Ukwazisa Ukwenza Umthetho

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho yinkqubo yolwamkelo lwedemokhrasi, ukuguqulela uluntu ngokubanzi kunye nenkqubo efuna imithetho enyanzelekileyo elungelelaniswayo yoluntu. Embilinini walo, ukwenza umthetho yinkqubo yamabom, yeqonga elininzi elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyisiweyo iphenjelelwa ngokucokisekileyo, idityaniswe, kwaye iphuculwe ngaphambi kokuba ibophe. Kubafundi bembali kunye noorhulumente, ukuqonda le nkqubo ityhila indlela amandla asetyenziswa ngayo, indlela izilangazelelo ezikhuphisana ngayo, nendlela umthetho ozinzileyo. Eli nqaku lihamba ngayo kwisigaba ngasinye.

Imiba Yokwenza Imithetho

Ngeli xesha abakhandi abachanekileyo behluka ngokwendlela abasebenza ngayo ``kwicandelo lorhulumente, kumgangatho wesizwe, kwipalamente, okanye kwiinkqubo zepalamente phesheya kwelizwe] iinkqubo ezininzi zokwenza umthetho zilandela isalathisi esifanayo: izicelo, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye novota, ingxubusho yomgangatho, imvume yegunya, kunye nokuzalisekisa. Amacandelo alandelayo achaza inyathelo ngalinye njengoko lisenzeka kwiNgqungquthela yaseUnited States, kunye neembekiselo ezibonisa iinguqu apho kufundisa khona.

Isindululo: Ukuzalwa Kwebheri

Umthetho ngamnye uqala njengengcamango. Le ngcamango isenokuvela kumntu olawula umthetho, umxhasi wequmrhu, umxhasi wezakhono, umbutho karhulumente, okanye kwanoMongameli. KwiBhunga lase-U.S., kuphela ilungu leNdlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu. Ityala linokusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni. Ityala lisetyenziswa ngoncedo oluvela ku [ i-Oficence yeSiluleko somthetho [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]][FT]] kwaye labela inani (umz., H.R. 1 ngokwemali yendlu, S. 1 yeBS.rever echazwe ngumthetho omfutshane) kunye nesihloko esithenjiweyo. Intetho ngokwaso iya kuchazwa ngumthetho weqela lokuqala.

Izicwangciso zingasuka kwimithombo emininzi. Umzekelo, umthetho omkhulu ofana nomthetho we-Afford Cancel Act wavela kwinyathelo lokuqala lomongameli kunye noxoxiso lobungqungquthela, ngelixesha amatyala amancinane ephuma kwinkxalabo yodidi okanye kwiqela lenzala. Ikhonvolfer.gov isiseko sesiseko sesiseko sesiseko sedata sivumela uwonke wonke ukuba alandele zonke iingxelo ukusuka kwinkcazelo yomthetho, unike iwindow ekhanyayo kwinqanaba lesicelo.

2. Impinda yeKomiti: I-Enjini yoMgaqo-nkqubo

Iikomiti zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba “ngamahashe asebenzayo” endlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa kubhekiswa isindululo, ikomiti(okanye enye yeekomiti zayo ezincinci) iqalisa uhlolo oluneenkcukacha. Eliqonga libandakanya imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • indlebe: Iikomiti zimema amangqina / amagosa karhulumente, iingcali zemithetho, abameli, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo (ukungqina.) Ezi ndlebe ziqokelela izibakala neembono ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iiNdlela zendlu kunye neKomiti Yokwehla kweNdlela ibamba ukuva kwimigaqo-siseko serhafu, ukuva kwezoqoqosho neenkokeli zezoshishino.
  • Aphawups: Emva kokuva, iingxoxo zekomiti zilungisa umgca wemiqathango. Kulapho ulwimi lwemali lucolisiweyo khona, amalungiselelo ongezelelweyo okanye asuswe, kwaye kulalanisa kukhutshwe khona. Ngamalungu ekomiti kuphela angavota ngexesha lokuchongwa.
  • Ukuchaza: Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela uxwebhu (ngevoti enkulu), ikhupha ingxelo echaza injongo yetyala, ingqiqo yekomiti, kunye nazo naziphi na iimbono eziphikisayo. Le ngxelo iba luxwebhu olubalulekileyo kwingxoxo yomgangatho.

Amatyala amaninzi afa kwikomiti. Ngokwenkcazelo esuka kwiGovTrack.us, ngaphantsi kwe 5% yamatyala aqalisweyo akha aba ngumthetho. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uqinisekisa ukuba kuphela ezona zindululo zibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo ezifikelela kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Noko ke, iikomiti zinokusetyenziswa kwi ibloko yemithetho ngentsebenziswano [“iqhinga lokusebenza]." izihlalo zekomiti, ezilawula amacebo, ezisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ekuhambiseleni phambili okanye kwiminxeba yokucima.

