IBhunga leMicimbi yeMicimbi yeSebe leMicimbi yeNtshona Koloni liyisebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente, lisebenza ngokwenza imithetho, ukumela uluntu, nokukhokela isebe eliphetheyo. Nangona imisebenzi yalo isemgangathweni kwidemo-mkhrasi yaseMerika, iinkqubo kunye nezakhiwo zeBhunga zinokubonakala zintsonkothile ukusuka ngaphandle. Esi sikhokelo sinikela ukujonga ngendlela esebenzisekayo, neneenkcukacha ngendlela esebenzayo yeNkqubano yemithetho ngeCapitol, kunye nezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo.

Isakhiwo Sebhiyameral: Indlu Nendlu Yezindlu

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko baseka indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral, yahlula iNgqungquthela yaba ngamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Eli cala laye laba lunxulumano olucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, kwaye lidala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngaphakathi kwesebe lemithetho ngokwalo.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufutshane nabantu. Onke amalungu angama-435 amela unyulo qho qho kwiminyaka emibini, eqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwendlu kubonakalisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke olutshintshayo. Ukumela eNdlu kusekelwe kubemi, kumiselwa ligosa elilawulayo leNdlu yeNtshona Koloni, lingumphathi-mikhosi wequmrhu eliphethe i-U.S. Ubalo lwamandla akhethekileyo okukhupha yonke ingeniso (irhafu) kwaye linegunya lokungawaphili amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka noMongameli. USithethi weNdlulo, onyulwa liqela, umlawuli wequmrhu, unegunya elibalulekileyo lomkhosi wequmrhu.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNdlu linika isithintelo sokuzimela kwiNdlu ekhawulezileyo. Ilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba linani labemi, limelwe ngabameli ababini abasebenza kwiimeko ezixengaxengayo zeminyaka emithandathu. Esi sakhiwo senzelwe ukunikeza amaphondo alinganayo kwiqonga lesizwe nokunika umgangatho olinganayo, iqumrhu elizinzileyo. IBhunga leNdlu yamagunya linamagunya apheleleyo, kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, abagwebi besizwe, ii-antrist) kunye nezivumelwano ezixonxibayo ezixokelelwano zesebe eliphethe i-omatilom, kodwa iqela elikhulu lisebenza njengoMongameli weNkokeli-Majorn, oyena umqhubi wokwenene wemithetho yeqonga.

Imisebenzi etshintshatshintshayo

Ngapha koko, imithetho elawula ingxoxo kunye nesenzo yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabini. Indlu, enobukhulu bayo obukhulu, impikiswano engqongqo kwaye ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiKomiti yeMimiselo enamandla ukumisela izindululo zomphantsi. IBhunga, ixabisa ingxoxo ebanzi, isebenza kakhulu ngemvume efanayo. Oku kunika abaququzeleli abanamandla okubeka umthetho okanye amagumbi. Umthetho weNdlu yeeNtsimikazi uthetha ukuba ukuphelisa ingxoxo kwimicimbi emininzi ifuna ukuvota okuninzi kwemininzi.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko Zengqungquthela

Igunya leBhunga lichazwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Imisebenzi yalo ephambili kukwenza umthetho, ukumela, ukuvelela, kunye noqingqo-mali. Ukuqonda ezi mbopheleleko zingundoqo kungundoqo ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba iBhunga lenze ngendlela elizenza ngayo.

Imiqolo enyanzelweyo. Amagunya asetyenzisiweyo

UMgaqo-siseko unika iBhunga elikhethekileyo, okanye "elimiselwe," amagunya. Ezi ziquka amandla okunika irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe namazwe asemzini, imali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko ukwaquka i-Imfuno ne-Fanety Claus, enika iBhunga ubuchule bokudlulisela yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuphumeza amagunya ayo adweliswe ngokwesiseko solawulo lweBhunga, ivumela ukuba ilungelelanise kwaye ingqungquthela ijonge kwimibango yanamhlanje engenakuba icingelwa, njengohambo losasazo, nolwe-Internetting, kunye ne-intanethi.

Amandla Okuthenga

Mhlawumbi eyona ntlanganiso ibalulekileyo yokuhlola iBhunga eliphethe iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ngamandla esipakethe. Akukho mali inokuthathwa kuNondyebo ngaphandle kokuba inikezelwe yiKhomishini. Oku kuthetha ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alinakusebenzisa nayiphi inkqubo, isebe, okanye inyathelo lokuqala ngaphandle kweBhunga elivumela inkxaso-mali. Eli gunya lisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali enzima yonyaka, ebandakanya isicelo soqingqo-mali sikaMongameli, isiso soqingqo-mali soqingqo-mali, kunye nothotho lweziko lwemali lwemali ezilishumi elinesibini ezibonelelo ezixhasa urhulumente worhulumente.

Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga linembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho eliyidlulisayo iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka nangempumelelo lisebe eliphetheyo. Oku kufezwa ngokuvalwa kooveleli, ngokuphanda, nangomandla okunyanzela ubungqina namaxwebhu. Iikomiti zeBhunga zingahlola inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Amalungu angeyoparatis axhasayo njenge-Accounting Office (GAO) kunye neNkonzo yophando lweBhunganiso (CRCRCS) anika amalungu afanele aphathele ulwazi kunye nohlalutyo olufunekayo ukuze alawule ngegunya.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho

Inkqubo yokuba ngumthetho yemali inde kwaye kunzima ngokuyilwa. Ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, ngalinye elinika amathuba okunxibelelana, ukuqwalasela, kunye nokoyiswa okunokwenzeka. Ukuqonda olu hambo linyathelo lokuqala ekwazini ukuba lungaphembelela nini yaye njani na icandelo lomthetho.

