Indima esembindini kuLawulo lwamaMelika

I-filbuster ime njengenye yeyona mithetho iphambili kwaye iphikiswayo kweye-Melika yemithetho yezopolitiko. Ifakwe kwimithetho yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yaseUnited States, lilungiselelo elivumela umququzeleli omnye okanye umbutho omncinane ukuba wandise ingxoxo ngokungenasiphelo, ngokunempumelelo ithintela ukuvota kwiphepha okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ngaphandle kokuba ubuchule obuphezulu bama-60 ee-sentelligration buyavuma ukuyiphelisa. Eli gunya limisela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukuchaza okuthi kuphele, okuthi kuphele, nendlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo noMongameli kunye neNdluneli. Kumntu nabani na ozama ukuqonda ukufikelela kolawulo lwangoku, ukuqonda esi sixhobo se-opolitilicculism.

Kunokuba ibe sisithethe esimileyo, i-filbuster ivele ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Oku kwaqala njengemposiso yengozi kwinkqubo yeNdlu yeNtlanga iye yaguqukela ekubeni sisixhobo sezobupolitika esisetyenziswa ngamaqela omabini ukuphazamisa, ukulibaziseka, nokukhupha imvume. Abaxhasi bayo, i-filibster ingumkhuseli obalulekileyo wamalungelo amancinane kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela ngokuchasene nongxamiseko, umthetho olawulayo. Abagxeki bayo, yinjini yokuqala ye-gridlock, eyenza ukuba kubekho ulawulo lweqela elincinane kwaye kudide ukrutha umnqweno wokhetho. Umsebenzi osebenzayo we-filivbuster usekelwe kwimbali yayo, amanani, oomatshini abasebenza ngokutshanabileyo, kunye nengxoxo enzulu ejikeleze ixesha elizayo.

Imvelaphi Nendaleko: Ukusuka Kwingozi Ndaya Kwisixhobo Sezobupolitika

I-filbuster ayifakwanga kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya lokumisela imithetho yalo (INqanawa, Icandelo 5). Imbewu ye-filbuster yatyalwa ngo-1806, xa iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi, ekubongozelweni nguMongameli u-Aaron Bur, ishenxise "umbuzo odlulileyo" ukusuka kwimithetho yayo. Le ntshukumo ivumele abaninzi ukuba banqumle impikiswano. Ngaphandle kwayo, kwakungekho mgaqo wokunyanzela ukuvota, kudala amathuba okungenasiphelo. Oku kutyeshelwa ngempazamo kwalenze isiseko somsebenzi wemithetho yepalamente enamandla ehlabathini.

Inkulungwane Ye - 19 Neyasekuqaleni Kweye - 20

Kwinkulungwane ye-19, i-filbuster yayinqabile ukusetyenziswa. IBhunga leNtsimbi yayingumzimba omncinci, yaye izithethe eziqhelekileyo zobubele kunye nolwamkelo zidla ngokukhusela isithintelo. Igama elithi "filibuster" ngokwalo (lisuka kwigama lesiDatshi elithetha "ifreebooter" okanye i-parraur) lafumana imali kwiwaka. Ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwale mihla kwaba bhenjnge ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, ngokufuthi lisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi be-Softars ukuvala umthetho wamalungelo oluntu.

Ixesha elibalulekileyo lokumisela inkqubo lafika ngo1917, ngexesha lentlanganiso ekhethekileyo yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ebizwa nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson. Iqela lee-Ii-senators-filbuster lafaka umthetho wokuxhobisa iinqanawa zorhwebo ngokuchasene namaphenyane eJamani. Ekuphenduleni, kwaye ngokunyuka komsindo kawonke-wonke, iBhunga lendlu yeNtsimbi lamkeleka [[FLT: 0] , elamisa inkqubo ye ukuxhobisa [[FLT]] ] [ulT]] [umatshini wokuphelisa ingxoxo. Umthetho wokuqala wawufuna ukuba i-3-3 ye-iquartmaorties ephezulu ekhoyo kunye nokuvota.[FLT][5][5]]

