UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lungaphezulu kobungcali bobuGaqo-siseko obungokwasemthethweni, yisiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nento eyimfihlo. Ibhalwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo, le ntshukumo ibeka imida ecacileyo esemandleni karhulumente, ithintela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuwa, inyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze kuboniswe ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele imicimbi yangasese yabemi. Kwixesha lokuhlola okuzinzileyo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuphelisa iindlela zokugcinwa komthetho, ukuqonda uLawulo lweSihlanu kuyimfuneko kuye kumntu ofuna ukukhusela amalungelo akhe. Oku kuqwalaselwa ngokunzulu okuzinziswa kwembali, imigaqo, ukucaciswa kwemithetho, imingeni-mthetho yanamhlanje, imingeni-mngeni-mgaqo-siseko, kwaye nokusebenza kolukelo olubalulekileyo lokhuseleko lomgaqo-mthetho-siseko.

Imvelaphi Yembali YoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

UHlaziyo lwesine lwavela ngqo kumava abuhlungu ama-colonists namava angoorhulumente baseBritane angathintelwayo. Kudala phambi kweNguqu yaseMerika, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi ubuyamkele ubungcwele bekhaya lomntu. Imeko yeshumi elinesibhozo-phakathi yemeko ye- entick v. Carrington [1765] yaseka oko kugunyaza ukuba imikhosi-imikhosi-imvume (i-i-odatensthi) ivumela amagosa ukuba afune ngaphandle kokukhankamisa indawo okanye izinto. Kodwa ke, kumathangameli ase-America, amaBritane ayesoloko engayinanzi le migaqo, esebenzisa izixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba ngu-writs trans zoncedo ukuze aphengulule amakhaya, iimpahla, neenqanawa ezirhweqele ngaphandle kokukrokrala.

Ukuchaswa Kwamarhamente NeGenesis YoMthetho Wokuhlaziywa

Imikhosi yoncedo yayiyimvume evulekileyo ethunyelweyo yokuphengulula eyayingaphelelwanga de kudlulelwe emva komphathi omnye ukuya kwelinye. Bavumela amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba aphule iingcango, afune amaphepha azimeleyo, aze abambe impahla. Inkokeli zamakoloni njengoJames Otis Jr. ngokuphandle zaphikisana nezi zixhobo zithetha ngokuchaneyo ngonyaka wewaka liwaka linye, azibiza ngokuthi "isixhobo esibi kakhulu samandla angenangqiqo." Le ngqungquthela ixhobisaneyo imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko ekuchaseni uphando jikelele. Xa abakhepheli behlanganisene ukuze benze uBhili lwelungelo, uJames Magles wacebisa ukuba kubhalwe ulwimi oluchaphaza ngqo. Isiphumo sasinguMphumelo wesine, ikhutshelwa ngoDisemba 15, 1791.

Imigaqo Yomgaqo - siseko Womgaqo - siseko Wesine

Umbhalo wesine Sonyuso ushwankathekile kodwa unentsingiselo enzulu. Ufundeka ngolu hlobo: " ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, akuyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho zixhobo zemfazwe eziza kupapashwa, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, zixhaswa yiOath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye zichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo ezakuphenjelelwa, kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezizakubanjwe.. Olu lwimi luza kuveza imigaqo emininzi enxulumeneyo.

  • Ukhuseleko kwi Ukukhangela okungaSebenziyo kunye neSeizures: Asikuko konke ukuphengulula okungangqinelaniyo okungavumelekanga, kodwa kuphela oko kungaqikeleliyo. Umgangatho osengqiqweni luvavanyo olusembindini olusetyenziswa ziinkundla.
  • [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo: ngokufanelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuqhuba uphendlo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, okuthetha ukuba kufuneka kubekho izibakala ezaneleyo ukukhokelela umntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufumaneka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Indawo ebanzi: Abavumi kufuneka bayichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo ezakuphengululwa kwaye abantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa. Oku kuthintela uphando jikelele, uphando lophando olo luthi umseki acekise.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isifungo okanye isiqinisekiso: Umphathi ocela isiqinisekiso kufuneka afunge phantsi kokufunga kwizibakala ezinikelweyo. Oku kudala uxanduva olusemthethweni kwaye kuthintela izicelo ezingeyomfuneko.

