Ukwazisa

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo, kuquka ezokuqala-phambili zomthetho (FPTP) kunye novoto oluziindawo ezimbini, zichaza indlela izigidi zabemi abakhetha ngayo abameli babo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, intsebenziswano zepopulist iye yagquma ukunqumla ulawulo-melo, idla ngokuzibanga ukuthetha “abantu abalityelweyo” nabangamaqela aphezulu. Eli nqaku lihlola isizathu sokuba imithetho engundoqo yezibambeleko ingazinyanzela ngayo izibonelelo zepopulist, indlela abanyanzela ngayo izichazi zobupolitika, nendlela iinguqu ezinokuthetha ngayo kwiingxaki zabo zezobupolitika. Ukuzobandakanyelwa kwezo zezopolitiki, uphando, kunye nohlalutyo lwezifundo zembali, kunye noluvo lweziko, sihlolisisa izibonelelo ezihambayo ezenza ukuba kubekho ukuphumelela kwenkqubo ezichulayo kwikhompyutha yosasazo kunye ne-oplupluni.

Ziziphi Iinkqubo Zeerojanti?

Iinkqubo zokhetho lwabachongi abaphezulu zezi zithi apho umvoti okanye iqela elinabona baninzi liphumelele khona isihlalo okanye unyulo. Ngokungafaniyo nomelo lolwahlulo (PR), olunikezela ngezihlalo ezimanyeneyo kwintsebenziswano enzima ukuvota, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zimisa kuqala iziphumo ezigqibekileyo kunye noorhulumente abanezigxina. Ezi ndlela zimbini ziqhelekileyo kuqala zibizwa ngokuba yi-prestbanga à à à prote (FPP) kunye nenkqubo ye-STS (TS) ezimbini ezingqukuva).

Kwi-FPTP, abavoti baphosa ivoti enye kubavoti, kunye nomntu oza kuvota ofumana inani eliphezulu leevoti – kwanokuba umfiliba wenkomfa - uphumelele isihlalo. Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe eUnited States, i-United Kingdom, i-Canada, i-Indiya, kunye namathanga amaninzi angaphambili aseBritane. Kwinkqubo ezimbini ezingqukuva, abavoti babuyela kwimi yokhetho okwesibini ukuba akukho mvotisi ufumana uninzi kwisangqa sokuqala, ngokufuthi uxinene oluya kwibala eliphezulu labaphathi-mikhosi eFransi imizekelo ephambili.

Ezinye iinguqulelo eziphambili ziquka enye ivoti (efakwe kwindawo engaphambili) esetyenziswa kwiNdlu yabameli yaseOstreliya kunye nevoti yebloko (esetyenziswa kolunye unyulo lwasekuhlaleni). Ngoxa ezi ndlela zahluka koomakhakha, ziyabelana ngengqiqo engundoqo: ophumeleleyo uhlala phantsi, ngokufuthi eshiya inxalenye enkulu yevoti engachazwanga.

Iinkqubo zoomadiliya zidla ngokuvelisa ukhuphiswano lwesithathu okanye ezimbini, njengoko amaqela amancinane ezama ukuphumelela izihlalo nokuba afumana isabelo esihloniphekileyo kwivoti ethandwayo. Le “Mthetho kaDeverger” ibhaliwe kakuhle: iFPTP kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo ngokungekho mthethweni zibangela ukuba amaqela esithathu angabi namdla kwaye zikhuthaza ukuvota. Isiphumo sisoloko sicacisa izikhulu zecabhaterianant kunye neekhabhinethi ezizinzileyo, kodwa ngendleko yokususa amalizwi amaninzi ezobupolitika.

Ukuvela Kwepopulism Kwimimandla Yanamhlanje

I-populist yingcamango ebhityileyo ebangela ukuba “abantu” babe nesidima, befana kunye“ nabantu” kunye nomntu owonakeleyo, oziphethe “ongumenzi.” Iinkokeli zePopulist zizibanga zinegunya elikhethekileyo lokumela uluvo lokwenyaniso lwesizwe, ngokufuthi zigqitha amaziko afana namaqela, iinkundla, kunye namajelo eendaba. Ngoxa imibutho ye-pullist iye yavela ukutyhubela imbali, ukubuya kwayo kutshanje kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMelika, nase-Asia ibonisa izikhalo ezinzulu.