IXesha lamaLungelo aBambini kunye nokuguqukela kwiMidlalo emibini

I-filbuster yaba luphawu oluchazayo loxanduva lwamalungelo abantu. Abaququzeleli basemazantsi banyusela oyena mninzi uzalayo kwimbali yamaMelika ngokuchasene noMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1964, bebambe umgangatho iintsuku ezingama-74, kuquka iiyure ezingama-24 kunye neshumi elinesibhozo lemizuzu eli-eminute ethethayo nguSenator Robert Byrd. Ngelixesha isenzo ekugqibeleni sadlula (ngevoti engama-71-29 yokufumana ukukhutshwa), i-Piantbuster yabonisa umbilini wayo omkhulu wokulibaziseka. Indleko yezobupolitika ye "iganefiling filibbuster" yayiphezulu, ifuna ii-metators ukuzikhupha ukuze zigcine izithintele.

Isimo se- filibbuster satshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwi1970 phantsi kweMajoliance Nkokeli Mike Mansfield. Ijongene nenani elandayo lemingcipheko ye-finbuster, iMansfield yazisa inkqubo yeqela lenqanawa [ lendlela yeqela lendlu yendlu yendlu yemikhosi [. Endaweni yoko, ukunqanda lonke ishishini lokuqhuba i-Intenet yendlu yendlu yecawa, ityala elikhuphiweyo lanokubekwa bucala kwi "umzila wesibini" ngexesha lendlu ye-mthetho. Le mithetho yendlu yendlu yemfazwe yayinenjongo yokuphucula impumelelo. Endaweni yoko, yayinesiphumo esingacwangciswanga sisokubangasayinwanga. [2][3]

Ubuchule Bale Mihla Bokusetyenziswa Kwezinto

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo i-nfibuster kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso yeMigaqo-siseko kufuneka kwahlulwe phakathi "kokuthetha" ngesithethe" kwemvelibuster kunye nenkqubo yale mihla "yokuguqula umntwana". Umahluko ubalulekile kwizicelo ezininzi zotshintsho.

I-"Filibuster" yesithethe

I-filbuster esesikweni, njenge dramethiwe kwimifanekiso-bhanyabhanya efana ne Mnu. Smith Goes ukuya eWashington, ifuna i-senetor ukubamba umgangatho. Umphathi- mbombo kufuneka athethe rhoqo, ngaphandle kokuhlala phantsi, exhomekeke edesika, okanye ethabatha imposiso nayiphi na enye injongo ngaphandle komnxeba we translam. Le mithetho ivumela i-tangelitialism kuphela kwisihloko esikhoyo, ivumela ii-senator ukuba zifunde iincwadi zomnxeba okanye izimbozo. Injongo kukuba lilibazisekile ngokwasemzimbeni de uninzi lunikeze okanye luzuze amavoti angama-60 afunekayo kwihlwili. Le ndlela i-Pilcester inqake kakhulu namhlanje ngenxa yendlela ezimbini.

I-pilibuster

KwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zale mihla, iNkokeli yeMajor iphumele ngemiqobo elula. Xa iNkokeli izama ukuzisa uxwebhu phantsi ukuze ivote, i-senate ingalathisa iqhubeke. Oku kubangela ukuba iNkokeli yeMajor iqhube inyathelo lokudilika. IKhosi kufuneka iqhube isantya. Ngaphantsi kwemithetho yeBhunga, ukuvota akunakwenzeka de iintsuku ezimbini zentlanganiso idlule. Oku kuvumela iqela elincinane ukuba lilibazise ityala ngeentsuku ezintathu ngaphandle kwesalathisi esithetha igama elikwisithebhili. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iBhange ayinakushukushukuma kolawulo lwalo ngaphandle kokuba i-60 evoti e-okisini. Ukuvota okungama-60, ukuvota okuninzi kumele kungenelwe ngokufanelekileyo, okanye ukulalanisa kwe-busterster.

Ukuqhelisela Imfuneko Ebalaseleyo

Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo senkqubo ye-monibbuster yale mihla kukuba iNdlu yeQela isebenza ngaphantsi komqobo onama-60 okhuphiswano olukhulu lomthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo yezonyango (ngokujongwa kwemozulu, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukufuduka, kunye namalungelo okuvota) azikwazi kudlula kwimigca yeqela ngaphandle kokuba zinokungena kwimiqathango exineneyo yolwamkelo lohlahlo-mali, ekhuselwe kwimiqathango yocango yocalulo, ekhuselwe kwimisho oluncinci. Imfuno yemali engundoqo yokufuna ubuncinane inkxaso ye-bistatan, esoloko ibandakanya ukucola imiqathango yemali okanye ukukhulula abantu abambalwa. Ngokuphikisana noko, ivumela iqela elincinane elinolwayo ukuba lithintela imigaqo yenkoliso, nokuba ingabanziwayo, nokokuba iziphumo zonyulo.

