UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengenye yezona ngxelo zomthetho zihlala zihleli nezinempembelelo kwimbali yehlabathi. Ukususela oko kwathi kwathi kwathi ngo-1788, kwalungiselela idemokhrasi yaseMerika ngexesha lokugcina ubuchule bokutshintsha amaxesha ngendlela yokulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela umGaqo-siseko onokulungiswa ngayo kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda ulungelelwano phakathi kwezizinzo nenkqubela echaza ulawulo lwamaMelika.

Inkqubo yokulungisa imela inkqubo eyenziwe ngobuchule evumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba uzenzeke ngaphandle kokunikela ngemigaqo yawo esisiseko. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kumthetho omkhulu wesizwe lufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi, ithintela utshintsho olungxamisekileyo ngeli xesha uvumela utshintsho olufunekayo. Kubemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo norhulumente wabo nokuqonda amalungelo abo, ulwazi lwenkqubo yokulungisa luyimfuneko.

Ukuqonda Inqaku V: ISicwangciso soMgaqo-siseko sokuHlaziya

Inqaku V limisela iinkqubo zokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Eli nqaku limisela inkqubo elungelelanisayo nengqongqo elungelelanisa imfuneko yokuzinziswa komgaqo-siseko kunye nemfuneko yokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha nokulungisa iingxaki ezingabonwanga. Abaqali baqonda ukuba alukho uxwebhu, nokuba luhle kangakanani na, olunokulindela phambili ucelomngeni lwexesha elizayo okanye luhlale lufanelekile ngokugqibeleleyo kuzo zonke iimeko ngokungenasiphelo.

UJames Madison wavakalisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa "iindawo ezikhusela ngokulinganayo ngokuchasene nesakhiwo esigqithisileyo esiza kunikezela ngomGaqo-siseko ngokunjalo; kunye nobunzima obugqithisileyo obunokuqhubekisela phambili iimpazamo zayo ezifunyenweyo." olu lungelelaniso luye lwangqineka lubalulekile kubomi bomGaqo-siseko kwaye luyaqhubeka lusebenza.

Iindlela Ezimbini Zokuhlaziywa

Izinyuso zingacetyiswa yiKhomishini efumana iivoti ezimbini-ntathu kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso; okanye ngendibano ukucebisa ukutshintshwa kweemeko ezibizwa yiBhunga ngesicelo seendlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini eziziisithathu zephondo. Ezi ndlela zimbini zahlukeneyo zibonisa ubume borhulumente waseMelika, zinika zombini umgangatho wesizwe nowesizwe wokuqalisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.

Indlela yengqungquthela

Indlela yokuqala neqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo ibandakanya ingqungquthela ethatha inyathelo lokuqala lokucebisa ukubuyiselwa. Indlela yokuqala ifuna ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala icebise ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko ngevoti yamaLungu amabini-sithathu akhoyo.

Le yeyona ndlela yokulungisa eziye zasetyenziswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngenene, zonke izilungisi ezingama-33 ezibekwe kumaphondo ukuze kukhutshwe intsika kwiBhunga. Indlela yengqungquthela iye yaba yeysithethe, eqhelekile kubenzi bomthetho nakuluntu ngokufanayo.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo kukuba isigqibo esidityanisiweyo sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko asifuni kuvunyelwa ngumongameli ngaphambi kokuba aphumele kumazwe, ngenxa yoko umongameli akanawo umsebenzi osemthethweni kule nkqubo. Oku kususwa kwesebe elilawulayo kwinkqubo yokulungisa kumela ukurhoxa okubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho-siseko eqhelekileyo kwaye kubonakalisa ukuma komGaqo-siseko.

Indlela yendibano yomgaqo-siseko

Indlela yesibini yokulungisa imo yephondo ayizange isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwimbali yaseMelika. Indlela yesibini yokumisela ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko inokwenzeka ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizisithathu zelizwe zicele iBhunga ukuseka indibano ekhutshwayo eyakuquka abathunywa abavela kwilizwe ngalinye, ngoku efuna inkxaso ukusuka kuma-34 kumazwe angama-50 eBhunga ukuba kufuneke ukuba kucelwe iNgqungquthela yeQumrhu V.

Ukhetho lwendibano, isixhobo sezopolitiko esathethwa nguAlexander Hamilton siza kwenza ukuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zikwazi "ukumelana nokuphazamisana negunya lesizwe," kusafuneka zibhencwa. Ngelixesha le ndlela ingasetyenziswa, imela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo olucingisisiweyo kumandla karhulumente, oluvumela amazwe ukuba agqithe iBhunga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukucebisa ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko.

