweNkqutyana: Ekunene kwinkqubo efanelekileyo phambi kokuhluthwa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla; ukhuseleko ekuzibekeleni ngokwalo; imiqathango kwingozi ephindwe kabini nokuthatha ngaphandle kwembuyiselo nje.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-xxte: Ekumangaleleni kolwaphulo-mthetho, ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nangowonke wonke lingumgwebi ongakhethi camagu, ukuba axelelwe izityholo, amelane namangqina, nokuba luncedo lwesiluleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda: Ukunyuswa kwebheyile egqithisileyo, ukuhlawulwa ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nengqeqesho ekhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga.
  • [[NTL:0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: lunyusa uninzi lweSikhuseli saMalungelo kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoMxokelelwano weNkqubo kaClaus kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus.

La malungelo awaphelelanga − zikho zokulinganisa ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezinyanzelisayo — kodwa nakuphi na ukungenelela okubalulekileyo kufuna ulungiso olunamandla olusemthethweni. Ukwazi ukuzichaza ngokungqalileyo nolungundoqo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo (umz., [[FLT: 0]]] imanda v. Arizona, [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] i-OUTY], [[FLT:]] Shelby County v. ]]) zinokukunceda ubone okokuba uphulukelwe ngokuchachachachacha. Izibonelo ezinjelweyo [[FLD:] [FLD] [F]]

Ukubona Ukwaphula Imilinganiselo

Ukubona ukophula umthetho akufuni ukuqonda ilungelo ngokwalo kodwa kwanomongo ochasana ngawo.

  • Ukubanjwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukuvalelwa: Amapolisa kufuneka abe nesizathu esifanelekileyo sokukubamba kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, isiqinisekiso sokungena kwikhaya lakho. Ukubanjwa ngaphandle kwetyala ixesha elide kungaphazamisa inkqubo efunekayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amandla akhoyo: ukunyanzeliswa komthetho akuzukusebenzisa amandla amakhulu kunangokulula phantsi kweemeko. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Graham v. Connor imisela "ubulunga bengqiqo" umgangatho.
  • [[UMGAQO-] Isivumelwano sokukhusela intetho: Amagosa kawonke-wonke akanako ukohlwaya ngenxa yokubagxeka okanye ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuLandlwano kokuqala. Oku kuquka ukubanjwa, imisebenzi yengqesho, okanye ukuvumela ukukhanyelwa.
  • Uphicotho: ISikhuseli esilinganayo semivalo ye-oyile yesizwe sichaza abadlali belizwe ukuba baphathe abantu ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, kwimvelaphi yobuzwe, okanye kunqulo ngaphandle kozithethelela okunyanzelisayo okanye okuqinileyo.
  • Ukukhutshwa kwenkululeko yonqulo: IsiHlanzi sokuqala sikhusela ukusebenzisa unqulo ngokukhululekileyo kwaye siyaluthintela ukumiselwa konqulo lukarhulumente. Oku kunokuvela kwisakhiwo, kwiinkqubo zesikolo, okanye kumsebenzi.
  • Uphendlo olungekho ngqiqweni: Amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ikhaya lakho, imoto (ngokunye okungakhethwanga), okanye izixhobo zamanani. Ulwandiso lwakutshanje lwamalungelo obuqu bamanani kwi Carpent . United States ichaza ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yeselfowuni lukhuselekile.

Ukuba urhanela ulwaphulo-mthetho, bhala isiganeko ngokukhawuleza ngexesha, umhla, indawo, namagama amagosa okanye amagosa abandakanyekileyo. Musa ukuxhathisa okanye uxambulise kwisiganeko esi-$_____ngephi kwaye kamva ucel ’ umngeni ngamajelo asemthethweni.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Ekuziqhelanisiseni

Asikokungathobeli ukudibana negosa likarhulumente okungathandekiyo kunyukela ekuphulweni komgaqo-siseko. Ukukrwada, ukuphazamiseka, okanye ukukhathazwa ngokomzimba kusenokungabi namsebenzi ngaphandle kokuchaswa okuboniswayo ekunene okukhethekileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, okubonakala kuncinane (umz., ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwefowuni yakho yeseli) kungaba nzulu. Ukubuza igqwetha kwasekuqaleni kunceda ukwahlula amanyathelo asebenzayo kwabangeyo.