Ingxubusho: Indlela Eqhelekileyo Yokuphelisa Ingxoxo

Ukucela Umthetho 22

I-Clomb yinkqubo yepalamente kuphela enokuthi iphele i-nbruster kwi-Bhunga. Phantsi kwangoku [[FLT: 0] I-RULE 22, inkqubo inamanyathelo amaninzi:

  1. I-seneta kufuneka ifake isicelo sehlwili, esityikitywe ngama-isekene ali-16.
  2. IBhunga lilinde usuku olunye olupheleleyo lwentlanganiso phambi kokubamba ukuvota.
  3. Ngexesha elimiselweyo, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iyavota kwintshukumo yokufumana amahlwili.
  4. Ukuphumelela, intshukumo mayifumane amavoti amathathu-ffths azo zonke ezikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo nezifungelweyo abachongi , okanye 60 iivoti ukuba zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. Lo mqobo awunakuthintelwa ngabaququzeleli abangekhoyo; ubalwa ngokuchasene nowona wonke amalungu eBhunga.

Ukuba ihlwili ligalelwe, enye impikiswano engakumbi ngemali ilinganiselwe kwiiyure ezingama-30. Emva koko, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka ivote kumlinganiselo ongaphantsi kunye naziphina izinto eziza kulungiswa.

"Ukhetho Lwenyukliya" Neengqalelo Zalo

Uthatho lwama-60 lwezixhobo ze-audiation lusebenza kumthetho. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango kunye nenkqubo yoqingqo-mali, imithetho itshintshiwe ngothotho lwemithetho yepalamente ephikisanayo eyaziwayo njenge ukhetho lwenyukliya (okanye ukhetho lomgaqo-siseko).

Ngo-2013, kwathi xhaxhe isithintelo soMongameli u-Oma solawulo oluphezulu nomthetho, uMphathi-mikhosi uHarry Reid wasebenzisa indlela yenyukliya ukumisela iqhinga lokuba ukudityaniswa kweemeko ezininzi (ukuphelisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo) kufuna kuphela uninzi olulula. Ngo-2017, iMajoning Inkosana uMphathi uMphathi McConnell yandisa esi siqalo ukuze iquke iNkundla ePhakamileyo, iphakamise indlela yokuqinisekiswa kweJaji uNeille Gormoth.[[12] i-Paglivebuster, esebenza kwityala, ihlala ingekho mngeni, kodwa ubukho bayo bukho obungakhuselekanga kunanini nanini ngaphambili.

Impembelelo Efanelekileyo Nengokwezobupolitika YeFilibuster

Ukuyila Umthetho Ngemithetho Engama-60

Impembelelo enkulu ye-filbuster akuyonto ibangela ukuba kuthintelwe umthetho, kodwa iphosa i yayo. Ukwazi ukuba ityala kufuneka likhusele amavoti angama-60, iiKhosi ezimandundu phambi kokuba kutshalelwe umthetho olungelelanisayo wokubhenela kwicandelo le-sentente ephakathi kuwo omabini amaqela. Oku kungakhokelela kwimithetho eqinileyo, eqinileyo. Noko ke, kungakhokelela kwimiqathango enzima yomthetho wokwakheka kwaye kusetyenzwe ngokukhethekile ekukhuseleni ivoti yama-60. Inkqubo yolwano-mali efuna amavoti ayi-5, iye yaba yisithuthi yokuqala yeenguqu-nkqubo ze-RGenetic, kodwa iphantsi kwemithetho engqongqo (ngengumthetho we-RDRD).