Izihlandlo ezithathu kwinkulungwane yama-20, kwenziwa imigudu edityanisiweyo ngabaxhasi beenkonzo ezithile ukuqinisekisa inani lezicelo ezifunekayo ukudalela iNgqungquthela V. Phezu kwayo nje le migudu, umqobo awuzange ufikelelwe, yaye kusaphakama imibuzo engokuthi indibano enjalo iza kusebenza njani.

Iindlela Ezimbini Zokuhlaziywa Okuhlaziywa Ngokunwenwa

Xa ingqwalaselo icetyiwe ngayiphi na indlela, kufuneka ivunywe ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. NgokweGatya V, inkqubo yokwandiswa kweminxeba ivumelekile ngeendlela ezimbini: ukubuyiselwa kungavunywa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, okanye ziindibano zesizwe. Iingqungquthela zimisela ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo yokwahlula enokuthi isetyenziswe kukulungiswa kweenkqubo ezicetyiweyo.

Ukwandiswa koMthetho weRhulumente

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokwenza i-ratiation ibandakanya imvume yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Isicelo sokulungisa siba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokukhawuleza xa sivunywa ngama-3-sine eUnited States (38 of 50 States). Le ndlela isetyenziswe kuzo zonke iinguquko ngaphandle kwenye, isenza indlela esezantsi yokulungisa.

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ivotelwa kwizindululo ezicetyiweyo ngokweenkqubo zayo zangaphakathi. Imfuneko yesithathu sesine iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lunenkxaso yelizwe elibanzi nezobupolitika kulo lonke uhlanga, hayi imvume evela kumazwe ahlala abantu abaninzi okanye kummandla omnye.

Ukhuthazo lweNdibano yeRhulumente

Ukube yinxalenye yoMgaqo-siseko, ukulungisa kufuneka kuvunywe ziindibano zokungxengxeza eziqhutywa kwiikota ezintathu zamazwe, inkqubo esetyenziswe kanye kwimbali yamaMerika ngoqikelelo loMgaqo-siseko wokuqala wama-25. Le nkqubo yokulungisa ilungiswe yakhethwa kuba abaxhasi bendibano bekholelwa ukuba iindibano zikarhulumente zinokuba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zivuselelwe ngokutsha kuneendlu zowiso-mthetho.

Le ndlela yendibano ivumela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokuthe ngqo ukulungiswa kweendwendwe ezikhethelwe ngokukhethekileyo loo njongo, zisenokunikela uhlolisiso olungakumbi nolunokusetyenziswa kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwemithetho.

Imbali epheleleyo yeziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Izilungiso ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu kumGaqo-siseko ziye zacetyiswa yiKhomishini yaseUnited States yaza yathunyelwa kumazwelo ukuze ihlawulwe ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wafakwa kwimisebenzi ngoMatshi 4, 1789, kunye namashumi amabini anesixhenxe ezo, ezivunywe ngamanani afunekayo karhulumente, ngoku ziyinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Eli nani lincinci ngoku ngokomlinganiselo lokulungisa okuphumeleleyo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini libonisa ubunzima benkqubo yokupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko yaseMelika nozinzo olulunikayo.

IBhili yamaLungelo: IziHlayiso-nkqubo 1-10

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zamkelwa zaza zathunyelwa kumaphondo yiBhunga njengeqela, yaye kamva zavunywa kunye; ezi zidityanisiwe njengeBhili yamaLungelo. Ezi zigqibo zavunywa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuba uMgaqo-siseko uvunyiwe.

IBhili yamaLungelo yaphuma kumaxhala aphakanyiswayo ebudeni bengxoxo yokuqhatha. AmaMerika amaninzi ayesoyika ukuba urhulumente omtsha unokuba ngoozwilakhe abangengakhuseli ngokucacileyo kwinkululeko yabantu. Ezi zindululo zokuqala zilishumi zithetha ngamalungelo asisiseko kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye neyoondaba-ndaba; ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo; ukukhusela ekuphangweni nokuxhuzulwa okungekho ngqiqweni; amalungelo okumangalelwa kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho; kunye nokubekwa kolawulo kumagunya kumazwe nabantu.