Ukulindela Ukuba Ndibe Sodwa

Ukuqonda kwangoku koMgaqo-nkqubo wesine kuxhomekeke kwingcamango "yokulindela ngokusengqiqweni ukuba wedwa," echazwe okokuqala yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Katz v. United States' (1967]). Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, uphengululo luyenzeka xa urhulumente ephula ulundelo lomntu lokwenene, olunolwamkelo lokuba ibutho lilungele ukuqaphela ukuba ngokusengqiqweni.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo: Ityala Lenkundla Ephakamileyo

Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidluleyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaphucula yaza yandisa uMmiselo weSine woLawulo ngezigqibo ezingephi. La matyala aye achaza oko kuqukwa kukuphanda, xa kufuneka imvume, nendlela ubungqina obufunyenweyo obungavumelekanga obumele buphathwe ngayo.

UMthetho Wokuphelisa Ihlabathi: Iiveki Nemapu

Isithintelo esinamandla sokuchasene nokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. Noko ke, umthetho wokuqala wasebenza kwimicimbi yolawulo. Owatshintshwa (14]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi yafumana ubungqina ngokuphengululwa okungekho mthethweni ngamagosa karhulumente () (1961), xa iNkundla yafaka umthetho wesine uGqibeko nxamnye nomthetho okwiBhovisiweyo we-GrayPSD (S). Noko ke, umthetho waqala wasebenza kuphela kwimicimbi yomthetho. Wawutshintsha nge-[FLT:] [FLD]].[FLT]

Ukwandisa umlinganiselo: Katz noTerry

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, Katz v. United States (1967) yasusa ukujolisa kumthetho wempahla ukuya kwindawo yobuqu. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukusetyenziswa kocingo lukarhulumente olungenasizathu komnxeba lwaphula uHlaziyo lwesine kuba uKatz wayenolindelo olusengqiqweni lokuba incoko yakhe iyakuba yeyasese. Eli tyala laphumelela ukulawula indlela endala yokuphatha impahla esekelwe ku Mster v. United States (1928).

Ngokuchaseneyo, Terry v. Ohio (1968) yadala umahluko omxinwa: amapolisa angamisa aze afake ifrisk umntu ukuba anokukrokra ngobuchule ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Oku "Umthetho umisiwe" kukuphengulula okulinganiselweyo kwezixhobo, hayi ubungqina, kwaye akufuni sizathu okanye isiqinisekiso. Inkundla yaqonda ukuba ukhuseleko lwabaphathi maxa wambi luvumela ukuphengululwa okufutshane, okuncinane.

Imfihlo yamanani: Idiley kunye nombaleki

Iminyaka yemivo inyanzelise iNkundla ukuba isebenzise imigaqo emitsha yoLwazi lwesine. Riley v. California [2014, iNkundla inyanisene ikholelwa ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell phone ebanjwayo ngexesha lokubanjwa. INkundla yaqonda ukuba iicell phone zale mihla zinenkcukacha ezininzi zobuqu, imiyalezo, imbali, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kwaye ngaphezulu kwento ethile. Ngoko, ukuphendla ifowuni akusiso siganeko nje sokufuna ukubanjwa; kufuneka isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo.

Ngokubaluleke ngakumbi, Amacandelo okuphatha i-[FLT . United States [2017], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ngobuchule bukarhulumente bokufumana ulwazi lwembali lweseli-sithuthi (CSI) kwizithuthi zezixhobo ezingenacingo ngaphandle kwemvume. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba urhulumente makafumane isiqinisekiso /ayiyo kuphela indlela yenkundla phantsi kwe-Vold Communications Act (=ngokuba umgama omde wokulandelela intshukumo yomntu ulwamkhakhamo lwendlela lungalungelangafihlisi. Esi sigqibo sasisivutho esikhulu kwimfundiso yesithathu yecawayo, ngaphambili esasine nkcazelo ehlangatyelelweyo kwilungu lesithathu (njengenkampani yemfono) ayikhuselwanga. [FL:]

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kwiminyaka Yamanani

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lwabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-18, imigaqo yayo kufuneka ilawule ummandla wendalo wenkulungwane yama-21. Ukunyuka kwelifu lokubhala, ukukhowuda, ulawulo lwezentlalo, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ezisasazekileyo zikarhulumente kubangele imibuzo entsokothileyo engokwasemthethweni.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Ephantsi Kwengcinezelo

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu, imfundiso yesithathu yecandelo, ``````Ii-FLT''' isuka kulwazi olulula luguqukele kumaqela esithathu. Miller[[FLT] 2016] kunye Smith v. Maryland [79]]).