Utshixo lwe-Grid kunye nomkhosi we-"Trash of the Minor"

Iqela elilawula izihlalo ezingama-41 okanye ngaphezulu kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso linamandla okuvala nawuphi na umthetho eliwuchasayo, ukuba lihlala limanyene. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekumangalelweni rhoqo "kungamafutshane," apho iqela elimela iqela elimbalwa labemi linokuvala iingxube zeqela elikhulu, elinokuthi limele isabelo esikhulu sabemi. Le misebenzi inamandla idibene kwinkulungwane yama-21, njengoko amaqela amabini ethe aphelelwa ncam kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-Reliefbuster kunyuke kakhulu. Ngexesha le 113 kunye ne-114.1th Congress (203-2017), umzekelo, iRiphabliki isebenzise i-Delmocricter ukuvala icandelo le-Democractic, i-Prentellicle i-Oma i-"ixma"ixmast"

Impikiswano Ebalaseleyo: Iimpikiswano Zokulwa Nezokuchasa Ababhiyobhile

Ingxoxo nge-filbuster inqumla umnyo wendlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika ekufuneka isebenze ngayo. Kukungqubana phakathi kwemigaqo yolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane, ukuphumelela nokucinga.

Ityala Lenyamakazi

  • Ikhusela uBuncinci bamalungelo: I-Divbuster inyanzela uninzi ukuba luqwalasele iimbono zabambalwa. Ithintela uninzi olumxinwa, lokwexeshana ekumiseleni utshintsho olutshayelelayo, olungathandwayo olunokususa iqela elikhulu labemi.
  • Iprotomotes Delibration kunye neBipartisanshi: ngokufuna i-mageri, i-monicbuster ikhuthaza ukulalanisa nokuxolelwana ngaphaya kwe-paces. Imithetho edluliswa nenkxaso ebanzi inokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba izinze kwaye ihlale iqinile, kuba ayinyanzelekanga ukuba iguquke ngokukhawuleza xa amandla eguquka.
  • Iqinisekisa ukuma nokukhusela iinkungu ezikwindawo ezigudileyo: I-filbuster isebenza njengebreki kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ithintela ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, inkqubo egqithisileyo enokuhambisana notshintsho kulawulo lweqela. Inyanzelisa ukucotha, ukuqwalasela ngemposiso iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo.
  • Igcina indima ekhethekileyo yeBhunga leNtlanga: IBhunga lenziwe njengesouce ukupholisa ikofu yendlu. I-filbuster ibonwa ngabaninzi njengendlela epheleleyo yokubonisa oku kuphola, indima ecacileyo.

Ityala Elichaswa Yifilibuster

  • Inika Iziphumo Zomthetho weGridlock kunye nomsebenzi weDys: I-monicbuster yale mihla ingunobangela oyintloko wobuthathaka belungu lendlu yendlu. Ivumela abambalwa aba-41 abaneziqu ezimanyeneyo ukuba banqande ucwangciso lwabaninzi, kwanaxa uninzi lunogunyazo olucacileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekuthobeni ugunyaziso lukawonke wonke lweBhunga kunye nogxeko-ntlengorhulumente.
  • yenza "Iqela lemiqathango" kuba iimeko zimelwe ngokulinganayo kwiBhunga, iqela elimela iqaqobana labemi base-U.S. lingalawula uninzi lwezihlalo zeNtlanga. I-Preciebuster ivumela eliqela eliqela ukuba lithintele inkqubo exhaswe luninzi lwamaMelika, njengovavanyo lwemvelaphi yokuthenga imipu okanye utshintsho lokufuduka.
  • I-Akhawunti: I-finbuster ivumela abachongi ukuba baphephe ukuvota okunzima. I-senetor ingamelana nemali ethandwayo ngokuvota ngokulula ngokuvota, ithintela ukuvota okuthe ngqo kwemali ngokwayo. Oku kunciphisa uxanduva lwezopolitiko.
  • Isetyenziswa ukuthintela inkqubela-phambili: ngokwembali, i-nfilbuster yasetyenziswa kakhulu ngabalawuli bobuzwe baseMazantsi ukuthintela umthetho wamalungelo abantu. Namhlanje, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isetyenziselwa ukuthintela amalungelo okuvota, utshintsho lwezemali, kunye namanye amanyathelo ayimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esempilweni.