UMthetho wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu: ukuthetha, unqulo, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo. UMthetho wesibini Wokwenziwa Kwezindululo uthetha ilungelo lokuphatha iingalo. IsiHlanzi sesithathu siyalela ukunyanzelwa kwamajoni ukuba angene emakhayeni abantu. UMthetho-Mdalelo wesine ukhusela ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzumeni. UMthetho wesihlanu wokuHlaziyiselwa umisela amalungelo afanelekileyo nokuzikhusela ekuzichasaneni ngokwawo kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini.

IsiHlanu seSihlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza, ityala elingakhethiyo, kunye nesiluleko somthetho. UMthetho-nkqubo Wesixhenxe ulondoloza ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala abachopheli-tyala. UMthetho-mthetho Wesi-8h WesiGqeba ulwalela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga kunye nebheyile egqithisileyo. ISindululo seNinth Amend Amendment sicacisa ukuba ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile abekwe ngabantu akwalandulani amanye amalungelo. Amagunya eSibonelelo seTenth Demplete aligunya anikwe ngurhulumente okanye abantu.

Uhlaziyo: 13, 14 ne15

Izilungiso ze-13, ze-14, neze-15 ziqhubana nobukhoboka, ukukhuselwa okulinganayo namalungelo athile omGaqo-siseko; zizonke, ezi zaziwa ngokuba ziZiko lokuHlaziyiswa kweMimiselo. Ezi zindululo, zivunyiweyo ngenxa yomphumo weMfazwe yamakhaya, ngokusisiseko zaguqula umthetho-siseko waseMerika kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithathu soHlaziyo, esavunywa ngo-1865, saphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kulungiswa kwamela incopho yomGaqo-siseko yeMfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokupheliswa kwesono santlandlolo sobukhoboka baseMerika.

IsiHlanzi soHlaziyo seshumi elinesine, esamkelwa ngo-1868, sesinye sezona zindululo zibalulekileyo nezicatshuliweyo rhoqo. Simisela ubumi kubo bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, siqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaye siyalela ukuba iimeko zingamhluphi nabani na ophilayo, okhululekileyo, okanye onempahla engenayo inkqubo yomthetho. Oku kulungiswa kwesi siseko sezigwebo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezandisa amalungelo nenkululeko yabemi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, esavunywa ngowe-1870, salela oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente ukuba bangalifuni ilungelo lokuvota abemi besizwe, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili. Nangona oku kuguqula kwamela inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekukhetheni ukulingana, idinga laso aliyi kufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo phantse inkulungwane ngenxa yezenzo zokungathobeli tyala njengerhafu kunye neemvavanyo zokubhalisa.

IziHlanziso zeNkangeleko Eziqhubekayo: wesi - 16, we - 17, we - 18, nowe - 19

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yokuqala yafumana iinguqu eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezabonisa umoya wotshintsho kwiXesha leNkqubela. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo weSihlanu, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1913, wagunyazisa iKhomishini yerhafu ye-levy ukuba ihlawule irhafu yengeniso ngaphandle kokwabelana ngayo namazwe asekelwe kubemi. Oku kunyuswa kwanika urhulumente wesizwe ingeniso eqinileyo eya kuba nemvelaphi engundoqo ekuboneleni ukuba kuxhaswe iinkqubo zikarhulumente wale mihla.

ISichibiyelo se-17 simisela amagunya okunyulwa kwamaqumrhu eeNtengo, enika abantu base-US amandla okukhetha abameli babo nokumisela izindululo zesikhundla. Ngaphambi kokulungisa le nkonzo, abaququzeleli bakhethwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. UMthetho weSimendo weSevente owenziwe ngo1913, wamisela unyulo oluqhelekileyo lwabaququzeleli be-Inqueror, usenza iNdluvo iphendule ngakumbi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esagunyaziswa ngo1919, sakwalela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, kunye nokuthuthwa kweziselo ezinxilisayo. Oku kutshintshwa kwaqalisa kwixesha leProhibition, ixesha lempikiswano kwimbali yamaMerika elaliza kutshintshwa ekugqibeleni nguMphetho-Mdali Wokuqala wamashumi amabini.

ISinyusi seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1920, salela oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente ukuba bangabavumeli abemi ukuba bavote ngesiseko sesini. Oku kulungisa kwamela isiphelo samashumi eminyaka somzabalazo owenziwa ngumbutho wamabhinqa oweyisa idemokhrasi kwaye kwanwenwa ngokuphawulekayo ukuba nenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi eMelika.

IziHlanziso Zale Mihla: Ngowama - 20 Ukutyhubela Ngowama - 27

ISindululo sowe-1970, esavunywa ngo1933, saguqula imihla apho kuqalwa khona amabinzana omongameli kunye nengqungquthela, siphelisa ixesha elide "elitsha" elalikho ngaphambili phakathi konyulo kunye nokundululwa kwesikhundla.