Utshintsho kwiinkqubo zeekomiti

Kwinkqubo zepalamente njenge-United Kingdom, iikomiti zidla ngokungabi namandla kakhulu kuneMbutho ye-U. kwaye ucwangciso lukarhulumente ludla ngokulawula. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, iinkqubo zeekomiti zinokuba khululekile ngakumbi, zinokuvalwa kancinane kwaye zinikwe izithuba ezikhawulezayo. Ngokunjalo, ikomiti isekho indawo yokuqala yokuhlola ingcali nengxoxo ye-bipartan.

3. Ingxoxo neMidlalo: I-Philiture Arena

Xa isibham sixeliwe ngaphandle kwekomiti, sibekwa kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho. Kwindlu yabameli, iKomiti [[FLT: 0] imisela ixesha lengxoxo elivumelekileyo nokuba ingaba iziphumo zinokunikelwa na. KwiBhunga, ingxoxo isoloko ingenamqathango, evumela i-Freator ibambe umgangatho ukuba ibambe okanye ivale ivoti.

Ingxoxo yefloor ifeza iinjongo ezininzi: ifundisa amalungu kunye noluntu, inyanzela abaxhasi kunye nabachasi ukuba bachaze iindawo zabo, kwaye inika amathuba okulungisa ezinye iimeko. Emva kokuqukumbela, iprojekthi yegumbi. Endlini, amavoti amaninzi asebenza nge-elektroniki okanye ngelizwi. Kwindlu yendlu, uvotelo ludla ngokubakho kwimithetho engundoqo. Uninzi (50% + 1) luyafuneka ukuze kudluliswe kwiimeko ezininzi, nangona iNtsimbiswano inomda wama-60 we-vote ukubiza i-ekhomba zelizwi. kwaye iphela umvoti oqhelekileyo womthetho omkhulu.

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeNdlu yeeNdlela zokuHlanganisa iNqam eMinyeneyo ichaza iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye, ikomiti yengqungquthela ```iqokelele amalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi''. inguqulelo exolelanisiweyo kufuneka idlulise omabini amagumbi kwakhona phambi kokuba iye kuMongameli.

Umzekelo ongokwembali: uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 okwiNtlanganiso yeeNtloko eziziintsuku ezingama-75 phambi kokuba ihlwili libhenqwe ngevoti engu 71-29. Olu hlobo lwedabi le-procedve lubonisa indlela ingxoxo yomgangatho enokuba sisixhobo esidelisayo kunye nesixhobo sobuchule. Kwimbali ye-filiusbuster, bona U.S. iphepha elisemthethweni leNdluvote kwi-Dialonethi nehrives .

4. Ukuvunywa kwegunya: Usayino loMongameli okanye iVito

Emva kokuba iinguqulelo ezifanayo zidlule zombini amagumbi, ityala liyabhaliswa lize lithunyelwe kuMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ezigqitha iiCawa) ukuze enze into. Iinketho zezi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu loxwebhu [[Umthetho:1]: Kuba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko (okanye kumhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo).
  • Ukuyibuyisela kumthetho : uMongameli uyibuyisela kwi Congress ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingayigqitha iveto ngo2-3 uninzi kwigumbi ngalinye.
  • Ivumela ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo: Ukuba uMongameli akabonisi okanye akabothusi ngeentsuku ezilishumi ngexesha iCongress iseqesheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo (i- “pecreet joto" eyenzeka ukuba ii-Congress ezingqungquthela phambi kokuba iintsuku ezilishumi ziphele).

I-Vtoes inqabile kodwa inentsingiselo yezobupolitika. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wakhupha amatyala angama-635 (ezininzi), ngeli xesha oomongameli abaninzi bezi mini benikela iziphumo ezingaphantsi kwama-20 ngonyaka. Ukungakhathaleli imigudu ngokufuthi iyasilela, njengoko isibini-3-3 isininzi singumgca ophezulu. Amandla eveto anika umphathi ophezulu ingqwalasela eyomeleleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kodwa iBhunga lisamisa imithetho phezu kwemithetho echasabayo ye-presidentine ngenkxaso eyaneleyo ye-bipartarian.

Kurhulumente, irhuluneli yenza indima efanayo. Amanye amaphondo anika abalawuli [[FLT: 0] umgca-into yento , ebavumela ukuba babethe izingxengxezo ezithile ezisuka kwirejista ethile ngaphandle kokugatya umlinganiselo wonke.