Iinkqubo zoMkhuphiswano kaRhulumente

Emva kohlaselo olungu-9/11, iUSA PATRIOT Act yandisa amagunya olawulo lukarhulumente, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kweNational Security Letters kunye nokungagunyaziswanga kwemithetho elawulayo phantsi koMthetho weMasipala Angaphandle wobuNgqinga Surveildance (FISA). I-Edward Snowden Dipoweritions ngo-2013 yatyhila ukuqokelelwa kobuninzi bemida yemida ehamba-meta-data evela kwifowuni yaseMelika kunye ne-Internet. [[FLT:] [[FL:] I-FLTY] [20][20][20] Utshintsho lweziphathisombululo kodwa lwashiya ezinye inguquluko logcino-data olunganyunyukileyo ngaphandle kokukrokrala komkelo lwe-Genest, lomgaqo-ecential.[3]

Ufihlo kunye ne "Uhambo Olumnyama" Ingxoxo

Ufihlo-siphelo, olusetyenziswa yimiboniso yeposi njengemiqondiso ne WhasSApp, lukhusela kwanomnikezeli wenkonzo ekufundeni imiyalezo. Abameli bomthetho baye baphikisa ngelithi oku kudala ingxaki "eqhubekayo", apho bangenakufumana ubungqina ngesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. Urhulumente unyanzele iinkampani zobugcisa ukuba zakhe iingcango zomnyango, kodwa abaxhasi bemfihlo balumkisa ukuba nayiphi na indawo yangasemva yokhuseleko ingenza umntu wonke angakwazi ukukhusela kwaye ameme ukuxhatshazwa. Iinkundla ziqhawule ukuba ngaba u-Apple, umzekelo, kufuneka zincede i-FBI ivulwe i-ixobon. Olu xinzeleko luphakathi kokhuseleko naseseluzakuvela umba weSihlane woMganiso ocacileyo kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha uHlaziyo lwesine lukhetha isiqinisekiso, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ii-panes ezininzi ezivumela ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ezi zinxaxhi zilinganiselwe ngenyameko kwaye urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokuzingqina zisebenza.

  • Ukukhangela Ithuba lokubanjwa: Emva kokubamba okusemthethweni, amapolisa angakhangela umntu wobanjwa kunye nendawo ekufikelelwa kuyo ngokukhawulezileyo ("intambo) ukukhusela abaphathi nokugcina ubungqina. Noko ke, umlinganiselo unyanzelwa uboniswe, ukuphengulula icell phone akuwe phantsi kolu mahluko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imboniselo yoPlato: Ukuba igosa likhona ngokusemthethweni kwaye libona ubungqina obuchophayo kwimboniselo ecacileyo, banokulithatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelwayo, ezifana nokusukela urhano olushushu okanye utshaba olusemnyango lobungqina, zingakuthethelela ukuphendla ngaphandle kogunyaziso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imvume: Ukuba umntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukukhangela, akukho siqinisekiso esifunekayo. Noko ke, imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo, hayi inyanzeliswe, kwaye inokurhoxiswa nangaliphi na ixesha.
  • Inqwelo-moya ezenzekelayo Enxaxhileyo: Kuba izithuthi zihamba-hamba kwaye zinokuba nobungqina obunokususwa ngokukhawuleza, amapolisa angaphengulula imoto ukuba anesizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba inesiqinisekiso solwaphulo-mthetho. Umlinganiselo wale ntshukumo uye wanda ngexesha elililo.
  • Uphendlo lweBroder: Kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo, urhulumente unegunya elibanzi lokukhangela abantu nempahla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso okanye isizathu esilindelekileyo. Lo mahluko uthandabuzeka, ingakumbi ukukhangela izixhobo ze-elektroniki.

Indima Yokunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nezenzo Ezisemgangathweni

Amagosa omthetho akwindawo ephambili ekuzalisekiseni uMmiselo wesi-5. Ukuqonda kwawo iimfuno zomthetho nokuzibophelela kwawo ekuhlonelweni amalungelo amapolisa kuchaphazela ukuthemba nokhuseleko lwabemi.