Uhlaziyo lwama-20 lokuqala, olwavunywa ngo-1933, lwaphinda lwayiphelisa iSihlaziyo seshumi elinesibhozo, isiphelo seZiphene. Oku kusekuphela kwemeko yokulungisa enye imigaqo-siseko, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa ingazilungisa iimpazamo zangaphambili zomgaqo-siseko.

Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini anesine, olwagunyaziswa ngowe-1951, lufake imida yoomongameli kwiimfuno ezimbini eofisini. Olu nyuselo lwacetywa ukuphendula kuFranklin D. Roosevelt kunyulo lwemiqathango emine kwaye lwadibanisa isithethe sexesha elifutshane esimiswe nguGeorge Washington.

ISichibiyelo esingamashumi amabini anesithathu, sagunyaziswa ngo1961, sanikwa abemi beSithili saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli ngokugunyazisa amavoti eSithili.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine, olwavunywa ngowe - 1964, lwalelwe irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamagunya, lususa umqobo obalulekileyo ekuvotelweni oye wasetyenziselwa ukudibanisa amaMerika ase Afrika nabangathathi ntweni.

ISihlaziyo samashumi amabini anesihlanu, esagunyaziswa ngowe - 1967, samiselwa iinkqubo zokulandelelana komongameli neziphene, zicacisa oko kwenzekayo xa umongameli esifa, erhoxa, okanye engakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yeofisi.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabini anesithandathu, esagunyaziswa ngo-1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yeempikiswano zokuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafumane umkhosi bafanele bakwazi ukuvota.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabini anesixhenxe, esamkelwa ngowe-1992, salela ukuba imithetho eguqulwayo itshintshe imbuyekezo yombutho ekuphumeleni ekusebenzeni de kube emva konyulo olulandelayo lwabameli. Oku kuhlengahlengiswayo kwaqaliswa ekuqaleni ngo-1789 njengenxalenye yeBhili yaMalungelo antlandlolo kodwa ayizange ivunywe de kube ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini kamva, ibonisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa okucetyiweyo kunokuhlala kuhleli ngonaphakade ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga limise imiqathango yokwenziwa kwamaxwebhu.

IsiHlahlelo esiLahliweyo nesiLawulisiweyo

Izilungisi ezintandathu ezicetyiweyo ziye zamkelwa yiKhonkxa-ntle zaze zathunyelwa kumaphondo, kodwa aziqinisekiswanga ngamanani afunekayo karhulumente. Ezi zinto aziphumelelanga okanye zihlaziywa zinika ingqiqo kwizicelo ezinika inkxaso engundoqo kodwa ekugqibeleni azizange ziphumeze uvumelwano olubanzi olufunekayo ekufuneni ukudityaniswa.

UMthetho Othe Tye

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalaseleyo yokungaphumeleli kukulungiswa kwamalungelo alinganayo (ERA), enokuthi iqinisekise ngokucacileyo amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisini. Imiselwe yiKhomishini ngo1972 kunye nommiselo weminyaka esixhenxe (emva owenziwe ngo1982), iERA yawa kumazwe amathathu afutshane kumazwe angama-38 afunekayo ukuze ikhuthazwe. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka malunga nokuba amaxabiso angawaqinisa kusini na u-ERA emva kokuba kudlule ixesha nokuba ngaba ezo zixanduva zigqitywe ziyasebenza kusini na.

ISithili saseColumbia Esinikela Inkxaso KuMthetho Wamalungelo

Le ngxelo yamiselwa ngowe-1978, le ntshukumo izakunika iSithili saseColumbia umelo olupheleleyo kwiCongress ngokungathi yimeko. Intengiselwano yaphela ngo- 1985 emva kokuba ivunyiwe ngamazwe ali-16 kuphela, ngaphaya koko kufunekayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwembali

IMpazamo yeNkqutyana (emiselwe ngo-1789, eyamkelwa ngu-11 yamazwe) yayiza kuvuna iNdlu yabameli ngokwendlela eyahlukileyo, kunye nobalo olugqalwa lungenagunya ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje ebelungamisela amalungu endlu yanamhlanje kumawaka.

IziGatsha zoMphetho-mva weNobility (owamiselwa ngowe-1810, wagunyaziswa ngamaphondo ali-12) ziya kusuka zibuhluthe ubumi bawo nawuphi na umntu owamkela isibizo sobuhandiba kwilizwe lasemzini okanye, ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga, ngokusisiseko ukwamkela naluphi na uzuko lwangaphandle nangayiphi na into.