5. Ukuphumeza: Ukusuka kwimithetho ukuya ekuqheliseni

Xa ityala lityikitywe (okanye lidluliselwe kwiveto), iba ngumthetho kawonke-wonke `kodwa umsebenzi ukude ngaphezulu. Umthetho ugunyazisa okanye ulawule amasebe anqumlayo[, afuna ukupapasha imithetho ecetyiweyo, ukwamkela amagqabaza, kunye nokhupho lokugqibela. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho Adrodect (AA)[FLT], efuna ukuba abameli bapapashe imithetho ecetyisiweyo, kwaye banikezele imithetho.

Umzekelo, i-Celean Air Act inika i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) igunya lokumisela imigangatho yokukhutshwa komphunga. I-EPA ngoko icwangcisa imithetho yokuchola, ibamba, kwaye igqibele imigaqo enamandla omthetho. Le migaqo idityanisiwe kwi Ikhode yemithetho esesikweni yeFederal (CFR). Inkqenkqeza ibandakanya abahloli, uqingqo-mali, ukumisela imigaqo esebenzayo njengococonfic, ii-fics, okanye izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kwezinye iimeko, ukuzalisekisa kunikwa urhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, inkxaso-mali yendlela yoorhulumente idla ngokufika neemeko ezimele zimisele imithetho ethile yokhuseleko. Eli tsheyina lithe nkqo lingenza ukuba umthetho unyanzelwe njani kulo lonke eli lizwe.

Ukunyanzeliswa noHlaziyo lwezeNkcukacha

Imithetho isebenza kuphela njengokusebenza kwayo. I-FLT [[FLT] [umz. 1, FBI, FDA, OSHA] kunye norhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni, abatshutshisi, kunye namaqumrhu owiso-mthetho. Kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kusenokucelw'ucelw'umva enkundleni. [[FLT]] Justical [1] ivumela iinkundla zichaze intsingiselo yomthetho nokubetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Ityala lophawu imarbury v.[FLT] [183]]) yasungula amandla eNkulawula umthetho wokukhulula.

Xa umthetho usebenza, uchaphazela amaqela `indidividives, imibutho, okanye amaqela enzala' ngokusemthethweni ngokuchasa umthetho kumalungelo awo okanye ukuba imimiselo yokusebenza igqithe kwigunya lomthetho. Iinkundla zingakhupha imimiselo evala ukugcinwa komthetho, ulawulo lomyalelo ukuze kubhalwe kwakhona imimiselo, okanye lucacise ulwimi oludidayo. Isebe lezomthetho ngoko lisebenza njengendawo yokuzinzisa, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayigqithi kwimiqathango yomthetho kwaye ugxininiso luhambelana nenjongo yomthetho.

Oku kudlala phakathi komthetho nolwelo luphawu lwenkqubo yomthetho waseMelika. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu indlela imithetho karhulumente enyanzeliswa ngayo, isikhokelo se-[FLT: 0].gov sokubonisa indlela imithetho eyenziwe ngayo[[FLT: 1] inika ushwankathelo olufikelelekayo.

Indima Yabaxhasi Bemithetho

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ayiyontlukwano evaliweyo phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nomphathi ophezulu. Uludwe olubanzi lwabaxhasi bomthetho omisela umthetho

  • [[NTL: 0] Abaququzeleli kunye nabasebenzi babo : iintlawulo zedrafti, ukuxoxisana, ukuvota, kunye nokuvota korhwebo. Amalungu ngamanye asoloko exhasa iindleko ezibonakalisa izilangazelelo zesithili okanye ezona ziphambili zenkqubo yawo.
  • Amaqela angenisa intsebenziswano kunye nabangenisi-nxaxheba : Ukubonelela ubuchule, ukuququzelela iprojekthi yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokuxhasa iprojekthi yetyala okanye ukuchasa amatyala. Impembelelo yabo isoloko ithanda ukuphikisana, kodwa banika ulwazi abasebenzi bomthetho abaxakekileyo abaxhomekeke kulo. NgokweZiko le Responsive Politics, ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-3,7 ezigidi zemali ehlaziweyo zachithwa ekungeneni kwe-orhulumente ngo-2023 kuphela.
  • I-Citizens kunye nemibutho elawula ukulawulwa kwemibutho : Bhala oonobumba, ungqinela ekuchotshelweni, kwaye ulungelelanise amaphulo okushukuma kwengca. Intshukumo eziphezulu-profile", ukusuka kuhambo lwamalungelo abantu ukuya kwimozulu ebethayo kutshanje].
  • Isebe eliphumezayo abameli besebe: Banike ukhokelo lobuchule, uqikelelo lwamaxabiso, kunye nozalisekiso lwengxelo. I-ofisi yoHlahlo lohlahlo-mali (CBO) yonke imali enokuthi ichaphazele ngokuphawulekayo uqingqo-mali.
  • Imedia kunye neetanki zokucinga[FLT: Ingxoxo kawonke-wonke esisiseko, uphando lwenkqubela, kunye nokubeka abenzi bomthetho ekuba necala. Ugcino-lwazi lobumbasa lusoloko lubhenca iimpazamo kumthetho ocetyiweyo, ngeli lixa kucingwa ukuba iitanki zivelisa amaphepha enkqubo aqwalaselwe ukubumba ikomiti.