Ukuqokelela Ubungqina

Ubungqina obuqinileyo busisiseko sazo naziphi na izimvo zomGaqo-siseko. Ngenxa yokuba ezi ngxelo zisoloko zibandakanya izibakala eziphikiswayo, uxwebhu olukhoyo ngexesha elinye lubalulekile. Amanyathelo angundoqo aquka:

  • Bhala ngxelo enenkcukacha[ ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiganeko. Quka izenzo zakho, iingxelo zomphathi, naziphi na izisongelo, nazo zonke iinkcukacha ezinxulumene neziva (Isibane, imozulu, amangqina).
  • [[NTLA:0] Ubungqina obuphathekayo nobungamanani: imifanekiso yomonakalo, impahla eyonakeleyo, okanye umfanekiso. Iteyidi ye-vidiyo esuka kwifowuni yakho okanye kwikhamera ekufuphi. Fumana ikhamera ehambayo yomzimba esuka ekunyanzelweni komthetho kwiirekhodi zikawonke-wonke phambi kokuba icinywe.
  • Phelisa ulwazi lobungqina: Amagama, iinombolo zomnxeba, kunye needilesi ze email zomntu obonileyo le siganeko. Bacele ukuba babhale phantsi oko bakukhumbulayo ngexesha inkumbulo isentsha.
  • Uthungelwano olusebenzayo: Ii-imeyili, oonobumba, iingingqi zencoko yababini, okanye izikhalazo zangaphakathi ezinxulumene nesiganeko. Musa ukucima naziphi na iirekhodi.
  • Isiko lokugcina izilwanyana: Ukuba unikezela ubungqina kumthetho onyanzelisayo okanye kwigqwetha, uxwebhu oludlulisela. Kwiifayile zamanani, gcina imibhalo kwisixhobo esikhuselekileyo, esingekho kwi-intanethi ukuthintela ukutyhola ukuphazanyiswa.

Imibandela yenkcazelo inokuba bubungqina. Umzekelo, ukuba ubanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, phawula ukuba amapolisa ayeneemeko ezixeliweyo kusini na. Ukuba uphengululo luye lwakubangela ukubamba, phawula ukuba uphengululo luye lwaphelela kumntu wakho na kwindawo ekufutshane.

Ukufuna Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

Ukubekwa kwetyala komGaqo-siseko kuyinto ekhethekileyo. Igqwetha elinamava kumalungelo abantu phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo1934 (imoto ephambili yokumangalela urhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko) linokuvavanya ityala lakho, licebise ngeqhinga, lize liphathe imiqobo ye-procedro. Xa lifuna igqwetha:

  • [[FLT: 0] khangela amalungelo asekuhlaleni okanye umthetho womgaqo-siseko. Abaphathi-mthetho besizwe baludidi uGuild kwaye urhulumente izahluko ze ACLU zisoloko zigcina uluhlu lwesalatha-miyalelo.
  • Buza malunga namalungiselelo omrhumo: amagqwetha amaninzi amalungelo oluntu asebenza kwisiseko esifanelekileyo (athatha ipesenti yayo nayiphi na indawo okanye umgwebo) okanye kwisiseko se-prono, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuxhatshazwa kwenkqubo.
  • Ngaphantsi kwexesha: igqwetha lakho liza kuchaza ummiselo wemiqathango (ngokoqobo iminyaka eli-1-3 kuthethwa ngayo 76 1983, kuxhomekeke kwilizwe lakho) kwaye nayiphi na into efunekayo ukukhupha amayeza olawulo phambi kwesuti yokukhupha i-applet.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Lungiselela ukhangelo lokuqala: Zisa uxwebhu lwakho, uluhlu lwemibuzo, kwaye ukulungele ukuchaza izibakala ngokucacileyo. Igqwetha liza kuvavanya ukuba unelungelo elisebenzayo okanye uxubushe iziphumo zomonakalo onokubakho okanye isiqabu esingeyo.