ICorwin Amendment (emiselwe ngo-1861, eyamkelwa ngamaphondo amabini-3) ingathintela naziphi na ezinye izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ezithintela okanye ezithintela ubukhoboka, kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nezipheliseko ezinxulumene nayo (i-13th, 14th, kunye ne-15), esi silungiso siyasebenza, nangona sisekho ubuchule obuthe ngqo phambi kwamazwe.

Ubunzima Bokutshintsha UmGaqo-siseko

Malunga nezicelo ezili-11,985 zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga ukususela ngowe-1789, namalungu eNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMali achaza malunga nama-200 ngexesha ngalinye leminyaka emibini leBhunga. Uninzi lwale zicelo aluze luqhubeke nangaphezulu kwesigaba sekomiti, kwaye ngu-33 kuphela oye wathunyelwa kumaphondo ukuze akhuthuzwe.

Lo myinge wempumelelo esezantsi ngokungaqhelekanga ubonisa ubunzima besenzo sokulungisa. Iimfuno zentengiso ezigqithisileyo kuzo zombini izicelo kunye nemigangatho yolwakhiwo oluqinisekisa ukuba kuphela iinguqu ngenkxaso ebanzi yenene zingaphumelela. Olu bunzima busebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo ekulondolozeni uzinzo lomgaqo-siseko nokuthintela umGaqo-siseko ukuba ungalungiselwa iinjongo zokwexeshana okanye zokokugqibela.

Iindlela Ezifileyo Zokudityaniswa Kwemitha

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iBhunga, ngezihlandlo eziliqela, liye lamisela ukuba ukubuyiselwa kufuneka kwamkelwe ngamanani afunekayo eemeko phakathi kweminyaka esixhenxe ukusuka ngomhla wokuzithoba kwalo kumazwe ukuze libe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko, negunya leBhunga lokumisela ixesha lokuqulunqwa eliqinisekisiweyo ngo1939 yiNkundla ePhakamileyo eColeman v. Miller.

Olu cwangciso lokugqibela longezelela olunye ulwaleko lobunzima kwinkqubo yokulungisa, lufuna ukuba ukuvumelana okufunekayo kufunyanwe ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esithile sexesha elithile. Kodwa ke, asizizo zonke iindibaniselwano ezicetyiweyo eziquka ixesha elimisiweyo, kwaye ezo zingenaxesha zinokuthi ziqikelelwe nangaliphi na ixesha, njengoko kuboniswa kukuhlaziywa koMphetho-zinziswano ongamashumi amabini anesibini kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 emva kwesicelo sawo.

Imibuzo Ngokufa

Inqaku V lithi ulungiso olucetyiweyo kumazwana luza kuba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ukuba iikota ezintathu zelizwe ziyawulungisa, kodwa kuphakama imibuzo ngoko kwenzekayo ukuba imeko ikhawuleze idibane, kodwa phambi kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, itshintsha ingqondo yayo kwaye izame ukuphinda iphinde isetyenziswe (oko kukuthi, thatha) ukuthamba kwayo.

Abanye abahlalutyi bangathi hayi `enye imo ivunyiwe, ejongene neekota ezintathu ezifunekayo, nokuba imeko ithini kamva, kodwa abanye abahlalutyi banokuthi urhulumente angaphinda akhutshwe ulwakhiwo lwakhe logama nje isenza njalo phambi kokuba inkqubo yokulungisa igqitywe, ngoko akukho mpendulo eqinisekileyo kulo mbuzo. Lo mcimbi ungalungiswanga ungadala ukungaqiniseki enoba ukupheliswa okucetyiweyo kumiselwe ngokufanelekileyo kusini na.

Indima yoovimba besizwe

Igunya lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States lithathwe kwiGatya V loMgaqo-siseko, yaye emva kokuba iBhunga licebisa ukulungisa, uMbhishobhi we-Angricist wase-United States, okhokela ugcino-lwazi lweSizwe noLawulo (NARA), unikwe imbopheleleko yokusebenzisa inkqubo yokwandiswa kwemiqathango.

Ulungiso olucetyiweyo luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokukhawuleza xa luvunywa ngabantu abathathu-sine baseUnited States (ma-38 kuma-50), kwaye xa i-Ofisi yoMazwe aManyeneyo ingqina ukuba ifumene inani elifunekayo lamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa aqinisekisiweyo, idraji yesibhengezo esisesikweni seArchivist sokuqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa kuyasebenza kwaye iye yaba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko.