Ngamnye waba badlali uzisa oovimba kunye nocalucalulo, enza inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ibe lukhuphiswano lwempembelelo efana nokufuna umgaqo-nkqubo olungileyo. Unyango lwedemokhrasi lusoloko luxhomekeke ekubeni onke amazwi .

Ucelomngeni Lokwenza Imithetho

Nangona ilungiswe ngokucokisekileyo, inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ijongene nemiqobo engapheliyo:

  • Parisan Polation: Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwahlulwa kweengcamango kuye kwanda, kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukulalanisa. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-filibuster, ukuncipha kobuhlobo obunqamlezileyo, nokunyuka “kweziqithi ezikhuselekileyo” zonke zifak' isandla kwi-drock yomthetho-mthetho. Imithetho emikhulu yokufuduka, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nezonyango iye yaphela kangangeminyaka emininzi phezu kwayo yonke inkxalabo kawonke-wonke.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweMpawu Ekhethekileyo: Iminikelo yezehlo nephulo ingawuguqula umthetho wezomdla omxinwa kwinkcitho kawonke wonke. Abagxeki babonisa ukurhoxa kwerhafu, inkxaso-mali yeshishini, kunye nokulawula “njengobungqina bokuba imali iyakwazi ukugqwetha ukwenziwa komthetho. Uphando olusuka kwiPrinceton kunye neNorthwestern yunivesithi lufumanise ukuba izikhulu zezoqoqosho kunye namaqela alungelelanisiweyo“ aneziphumo ezizinyobaninzi ezizimeleyo ku-U.S. Inkqubo karhulumente, ngoxa abemi abaqhelekileyo kunye namaqela anezilangazelelo ezimele ukulawulwa yintlukwano ezimeleyo bengena nxaxheba okanye angena mpembelelo yazimele."
  • Ukujika kunye nomqulu: Imithetho yangoku iyakwazi ukusebenzisa amawaka amaphepha ``````'''''''''''''' utshintsho lwemali' umthetho we Dodd-Frank' odlula kumaphepha angama-300,2,000. Oku kuntsonkothile kwenza kube nzima kubenzi bomthetho kunye noluntu ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo oko bakuvota, kwaye idla ngokushiya iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ukuze zigcwaliswe ngabalawuli abangacetywanga. Isantya esikhawuleziyo sotshintsho lobucukubhedelo sikhupha iprojekthi yemithetho, ishiya imida evelayo yemi efana ne-Iah ne-emperrive.
  • Ukuxhasa uluntu ngokusemthethweni: Abemi abaninzi abalandeli umthetho ocetyiswayo de ube nempembelelo ngqo kubo. Umvoti osezantsi nomtyunjwa wenkqubo yesebe elisikelwe umda womsebenzi wowiso-mthetho uthetha ukuba abenzi bomthetho basebenza ngaphandle kobuveleli obunamandla obuvela kwiqumrhu. Le ndawo ingagcwaliswa ngabaxhasi abanikezelweyo ukunikela ingqalelo.

Olu celomngeni alulolutsha, kodwa luye lwakhula kule nkulungwane yama-21. Ukulungisa akufuni ziinguqu zendalo kuphela . njengokuyenza inkqubo yesehlo ecace ngakumbi okanye yokuguqula imali yeli phulo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho inzima, uhambo lwangabom oluguqula iingcamango zibe yimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Ukusuka kwisicelo sokuqala nokungafezeki kwekomiti ukuya kwingxoxo yomgangatho, ukugunyaziswa kwegunya, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho ekugqibeleni, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqwalaselwe ngenyameko, ivakala, kwaye isemthethweni. Kodwa inkqubo ikwaphantsi kweengcinezelo zezobupolitika, imali, kunye nokungafezeki komntu. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo ayiyo nje inkqubela yemfundo yemfundo okanye inkqubela-mfundo, kwaye bubuchule obubalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ngokwazi apho iindleko zisuka khona, indlela ezibunjwe ngayo, nesizathu sokuba abemi bangakwazi ukuphendula nabameli babo, bamele ukuba babonise ukubonakalisa oko kulungileyo. Ixesha elilandelayo udibana nomgaqo omtsha okanye ukubona inkcaluvoluvo olucacileyo, uya kuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo womthetho ohamba kulo mgaqo.