Ukufumana Nokuphumeza Abathunywa Abafanelekileyo

Amapolisa kufuneka enze i-affidavits emele iseke unobangela olindelekileyo ngezibakala ezithe ngqo nezithembekileyo. Kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba kukho isiqinisekiso sokuchaza indawo yokukhangela kunye nezinto ngokuchanekileyo. Ukusebenza kophendlo, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bamisele uphengululo lwabo kwimimandla kunye nezinto ezichazwe kwisiqinisekiso, ngaphandle kokuba ezinye ezingaphandle ziyasebenza. Iikhamera zomzimba ziye zaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuyila uluvo nokwakha ulweyiselo lukawonke-wonke. Amasebe amaninzi ngoku axhomekeke kulawulo lweJaji [[FLT: 0]

Ukuthenjwa Kwabantu Nokuphendula

Ukuhlonelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wesine kuhambelana nezobupolisa. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba amagosa akasayi kuqhuba uphando olufanelekileyo okanye aphengulule ngokungenalusini, basengozini yokusebenzisana nophando kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphazelekayo. Amasebe agxininisa ukubonakala, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho engaphambili, kunye nomthetho-opolitiko ayazi bhetele iziphumo. Ngokuchasene noko, iindlela zokuyeka ngogonyamelo kunye nokuzimela ngenkohlakalo ezixhomekeke ekucikiseleni okusengqiqweni kuphela kuye kwacelwwa imbambano eqesheni elijongelwe ukuchana kwemibutho embalwa ngokungenayo nokukhokelela ekuncipheliseni ukululama okungangeni kwemithetho. Iinkokeli zomthetho kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba abaphathi baqonde ukuhlaziswe kokuHlallunyuselwa kweSine njengesithintelo kodwa njengesithintelo kodwa njengendlela yokukhusela inkululeko abafunyaniswe ukukhusela.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Owesine Wokwenziwa Komthetho: Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo

Ummi ngamnye unokuthabatha amanyathelo acacileyo ukuze akhusele uMthetho - siseko wesine.

  • [[FLT: 0] Hlala uluvivile: Uqonda ukuba unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile kwaye unelungelo lokungavumi ukwamkela ukukhangela. Sukuphendula imibuzo ngaphandle kokunika igama lakho nokuchaza xa kuyimfuneko (umz., ngexesha lokumisa kwendlela).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Buza Ukuba Ukhululekile Ukuphuma: Xa udibana namapolisa, ukuba awubanjwanga, ungabuza usithi ndikhululekile ukuba ndihambe? Ukuba umphathi uthi ewe, ungahamba ngobubele. Ukuba uvalelwe, akukhululekanga ukuba uhambe, kodwa usenelungelo lokuhlala uthulile.
  • Awuvumi ukuphendla: Nokuba akukho nto ungayifihlayo, ufanele utsho ngokucacileyo "Andivumi ukukhangela" Ukuba amapolisa anesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, aya kuphendla noko, kodwa ngokungavumi ugcine amalungelo akho asemthethweni kwaye asenokukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina ukuba ukukhangela akuvumelekanga.
  • Uxwebhu olukwi-'FLT' Uxwebhu oluhambelanayo: Ukuba unemfonomfono (kunye kukhuselekile ukwenza njalo), rekhoda intsebenziswano. Amazwana amaninzi avumela ukushicilela amapolisa phambi kwabantu. Qaphela amagama abaphathi kunye namanani ebheji.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Lungisa Amanani akho: Sebenzisa ufihlo olomeleleyo kuthungelwano, yenza ukuba kubekho uqinisekiso, kwaye khumbula oko ukugcina efisini. Hlola rhoqo izicwangciso zobucala kwi-media yoluntu nezinye iinkonzo ze-intanethi.
  • Funa Icebiso Lomthetho: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho oMphengululo wesine woMthetho woLawulo aphulwe, qhagamshelana negqwetha elinamava kumthetho womGaqo-siseko. Umthetho wokuzikhetha ungakhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina kwanokugxothwa kwezityholo.

Isiphelo: UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo Kwihlabathi Elitshintshayo

ISine Amendment isahlala ingukhuseleko olunamandla nolubalulekileyo kubomi baseMerika. Imigaqo yayo esekelwe kumlo wamathanga nxamnye nee-operal wirs ``iqhubeka ikhokela iinkundla njengoko zidibana nobugcisa obutsha kunye namagunya karhulumente alawulayo. Ukusuka kumthetho owenziwe ngamanani obuqu, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba "ilungelo labantu lokunqabiseka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo ezikhoyo" asilodinga elingenanto. Noko ke, umthwalo ude ufikele nakubemi ukwazi nokuqinisekisa amalungelo abo, nokuqinisekisa umthetho ukuba baqhuba imisebenzi yabo ngentlonelo ngemiqathango yomthetho. Njengokuba izixhobo zokuhlola izibonelelo zoluntu zitshintsha ngakumbi, ukuditya okuziweyo kuya kuhlala kusemziko lwemfazwe eqhubekayo kwingxoxo yokhuseleko nokhuseleko.