Ukurhoxiswa kwezoqoqosho – ukupheliswa kwezoburhulumente, ukuhlawulwa kwemali, nokunyuka kokungalingani – kuye kwabangela ukuba abantu baququzeleke kudidi olumiselweyo lwezobupolitika. Amaxhala enkcubeko ngokufuduka, ubuzwe, nokutshintsha kwentlalo nawo abangele ukuba kubekho intlawulo entle. IPopulistics inikela izicombululo ezilula, eziphengululayo kwiingxaki ezinkulu, ezityhola abaphambukeli, amagunya asemzini, okanye imibutho yamazwe angaphandle ewodwayo ngenxa yobunzima obukhoyo. Impumelelo yabo iye yaphazamisa abacuphi nabeli bedemokhrasi, njengokuba oorhulumente abachongi besoloko bejongela phantsi inkululeko yokulawula, ukumishwa kwenkululeko, kunye namalungelo amancinane.

Imizekelo engundoqo iquka ukunyuka kukaDonald Trump eUnited States, impumelelo kaViktor Orbán eHungary, ukukhula kweNational Rly eFransi, nokuvela kwePodemos ne Vox eSpeyin. EIndiya, iBaratiya Janata Partial phantsi kweNarendra Mondidi ibonisa iimpawu zobuPromerist, njengamaqela amaninzi eLatin America. Le ngxaki ayiphelelanga kwilizwekazi elinye okanye kwingcamango okanye ingqiqo – iquka imipu eshicilelweyo esuka e-lini e-ibhuloneni esuka e-ijinging kunye nesekunene kwe-iverquating, zonke zimanyaniswe yi-Antiventiecediation naphambili.

Umatshini Odibanisa Iinkqubo Zamajoni Nezipopulism

Abaphengululi baye bafumana iindlela ezininzi apho iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zinokunceda ukusasazeka kwentshukumo yepopulist. Ezi nkqubo azithinteli ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziziintlobo-ntlobo okanye izinto ezininzi, kuquka imekobume yezixhobo zekhompyutha, ukulungelelaniswa kweqela, kunye nomongo wembali, zidlala iindima ezibalulekileyo – kodwa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kusoloko kubumba izisusa.

Umnqongo wesibonda

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwamagorha zivuza iqela elikhulu kwaye zohlwaye ezincinci, zikhuthaza ummandla wezopolitiko ophindiweyo. Xa amaqela amabini alawulayo ezama ukulwela igunya, asoloko efumana iindawo ezidityanisiweyo ukukhuthaza abaxhasi bawo abasemzimbeni. Oku kusuka ethatyathwa kwemimandla engaphandle kunganyanzela abavoti kwiinketho ezigqithisileyo, kuquka abathathi-nxaxheba abathembisa ukwaphula olu khungelo. I-populists zisebenza kakuhle kwimozulu entle kuba zizibonakalisa zikuphela kwendlela echanileyo yokuzikhusela kwisakhiwo esonakeleyo.

Ukwenziwa kwemigca emincinci

Phantsi kwe FPTP, abavoti abaninzi abaxhasa amaqela amancinane babona ukuvota kwabo kuphoswa. Iqela eliphumelele i 10% yovoti yesizwe lingazuza izihlalo ze-0, ngelixa iqela elinamashumi amathathu% lingazuza uninzi oluthe ngqo. Le ntshukumo ivoti abavoteli abathe abathe abakhethelwa ngokungaguqukiyo baphulukana. Amaqela amaqela axhasa ukuchasana ngokuphikisa ngokuthi inkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo ixhotyiswe ngokuchasene nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Babiza utshintsho loburhulumente – olufana nolawulo-demokhrasi, imida, okanye ukuphelisa ikholeji ekhethekileyo – ngexesha elinye bengenelwa kwizikhalo eziphumayo kwinkqubo.

Ukusetyenziswa nokuphoxeka okucwangcisiweyo

Abaxhasi kwiinkqubo eziphambili basoloko besenza uvotelo oluqhelekileyo, bekhetha umntu oza kuthatha inxaxheba encinane ukuvala iziphumo ezimbi. Oku kuqhelisa kunokucinezela izinto ezikhethwa zokwenene kwaye kukhokelela ekugxekweni okusasazekileyo. I-Populists isebenzisa i-operations kule ngqumbo ngokuthembisa “kwaphula inkqubo” kwaye ibuyisela amandla ebantwini. I-Brexit tempendam, ephethwe phantsi komthetho olulalkileyo, imisela indlela iphulo le poplunist elinokuwubamba ngayo umsindo kwisiseko sezobupolitika, ingakumbi xa inkqubo yokhetho iqwalaselwa njengengasabeli.