Le nkqubo yolawulo iqinisekisa uxwebhu olufanelekileyo kunye nokuvunywa okusemthethweni kolungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Isiqinisekiso sombhiyozo seArchivist sinika isaziso esiqinisekileyo kwiNgqungquthela kunye nohlanga ukuba inguquko ivunyiwe ngempumelelo kwaye ngoku iyinxalenye yomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe.

Amalungiselelo Anokubizwa Ngamagama

Izivakalisi ezibini ekupheleni kweQumrhu V zenza ukuba imibandela ethile ingalungiseki, inika ukuba akukho Rhulumente, ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sayo, eza kuhluthwa iNqanawa yayo elinganayo. Eli lungiselelo likhusela umgaqo wokumela urhulumente olinganayo kwiBhunga, liqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane akanakuhluthwa ilizwi lawo elilinganayo kuloo gumbi ngaphandle kwemvume yawo.

Elinye ilungiselelo elingalungisekiyo, elalela ukuhlaziywa kokuchaphazela urhwebo lwamakhoboka phambi konyaka ka-1808, liphelelwe lixesha ngolo suku kwaye alisasebenzi. Eli lungiselelo lilinganayo lishiyeka likuphela komlinganiselo osisigxina kumandla okulungisa, nangona abanye abaphengululi bephikisa ngelithi kwanalo lungiselelo linokulungiswa ngokwentelekelelo kwinkqubo eneenyawo ezimbini.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwemijelo

Ukuqonda isiseko sengcamango yenkqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile, kodwa ukuhlolisisa indlela esebenza ngayo kunika ingqiqo eyongezelelekileyo. Le nkqubo iqala xa amalungu eKhonklane echaza izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo. Ezi zigqibo zibhekiselwa kwiikomiti, apho uninzi lufa ngaphandle kwesenzo esithe chatha.

Ukuba ulungiso olucetyiweyo lufumana inkxaso eyaneleyo, lungafumana iikomiti zokuchotshelwa apho iingcali namalungu anomdla angqina iinzuzo zayo kunye nemiphumo enokwenzeka. IziHlanulo ezicacileyo zokuba ukuqwalaselwa kwekomiti kufuduselwa kwiNdlu epheleleyo neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zengxoxo kunye nokuvota. Imfuneko yemvume yesithathu kwigumbi ngalinye kuthetha ukuba ukuthotywa kwempumelelo kuxhamla inkxaso ye-bipartis.

Xa iKhomishini ivumela ulungiso olucetyiweyo, ludluliselwa kumaphondo ukuze kukhutshwe utshintsho. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zijonga ukulungisa ngokweenkqubo zazo, namanye amazwe aphatha ukuchotshelwa nokuphikisana okugqithisileyo ngeli xesha amanye ethatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Inkqubo yokwenza imigca edityanisiweyo isenokuthatha nayiphi na inxalenye ukusuka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ukuya kwiminyaka eliqela, kuxhomekeka ekulungiseni ubuntluphekezelo nempikiswano.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwemijelo Ibaluleke Kubemi

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko asiyonto nje ephambili okanye engokwembali, i-"ithetha lukhulu kumalungelo abemi kunye nesakhiwo sikarhulumente waseMerika. Utshintsho ngalunye oluye lwavunywa luwuguqule umGaqo-siseko ngeendlela ezichaphazela indlela amaMerika aphila ngayo, asebenza ngayo, kwaye abe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kunceda abemi baqonde ukuzinza nokuguquka komGaqo-siseko. Ubunzima bokuguqula umGaqo-siseko kuthetha ukuba amalungelo asisiseko kunye nezakhiwo zikarhulumente zikhuselwe kwiminqweno yezopolitiko yexeshana okanye kwizinto ezingundoqo ezimxinwa. Kwangaxeshanye, ukukwazi ukutshintsha kuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyakwazi ukuguqula izinto ukuze ulungise iingxaki ezintsha kwaye ulungise iimpazamo zexesha elidluleyo.