Ukukhalaza

Kuxhomekeka kwindlela ophulwe ngayo, usenokuba namathuba amaninzi okufaka isikhalazo. Oku kungaqhubekeka ngokuhambelana, kodwa kufuneka uququzelelane negqwetha lakho ukuze uphephe ukurhoxisa ilungelo lakho lokumangalela kamva. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • I-fayil-yangaphakathi i- imposiso yetyala: necandelo lolawulo lombutho lokunyanzelisa imicimbi yangaphakathi okanye i-ofisi ye-ofisi elinganayo yomqeshi karhulumente yamathuba. Nangona iziphumo zangaphakathi zinqabile ukuphumela kumonakalo omkhulu, zidala irekhodi kwaye zinokukhokelela kutshintsho okanye uqeqesho lwabaphathi bemikhosi. Gcina amaphepha ento yonke.
  • Isizwe samasebe alwela amalungelo abantu: Amazwe amaninzi anekhomishini yamalungelo abantu okanye i-bhureau yamalungelo abantu ephanda izikhalazo zocalulo. Apha ukubhabhisa kusenokuwubeka phantsi umthetho wemiqathango yokumangalelwa kwequmrhu.
  • Izikhalazo zamalungelo abantu: ISebe leJaji le-U.S. lihlola iindlela zokunganyaniseki, kwaye i-Unimed Proclations Proportation Commission ijongene nocalucalulo emsebenzini. Ungaphinda ufake isikhalazo kwiDOJ malunga nehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthiyileyo.
  • Amatyala phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. 76: Le yeyona ndlela ithe ngqo yokufumana umonakalo wemali, imimiselo, okanye isiphumlisi sokukhulula amagunya asekuhlaleni. Ityala malibekwe kurhulumente okanye kwinkundla yesizwe; inkundla yequmrhu isoloko ikhethwa ngenxa ye-76 1983 efuna uncedo lwemali.
  • Ucelomngeni oludityanisiweyo lomgaqo-siseko: Kwimeko ezinqabileyo (umz., umthetho okanye inkqubo karhulumente ophule amalungelo akho), ungagweba urhulumente wezwe phantsi -Bivens v. Ii-Anglings ezingaziwayo ezintandathu ezi-Ofisi-odwayo zomonakalo, nangona ezo ntelo zilinganiselwe kwaye zijongeka ngokungqongqo.

Ukuphelisa Izikhalazo Ezinamandla

Ukuba ufaka ityala, isikhalazo kufuneka simisele isiseko esiyinyaniso sokwaphula ngalinye, sazi ilungelo elikhethekileyo lomgaqo-siseko elichasiweyo, kwaye chaza abamangalelwa abafanelekileyo (amagosa omntu ngamnye kumandla abo, kunye nezinto zikamasipala okanye zikarhulumente apho zifanelekileyo). Igqwetha lakho liza kuqinisekisa ukuba izikhalazo zihambisana nemilinganiselo yokuncenga ye Iqalbhal kunye [FLT]] kunye nezibonelelo ezibucala, ezifuna iinkcukacha ezaneleyo ukwenza ukuba izikhalo zibe zeze, zingabi nokwenzeka.

Inkqubo Esemthethweni

Xa ityala lithe lamangalelwa, ityala liqhubeka ngamaqondo aliqela, ukuqonda oku kunokukunceda ulawule oko kulindelweyo uze usebenzisane ngokunempumelelo neqela lakho elisemthethweni.

Intshukumo namazwi angaphambili

Emva komsebenzi wokwenza, abamangalelwa basoloko befaka iifayile zokupheliswa, bephikisa ngelithi nokuba zonke izibakala zakho ziyinyaniso, umthetho awukuvumi ukwaphulwa. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukukhusela ukufaneleka (kungafakwanga ngezantsi), ukungakwazi ukuchaza ityala, okanye ukupheliswa kommiselo wemiqathango. Ukuphumelela kweli qonga kunqabile kodwa akunakwenzeka; ukukhanyela ukukhanyela ukupheliswa kungumqondiso olungileyo.