Ukhupho-mali nokungabikho komelo

Iinkqubo zokongamela zisoloko zivelisa iziphumo ezithe rhoqo – amaqela afumana izihlalo ezininzi ngokufuthi enza oko ngemininzi ethandwayo kwivoti. Lo msantsa phakathi kwevoti nezihlalo ungenza unyulo olunyusweyo emehlweni abemi abaninzi. Iinkokeli zePopulist ziphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yimbonakalo ecacileyo, ukuba unyulo “luxhotyiswe” ngokuchasene novota abaqhelekileyo, kwaye ukuba inkokeli eyomeleleyo, engalawulwanga iyakwazi ukubuyisela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olunyanisekileyo. Ingxelo ezinjalo zifumana abaphulaphuli abamkelayo xa isibalo sonyulo sibonakala singalunganga.

Isifundo Setyala: IUnited States

I-United States isebenzisa i-FPTP ukwenzela unyulo lombutho wobuPhondo, idityaniswe ne-Electoral College ukwenzela ukhuphiswano lomongameli. Eli lungiselelo liye lavelisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo oomongameli abaphulukana nevoti ethandwayo (uMdusi odumileyo ngo-200, Donald Trump ngo-2016). Umsantsa phakathi kweziphumo ezithandwayo nezivelayo zonyuselo lonyuselo losasazo losasazo uthetha ukuba inkqubo yonakele kwaye abalawuli basebenzisa imithetho elawulayo ukugcina igunya.

Iphulo lika-2016 likaDonald Trump lakugxeka ngokucacileyo ukufaneleka kwenkqubo yonyulo, ukulumkisa “konyulo” oluxhotyisiweyo kunye nokubiza“kutshona emgxobhozweni.” Impumelelo yakhe ekuphumeleleni iRiphabliki kunye nomphathi waba yimveliso yenkqubo ephambili – ukuphumelela kwemithetho e-Vrathiomsgrand remaster kumnikazi omninzi wamnika ithuba lokuqokelela abathunywa ngenkxaso eninzi. Kunyulo jikelele, wangenelwa kunyulo lwe-Electoral College devie joy kuhlobo oluncinane, lwasemaphandleni oluye lwamkela kakhulu umyalezo wakhe wempumezo.

Ngokufanayo, amaqela akwaGreen and Libertariarian, aphethe iimbono ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zihambelane nemixholo yepopulist, zikhutshwe ngokunempumelelo kumelo phantsi kwe-FPTP. Abaxhasi bawo basoloko bevakalelwa kukuba ukuvota kwabo abathandayo kulahlwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuchongeni okusezantsi okanye ukhetho oluthandabuzayo. Oku kungaqhubela abavoti kwiimeko ezichasene ne-Genesalathisi abathembisa utshintsho olukhulu.

Isifundo Setyala: IUnited Kingdom

Inkqubo ye-FPTP ye-United Kingdom yeNdlu yeeNdlu zoLawulo ibisoloko igxekwa kade ngokuvelisa “oozwilakhe abalawulayo”-oorhulumente abanobungangamsha obuninzi kodwa kuphela ubuninzi bevoti. Unyulo lwangonyaka wama 2015 lwanika iKonsovatity Parti yabaninzi i-12766% yabathathi nge-3,9% yevoti, ngoxa i-UKIP yaphumelela i-126% yevoti kodwa yaba sisihlalo esinye. Oko kususa u-UKIP kwaphembelela ukulwa no-UKPP ku-PPPPPPPPP uGcisolulo lwawodwa kwabangela ukuba i-1266% ye-Bregit.

I-2016 Bretertendimum, egqitywe luninzi, yaba yindawo yokudambisa ipopulist. Iphulo elithi “I-EU” labonisa i-EU njengeproject ephezulu ebonakalisa ulawulo lwamaBrithishi, kwaye iziphumo ezimxinwa ezingama-5248 zandisa ulwahlulo. Ukususela kwi-assendium, iConservative Partive itshintshile, ithatha izikhundla ze-populist kwindawo yokufuduka norhwebo. I-Labour Party, ay, ijongene, imfazwe yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaphiko ayo aphakathi nasekhohlo.