Izingqino Zakutshanje Nezindululo Zotshintsho

IBhunga le-117 leMicimbi (2021-2023) lazisa ingxoxo ye-filibuster kwintloko yezobupolitika zaseMelika. Ngolawulo lweziNtlanganiso ezingama-50-50 lwahlulwe kwimigca yeqela, i-Parenbuster yaba ngumqobo wokudlulisa izinto eziphambili zedemokhrasi, kuquka inkululeko kuMthetho weVote kunye noMthetho we-John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act. Ukungaphumeleli kwale mali, nangona ulawulo lwedemocratic lweNd House neBhunga, kwakhokelela kwingxoxo enzulu yeqela langaphakathi kunye nomgudu wokungaphumeleli ukuguqula imithetho.

Intsimbi Ephumayo Nesigubungelo Esibukhali

Ukhetho lwenyukliya lwenza umzekelo ocacileyo: i-filibuster ingasuswa okanye iguqulwe iindidi ezithile zoshishino ngevoti elula. Emva kotshintsho kunyuso ngo-2013 nango-2017, abaguquli abaninzi bacebisa "ukukhahlela--emofu" efanayo kumthetho wokuvota. Esi sicelo `ukukhulula amalungelo okuvota kumda wama-60-vote" ngokungeyonyanisileyo ngenxa yokuchasa abalawuli aba-Senantanten kunye noKyrsten Sinema, owakhusela umgaqo womda wama-60-vote.

I-"Coning Filibuster" I-Revival

Esinye sezicelo zotshintsho eziphambili kukuvuselelwa kwe "i-parianbuster". Ngaphantsi kwalo mzekelo, abaxhasi abachasa ityala bazakufunwa ukubamba umgangatho kwaye bathethe ngokuqhubekayo ukuwuvala. Xa isifekethi sinqumama ukuthetha okanye sikhupha umgangatho, i-palebhubuster ingaphela, kwaye ityala lingaqhubekeka kwivoti elula. Abaxhasi babuza ukubuyisa ixabiso lezobupolitika lokuthintela, banyanzele iqela elincinane ukuba libhale phantsi ngendlela ephambili yochasayo. Abagxeki baphawula ukuba isenokuvumela ukuba lilibazise ixesha elininzi kwaye likwazi ukuphinda lithathe amajikelelo. Noko ke, babonwa ngabantu abaninzi njengebala eliphakathi komda we-60-evote.

Ukupheliswa Okuthe Ngcisiweyo Komthetho

Inani elandayo labaxhasi bemithetho-siseko kunye namagosa anyuliweyo axhasa ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwe-genericbuster, ephikisa ngelithi ulawulo oluninzi lungumgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi. Babonisa impumelelo yonyaka ka-2013 nowama-2017 kwiinketho zenyukliya njengobungqina bokuba ukususwa kwe-finbuster akuyitshabalali iNdlu kodwa kunoko kuyenza isebenze. Abachasi, kuquka ezinye ii-Democrates kunye nazo zonke iiRiphabliki, baphikisa ukuba ukupheliswa kwabo kuya kukhokelela kumjikelezo wempindezo kunye no-"wkippect" wenkqubo yexesha ngalinye lokutshintsha amandla, ukutshintsha okuhambela phambili kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Uluko uluvo lukawonke luxhasa uhlobo oluthile lotshintsho.[FFLD:0]

Inkxwaleko Engapheliyo Entliziyweni YeBharhane

I-filibuster ihlala ingumgca ongundoqo wempazamo kwingxoxo emalunga notshintsho lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Asiyosithethe samandulo, esingaqhelekanga kodwa ngumthetho wesithethe osoloko ulungiswa ukuze uncede iimfuno zezobupolitika zoninzi kunye nezimbalwa. Ikamva layo liza kuxhomekeka kubalo lwezobucukubhedengu lwamaqela kunye neendleko ezicingelwayo ze-griplock kunye neengenelo ezicingelwayo zamandla amancinane. Kubemi, ukuqonda i-Facilbuster akuyo nje inkcitho yemfundo; sisifundo esiluncedo kwindlela enamandla esebenza ngayo kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika.

Uxanduva phakathi komthetho omkhulu namalungelo amancinane ludala njengerepublic ngokwayo. I-filibuster yinkqubela ebonakalisa olo xinezeleko kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zale mihla. Nokuba ngaba ihlaziywe, ikhutshwe, okanye igcinwe, izigqibo ezenziwe ngesi sixhobo sokulinganisa indalo ziza kubumba ngamandla urhulumente waseMerika ukucombulula iingxaki zenkulungwane yama-21.