Ukuba eli tyala liya kusinda, inkundla iya kunikela ucwangciso lokumisela ixesha lokufumana, iingxelo zengcali, nelokugweba ngokufutshane.

Umbuzo

Uphando lukwinqanaba apho amacala omabini atshintshisana khona ubungqina. Oku kuquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo malunga namanqaku nokhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, iividiyo, ii-imeyili, kunye neefayile zabasebenzi.
  • Imithetho: Umbuzo womlomo phantsi kwesifungo, apho igqwetha lakho lingaphanda ulwazi nokunyaniseka kweqela eliphikisayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Subpoenas kwiqela lesithathu:[ Ukufumana iirekhodi zoqeqesho lwamapolisa, ii-ats, okanye ubungqina.

Uphando ludla ngokuba yeyona nxalenye ibizayo nethatha ixesha elininzi yelitha, kodwa kwakhona kulapho inyaniso iphuma khona. Igqwetha lakho liza kuyisebenzisa ukwakha ingxelo enyanzelisayo.

Ugwebo lwesishwankathelo

Emva kokufunyaniswa, naliphi na icala lingayifaka inyathelo lomgwebo ofutshane, liphikisa ngelithi akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba umbutho ohambayo unelungelo lokugweba njengomcimbi womthetho. Ukuba ulahlekelwa lugwebo olufutshane, ityala liyaphela ngaphandle kokuba ubhenele. Ukuba uphumelele, ungafumana kwakhona umonakalo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, nangona umonakalo usenokufuna ukuvalwa.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba umgwebo wesishwankathelo uyakhatywa (okanye uvunywa nje kancinane), ityala liya kwityala. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli betyala bagqiba impikiswano ngezibakala; ijaji igqiba umthetho. igqwetha lakho liya kunikela amangqina nobungqina, kwaye abamangalelwa baza kunqumla i-examine. Izigwebo kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu zinokuba yingozi kakhulu; ibali eliyinyani elinamandla liyimfuneko.

Izibheno

Ukuba ityala alilunganga, ungabhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka yezibheno (okanye inkundla yesibheno karhulumente) kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Izibheno zipheleliselwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, hayi ukungavumelani nezibakala, ngoko zifuna ingxelo eyomeleleyo ngezantsi. Amatyala amaninzi omgaqo-siseko ayaphumelela okanye alahleka ekubhenelweni.

Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka

Ukuphumelela kwityala lamalungelo omGaqo-siseko kusenokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, nganye ineengenelo ezahlukileyo:

  • [[NTLA:0] Imbuyekezo ebhatalayo: ityala lokuhlawula ligquma ilahleko yokwenene (amatyala onyango, ingeniso, iintlungu nokubandezeleka). Umoshelo wesibhaka- bhaqo ungahlawulwa ukuba ihambo yommangalelwa ibiyeyona ingalunganga okanye imbi. Noko ke, phantsi iDolotho yeNewport v. iints, Inc., iziphumo zemali azifumaneki nxamnye noorhulumente bamasipala.
  • Isiqabu esiphakathi: Inkundla ingayalela umbutho karhulumente okanye umphathi ukuba amise umkhwa (umz., iyeke ukusebenzisa inkqubo ethile yokuvalela okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yokulungisa uqeqesho). I-Injctionations zizixhobo ezinamandla zokulungisa inkqubo.
  • [[Ukukhululeka:0] Isindululo sokukhupha isifungo: Isindululo senkundla sokuba umthetho okanye uqheliselo aluhambelani nomthetho, nangaphandle komonakalo, sinokuba ngumzekelo osetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni ihambo efanayo kwenye indawo.
  • Iinguqu zenkqubo: Nangaphandle komyalelo wenkundla, ukugcinwa nje kwetyala kusoloko kubangela uhlolo lwangaphakathi lwenkqubo, uqeqesho olutsha lwezifundo zasemva kwesikolo, okanye izenzo zoqeqesho nxamnye nabaphathi abakhubekisayo.
  • Ukungachazi tyala: Ityala okanye isiqendu singazisa uphando lukawonke-wonke kwihambo engafanelekanga, sikhuthaza iinguqu zomthetho okanye sibangele ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yokuguqula.