Iipalamente ezisisigxina zeqela leentlanganiso (2011) kunye nenkqubo yokukhumbula igxekwe, kodwa iFPTP ihlala ingumqhubi wesibonelelo wesibonelelo wesibini se-muparty duopoly. Amaqela ePopulist anjengoTshintsho UK (wangaphambili iBretiffin) ayaqhubeka ephikisa ukuba inkqubo idiza izigidi zabantu.

Eminye Imizekelo Ethelekisekayo

i-France, inkqubo ejikelezayo yonyulo lomongameli kunye nomthetho igxininisa kumongameli kwaye isoloko iphelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abancinane emva komjikelo wokuqala. I-Marine Le Pen's National Rely ifikelele kwisangqa sesibini, kodwa ilahleke ngexesha ngalinye. Le nkqubo inyanzela amaqela aphambili ukuba enze imidibaniso nxamnye nompulist ekunene, kodwa ikwaye ikhuphela phambili ukulwa nomgaqo - mvakalelo - rhoxio, ivakalelwa kukuba bakhetha “ububi obungathethekiyo. ” kunokuba bavakalise ummeli wokwenyaniso.

Indiya, eyona demokhrasi inkulu ehlabathini, isebenzisa i-FPTP kwiLok Sabha. IBharatiya Janata Partical phantsi kweNarendra Modi isebenzise i populantist ellustra – i-Hindu, ubuzwe, iimvakalelo zobuzwe, kunye nezithembiso zolawulo olunamandla – ukuphumelela ngezantsi kakhulu kwevoti yesizwe (31%, 37% kwi-2019). Inkqubo yonyuso-omatilo iphakamisa ulwahlulo lwengi nolwahlulo lwemiba, ifakela kwimekobume yezobupolitika.

Canada uye wafumana ukunyuka kweqela labantu abahambayo phantsi kweMaximilla Bernier, nangona lihlala lilincinci. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa iFPTP kunye neLiberal zombini ukuzuza izinto ezinkulu ngenkxaso esezantsi, kwaye iingxoxo zokuguqula unyulo luye lwavela rhoqo kodwa akuzange luphunyezwe. Iingcinezelo zePopulist ziye zasetyenziswa ngamaqela akhoyo kunokuba zivelise amandla amatsha, kodwa ukunganeliseki okungundoqo kuyaqhubeka.

Izicelo ezibanzi Zempilo Yedemokhrasi

Ukudlala phakathi kwenkqubo zokhetho olungundoqo kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha impompo kuphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nomelo lwedemokhrasi, ukumiselwa, kunye nozinzo. Kwesinye isandla, iinkqubo zolawulo zingavelisa oorhulumente abanobuchule obunamandla bokuthatha inyathelo ngokusisigxina – nto leyo abanye abaphikisayo eyimfuneko kwixesha locelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo. Kwelinye icala, basoloko bethetha phantsi kwamazwi amancinane, bebeka ingxengxenga-goso kwiipolitili zengi zengi, kwaye bavuza ii-clevavages.

Imikhosi yepopulist isebenzisa ezi mpawu. Izenza ngathi lilizwi lelizwi elingenalizwi, ithembisa ukubuyisela ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lwasentsomini. Xa inkqubo yonyulo ibonakala iqinisekisa iziphumo zayo ezingaqhelekanga – ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezidibeneyo, iivoti ezilahlwayo, kunye nezisekwe ngokungqongqo ezimbini ezizii-gradialgrees democratic zinokuphinda zikwazi ukukhokelwa. Amaziko alawulwa ngedemokhrasi anokuhlaselwa ngaphakathi, njengoko abalawuli abalawuli abanamandla behlisa umlinganiselo.

Uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika njengoPippa Norris (Harvard) kunye noRonald Inglehart lubonise ukuba iinkqubo zonyulo ezithathwa njengezobulungisa kwaye eziqukayo zithambeka zinomgangatho osezantsi wenkxaso yepopulist. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe anemithetho enzima kunye nemigangatho ephezulu yokunganeliseki abona intsebenziswano eyomeleleyo. Le ngqungquthela ayithethi ukuba i-ouscation kuphela, kodwa ukwenziwa kwequmrhu kunguquko olubalulekileyo.