Ummi Unenxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yokuhlaziywa

Ngoxa abemi bengenakuyicebisa okanye bayise imigaqo-siseko engqalileyo, badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokulungisa iinkqubo eziliqela. Abahlali bangacela abameli babo kwiNgqungquthela ukuba bacebise izindululo zabo kwimibandela abazikhathalelayo. Iinkqubo zeGrassroot kunye nemibutho yokuzibandakanya inokuba nenkxaso kuluntu ekulungisweni kwenkqubo ecetyiweyo, nto leyo ephembelela ukuba iBhunga liya kwenza kusini na.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, abemi bangaqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe sabo ukuze bakhuthaze ukuhlaziywa okanye ukwaliwa kweentlawulo ezicetywayo. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nocwangco lobugqwirha besizwe luye lwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokwembali kwimpumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kwentelekelelo ecetywayo. Umbutho wamabhinqa, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, neminye imibutho yentlalo iye yaphembelela inkqubo yokulungisa isimilo ngokuthenjiswana okuqhubekayo.

Inkqubo yoHlaziyo neNcaciso yoMgaqo-siseko

Ubukho benkqubo yokulungisa bunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwindlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Bambi bathi ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko unakho ukutshintshwa, iinkundla kufuneka ziwuchaze ngokungqongqo ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo, zishiye utshintsho kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ubunzima bokulungisa buthethelela ukutyhilwa okubhetyebhetye ngakumbi ukuze kulungelelaniswe umGaqo-siseko neemeko zanamhlanje.

Le ngxoxo iphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngomthetho-siseko kunye nedemokhrasi. Utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo lunika inkqubo yedemokhrasi yokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko, kodwa ubunzima bayo buthetha ukuba iinguqu ezinqwenelekayo zisenokungaze zifunyanwe ngokulungisa okusesikweni. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kunye nozinzo lomgaqo-siseko luyaqhubeka lubumba umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika.

Ukufanisa Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwezinto YaseUnited States Namanye Amazwe

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States kunzima kakhulu ukuwutshintsha uthelekiswa nomgaqo-siseko wamanye amademokhrasi amaninzi. Amanye amazwe avumela ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho engundoqo elula okanye imigaqo-siseko yesizwe, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kakhulu ukufikelela kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Amanye anenkqubo efanayo okanye enzima ngakumbi kunenkqubo yaseMerika.

Ubunzima obunxulumeneyo bokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. bunazo zombini iinzuzo kunye nokungakhuseleki. Kwesinye isandla, inika uzinzo olukhethekileyo kwaye ikhusela iinguqu ezicingisileyo. Kwelinye icala, ingenza umGaqo-siseko ucothe ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye namaxabiso entlalo. Ukusondela koMgaqo-siseko waseMelika kubonisa inkxalabo yabaseki yokuyila inkxalabo eqinileyo engenakuba yimfuneko ekuguquleni rhoqo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeSigunyaziso seNkcubeko

Phezu kwayo nje ingxaki yenkqubo yokulungisa, izicelo zokulungisa okutsha ziyaqhubeka ziveliswa rhoqo kwiBhunga. Izicelo zakutshanje ziye zaxubusha imibandela efana nokuhlaziywa kwezemali, imida yamalungu eCandelo, iimfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungeleleneyo, kunye neemibandela ezahlukahlukeneyo zentlalo. Ngoxa zimbalwa kwezi zicelo ezifumana ingcebiso ebalulekileyo, zibonakalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngolawulo lomgaqo-siseko namalungelo.

Ezinye izicelo zala maxesha zizama ukubhukuqa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, kuye kwaveliswa izindululo zokubhukuqa izigqibo kwimali yephulo, ukutshiswa kweflegi, neminye imibandela edidanayo. Ezi zicelo zibonisa ukungavumelani nendlela iNkundla eye yawuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko kwaye zibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lokulawula.

Ikamva Lohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko

Ukukhangela phambili, imibuzo isele ngekamva lokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko eMelika. Ukukhula kwenani elipheleleyo leepolitiki zaseMerika kunokwenza ukuvumelana okubanzi okufunekayo ekulungiseni kube nzima ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa obutsha kunye neenguqu zentlalo zingenza uxinzelelo lotshintsho olungenakuphendulwa ngokutolika kuphela.

Indibano yeQumrhu V ebizwa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente isengumxholo wemdla nengxoxo eqhubekayo. Nangona indibano enjalo ingakhange ibizwa, amanye amaqela angoongangamsha ayaqhubeka enyanzela iindibano ukuphendula imibandela ethile. Imibuzo malunga nendlela indibano enjalo eya kusebenza ngayo kwaye imida esebenza kwigunya layo ayikaphenduli.