Imilinganiselo Yokwahlula Iimeko Neembambano Zokucinezelwa

Amatyala omGaqo-siseko aphantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo. Kwingxelo ka1998, ummiselo wemiqathango ubolekiwe kumthetho womntu ozonakalisekileyo wesizwe (ngokuqhelekileyo 1 ukuya kwisi-3 seminyaka. Kodwa ke, le wotshi ayingeqali de wazi okanye ufanele wazi ukuba yaphulwe (“umthetho wesifungo”). Khangela negqwetha lakho ngoko nangoko, njengoko igcisa lamva liza kubulala.

Ukongezelela, kufuneka uncede abamangalelwa ngeentsuku ezingama-90 (umthetho osemthethweni) wokufakelwa ityala. Ukungaphumeleli ukusebenza kakuhle kungaphumela ekugxothweni. Ezinye izibhengezo zifuna ukudinwa kweengcaciso zolawulo (umz., amabanjwa asentolongweni phantsi koMthetho weNtolongo we-Reformation kufuneka asebenzise kuqala inkqubo yezikhalazo zentolongo).

Indima Yokungahambelani

Omnye wemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekucel ’ umngeni ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko yimfundiso yokukhusela ukufaneleka komzimba. Le migaqo ikhusela amagosa karhulumente kwityala lasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba ihambo yabo ichasene “nomthetho ocacileyo” okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko umntu osengqiqweni ebeya kuwazi. INkundla ePhakamileyo iwuqinise lo mlinganiselo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ifuna imizekelo esondeleyo esuka kulawulo olunye (ngokufuthi inkundla yesiphaluka).

Kusekuqaleni kwemeko, ngokufuthi kusenziwa inyathelo lokugxotha okanye lokuyishwankathela. Ukuze oyise, igqwetha lakho kufuneka libonise ukuba ilungelo lamiselwa ngokucacileyo ngexesha lokwaphulwa. Oku kufuna uphando olucokisekileyo nokuncedwa kwamatyala afanayo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela umthetho othintela ukukhusela ukukhusela ukufaneleka enkundleni; khangela umthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Enye impikiswano yesigqibo kunye nokungalawuleki komgaqo-nkqubo

Asilulo lonke ucelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko emaluphele xa kuvavanywa. Iimeko ezininzi ziconjululwa ngokuthethana, ngokudityaniswa kwemiba, okanye ngokuhlaziywa. Ingxubusho engezinye iindlela ingakhawuleza ingabi naxabiso laneleyo, kwaye isenokuvumela unyango lokwakha olufana nokuqeqesha utshintsho, inkqubo yokulungisa, okanye ukucela uxolo oluyimfihlo.

Ngapha kwempinda nganye, qwalasela ukubandakanyeka kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu exhasa utshintsho lwenkqubo. Amaqela afana ne ALU, i-[NAACP] Levic Defense Fund[, kunye nemibutho ejongileyo esoloko ifaka ulufihlo, i-aventi yemithetho, okanye iqala i-pateni yophendlo. Imeko yakho inokuba yiqonga lokuguqula okubanzi.

Isiphelo

Ukucel ’ umngeni amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko kukusukela okusesikweni ngokobuqu kunye nokufak' isandla kumthetho. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuba kuthathwe ngokukhawuleza, ukubhaliweyo okucokisekileyo, ukumela okusemthethweni, kunye nomonde kwinkqubo esemthethweni ende. Noko ke, iziphumo ezinokubakho, ukusuka ekuphuculweni kwemali ukuya kutshintsho lwenkqubo yenkqubo, zenza umgudu ube nomvuzo. Lucelomngeni ngalunye olunempumelelo luqinisa ukhuseleko oluthe lwathenjiswa ngumGaqo-siseko. Khumbula ukuba ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo liyilungelo lomgaqo-siseko, kwaye inkqubo ixhomekeke kubemi abazimisele ukukuqinisekisa oko.