Izinto Ezinokutshintshwa Nezinye Izinto

Kuye kwacetyiswa utshintsho oluninzi lokukhetha ukuthomalalisa iziphumo ezingalunganga zeenkqubo zoorhulumente beziko lobupompu ngaphandle kokuncama uzinzo. Ezi ziquka ukuvota okukwisigaba esiphantsi (RCV), ukuxubene (MMP) umelo lwecandelo (lomdibaniso, kunye nenkqubo yesangqa emibini esele isetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo.

Uvota olususiweyo. RCV isetyenziswa kwi House of Authority kunye noninzi lwamaU.S. unyulo lukamasipala lubangela ukuba abavoti baphumele iziphumo ezizizo ezithe ngqo ezifunekayo. Ukuba akukho mvoteki ufumana uninzi, umvoti wokugqibela weendawo zokuvota ukhutshiwe kwaye abavoti bayaphumelela, kodwa banyanzeleka ukuba batsale isibini sabameli.

Isixokelelwano semiqathango edityanisiweyo, esisetyenziswa eJamani naseNew Zealand, sidibanisa iisithili ezizimeleyo kunye nesizwe esiphezulu ngokulinganayo. IVoters zilahla iibholaot ezimbini – enye ye-FTP, enye kuluhlu lweqela. Ulwabeko lokugqibela lwezihlalo lulungelelaniswa kwivoti yeqela, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanamaqela amancinci angaphumelela ukubonakalisa. Oku kunciphisa ukurhoxisana okugqithisileyo okubangela izikhalo ze populist. Ukuguqula kwaseNew Zealand ukusuka kwi FTPP ukuya kuMMP kunyakanyaka u-1996 kucatshulwa njengempumelelo ekuphuculweni komelo nokholo.

Iindlela ezimbini ezingqukuva zingalungiswa ukuvumela abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwisangqa sokuqala nokukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sesibini. Noko ke, njengokuba umzekelo wamaFrentshi ubonisa, bayakwazi ukugxininisa ngamandla kwaye baphazamise abavoti ababona ukhetho lwabo lokuqala olujikelezayo luphelisiwe.

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo, kwaye utshintsho luthwele urhwebo. Ukutshintsha inkqubo yorhwebo kumele kubangele ukulahlekelwa kucacile kolwakheko lukarhulumente kwaye kunganika amaqela agqithisileyo anokutshixwa. Kodwa intsingiselo yangoku – ukunyuka kobupopu kunye nokukhukuliseka kolawulo - icebisa ukuba ukulondoloza imeko yotshintshi-jiko kukwayingozi. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka bavavanye iindleko zotshintsho ngokuchasene namaxabiso okuthotywa okuqhubekeka kwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo azingokuphela konobangela wokwanda kwepopulist, kodwa ziyibumba ngokucacileyo imeko-bume apho ipopulist ikhula khona. Ngokudala iprojekthi i-

Ukulungisa ucelomngeni kufuneka uphakamiso-magama lobuncutshe boyilo. Utshintsho olufana novoto oluqingqiweyo okanye umelo oludityanisiweyo lunganciphisa ukwahlukana okuzisa ukhupho lokhuseleko lobundlobongela ngexesha logcino-lwazi. Kodwa ingxoxo ngokutshintsha unyuselo kufuneka iphakanyiswe bubungqina, hayi yintetho yepopulist ekhanyela ubunkimbi benkqubo. Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekumiseleni imithetho yokhetho nemigaqo esesikweni neyamkelekileyo – umsebenzi ongazange ungxamisekekeko.

[[FLT: 0] Iimbekiselo zeNguqulo zexesha elidlulileyo: [Ulwazi olukwindawo ebanzi] [[FLT]] Ulwenzeko Lolwazi – iMajoniyutha Iinkqubo zophando ; Utshintsho Lokuqala Ugcino-lwazi Loluntu [[FLTP]; [FLT:][FLT]] Iziko lophando-lwazi oluphezulu lwe Mibutho ye Populist [FLT]; ; [[FLT:] Jenalm] yeDemocratic Democratic Republic – Populism ne Democraticism [FULT]]]