Iinkalo Eziphambili Zokuthabatha Abemi

Kubalulekile ukuba abemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika bagxininise kwiingongoma eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ngokuphathelele inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko:

  • Inkqubo yokulungisa ifuna ukuvumelana okungaqhelekanga, kunye nezibini kwisithathu zezindlu zombini zeBhunga kunye nezintathu ezine zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente (okanye iindibano) zifuna impumelelo.
  • Zingama - 27 kuphela iinguqu eziye zavunywa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama - 230, zibonisa ingxaki yequmrhu le nkqubo.
  • Zonke ezi zinto ezingama - 27 ezavunyelwayo zacetywa yiNgqungquthela; inkqubo yendibano esemthethweni ayizange isetyenziswe.
  • IBhili Yamalungelo Abantu, eyavunywa ngowe - 1791, ikhusela inkululeko esisiseko yabantu kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo namalungelo afanelekileyo.
  • Lo Mphetho - siseko waphelisa ubukhoboka waza wamisela amalungelo alinganayo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga.
  • Le nkqubo yokulungisa inokuwandisa amalungelo (njengamalungelo okuvota) ize ilungise izakhiwo zikarhulumente (njengemida yexesha lomongameli).
  • Iintlawulo ezintandathu ezicetyiweyo yiBhunga ziye zasilela ukuphelisa umlinganiselo, kuquka iApplificial Rights Amendment Amendment.
  • Kuye kwacetywa amawaka eenkqubo zokulungisa imicimbi kwiiKhonkxa, kodwa ngama - 33 kuphela aye athunyelwa kumarhulumente ukuze ahlawulwe.
  • Umongameli akanandima isesikweni kwinkqubo yokulungisa.
  • Ubunzima bokulungisa bunika uzinzo lomgaqo-siseko ngoxa usavumela iinguqu eziyimfuneko.

Oovimba Bemfundo Nemfundo Engakumbi

Abahlali abanomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngomGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa banofikelelo kubuncwane obuninzi bemfundo. Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga linikela ulwazi olubanzi ngomGaqo-siseko, imbali, kunye nokutolikwa kwawo. Ugcino-Maliko [[FLT:]] lugcina umGaqo-siseko wokuqala kunye nokulungisa kwaye lunika izinto zokufundisa ngembali yesiseko.

Ithala leencwadi leBhunga inika uhlalutyo oluthe ngqo lwelungiselelo ngalinye lomGaqo-siseko, kuquka nokulungisa, kunye nocatshulo kumatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nezinto zembali. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi nemibutho engokwasemthethweni ikwanikezela ngeezifundo ze-intanethi ezikhululekileyo kunye nobuncwane obumalunga nomthetho we-grabhastile kunye nembali.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kuhambo oluqhubekayo lwemfundo kunokuba kube ngamava okufunda angethuba elinye. Njengoko kucetyiswa utshintsho olutsha, kuxutyushwa, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kuvunywa, abemi banamathuba okubandakanyeka kwimibuzo esisiseko ngamalungelo, ulawulo-siseko, kunye nobume bedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko imela enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zikarhulumente waseMerika. Inika inkqubo yokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko okulungelelanisa ukuzinza nokubhexeshwa, kufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi, ngoxa kusafuneka kuvunywe utshintsho olufanelekileyo. Iintshukumisa ezingama- 27 eziye zavunywa ziwulolonga ngokusisiseko umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika, ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ukusa kukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota.

Kubemi, ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMerika nendlela umGaqo-siseko onokuziqhelanisa ngayo namaxesha aguqukayo. Ngoxa inkqubo inzima ngabom, ihlala ifikeleleka ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi ngokungenagunyazi, ngengxoxo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokubotshwa kwamagqwetha anyuliweyo. Inkqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uhlala uhleli, ngokwamazwi eSigqeba esiyintloko uJohn Marshall, "ozimisele ukunyamezela iinkulungwane ezizayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukuqhelaniswa neengxaki ezahlukeneyo zemicimbi yabantu."

Njengoko iMelika iqhubeka iguquka ize ijongene neengxaki ezintsha, inkqubo yokulungisa iza kuhlala isisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko. Nokuba utshintsho lwexesha elizayo luya kuxubusha imibandela yale mihla okanye enoba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luza kwenzeka ngokuyintloko ngokutolikwa kusafuneka kubonakale. Into eqinisekileyo kukuba inguquko iza kuqhubeka isenza indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo-mGaqo-siseko waseMerika, inika inkqubo yedemokhrasi yokutshintsha okusisiseko komthetho-siseko ngelixa kugcinwa uzinzo nokuqhubeka korhulumente waseMerika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.