Igalelo lokwazisa neloMbutho

Imali yetyala ingavela kwigumbi ngalinye (ngaphandle kwamaphepha engeniso, afanele aqale kwindlu). Iziswa lilungu kwaye inikwe inani (umz. H.R. 1 okanye S. 1). Ityala ngoko libhekiswa kwikomiti emileyo elawula imicimbi yayo engundoqo. Umzekelo, ityala lokunyamekela impilo yamadoda akhulileyo lizakuya kwiKomiti yeNdlu yeMicimbi yeVeteran neKomiti yeNtsimbi kwiMicimbi yeVeterans. Eli candelo lilapho uninzi lwezintlawulo lufa khona ngaphandle kwesenzo esibheke phambili. Umzekelo, umthetho obizwa ngokuba "pigeoning".""

Isenzo seKomiti kunye nophawulo

Ukuba ikomiti igqiba kwelokuba ithathe inyathelo kwityala, iya kubeka iinkundla apho iingcaphephe, amagosa karhulumente, kunye nabagcini-matyala banokungqina khona. Emva kokuva, ikomiti ishukuma isiya "kuphawula," apho amalungu aphikisana nge-paril-mgceni kwaye anikele iimvume. Ikomiti iya kuvota kwezi zindululo ize ivote nokuba ingawuthumela na lo mthetho (ngalo okanye ngaphandle kokuwulungisa) kwigumbi elipheleleyo lokuqwalasela. Ikomiti ikwavelisa ingxelo echaza injongo yemali kunye nesiphumo, esinguvimba obalulekileyo womntu olandela umthetho.

Isenzo Somgangatho Endlwini

Phambi kokuba imali yetyala ifike kumgangatho wendlu, idla ngokuya kwiKomiti yeMpatho Yemithetho. Le komiti enamandla ikhupha "umthetho" omisela iparameters zengxoxo, kuquka ixesha eliza kwabelwa ngalo, nokuba zingaphi izivumelwano ezinokunikelwa. Umthetho "ovaliweyo" awuvumeli kulungiswa, lo gama umthetho "wokuqala" uvumela abaninzi. Indlu epheleleyo ngoko ixabanisa kunye nevoti kwiincwadi kunye naziphi na iimvume zokulungisa. Uninzi olulula lwabo bakhoyo kunye novota lufuneka ukuze kudluliswe.

Isenzo Somgangatho KwiBhunga

Isenzo somgangatho kwiNdlu yeeNtsimlanga asilungelelaniswanga. Inkokeli yeMajority, esebenzisa intshukumo ukuqhubekeka, izisa umthetho oya phantsi. Ingxoxo ibekelwe umda kuphela ngemithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, ivumela ukuba kubekho i-engile, apho i-senator okanye iqela le-enqununu libamba umgangatho ukuba ulibazise okanye uvimbele uvoti. Ukuphelisa i-Reacebuster, i-Bhunga leNtsimbiza kufuneka lithethele i-acedrity, elifuna ukubolekisa ama-60 evoti. Lo mqobo uphezulu ungongongongongomkhulu kutheni efuna inkxaso kwiBharhastatan. Ukuba i-fiblister inqanda okanye iyathintelwa okanye iyathintelwa, uninzi olulula lufuneka ukudlulisa ire irerere.

Ukulungisa Umahluko

Kuqhelekile ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zesivumelwano esinye. Xa oku kusenzeka, ityala alinakuya kuMongameli de lifane. Amagumbi amabini kufuneka acombulule ukungavisisani kwawo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngekomiti yengqungquthela eyenziwe ngamalungu amakhulu avela kuzo zombini iikomiti zendlu neBhunga lolawulo. Le komiti ixubusha i-contact, ilalanisa inguqulelo yesivumelwano, eyaziwa njengengxelo yomthetho-mthetho. Le ngxelo kufuneka ivunyelwe ngabaninzi kuwo omabini amagumbi ngaphandle kokuqulusela.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa imali efanayo idlula zombini iireyithingi, ithunyelwa kuMongameli wase United States. UMongameli uneenketho ezininzi. Bangasayina ityala, belenza umthetho. Bangalithumela kwiBhunga, balithumele kwiBhunga ngokungafuni kwabo. Okanye, ukuba abathathi nyathelo liphela iintsuku ezilishumi ngexesha iBhunga lisekhompyutheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba iCongress Comregation i-auto ngezo iintsuku ezilishumi, uMongameli angasebenzisa i "pacreet deto," ngokunempumelelo ukubulala isibhakathi sombhiyo somongameli. Ingqungquthela ingawuduzela i-3 yevoti yemivoti encinane kwimibini yamagumbi, ingxolo enqabileyo kodwa enamandla kumandla olawulo.

Inkqubo Yoqingqo-mali Olumanyeneyo

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yenye yezona misebenzi zilandelayo zeNkqutyana iqalisa unyaka ngamnye, kodwa ikwayenye yezona zinto zingaqondwanga kakuhle. Ichaza indlela abahlawulwa ngayo irhafu abasetyenziswa ngayo kwaye ingumthombo oyintloko wemfazwe yezobupolitika.

Isicelo soqingqo-mali soMongameli

Le nkqubo iqala ngokusesikweni ngokunikezela ngesicelo soqingqo-mali esineenkcukacha kwiCongress yonyaka ozayo, oqhele ukuba ngoFebruwari. Esi sicelo sisicelo, asingomthetho obophelelekileyo. Sichaza izinto eziza kuqala kuMongameli, kuquka imigangatho yengeniso ecetyiweyo, inkcitho yoqingqo-mali ecwangcisiweyo, kunye neenguqu zemali eziyimfuneko.

Isigqibo sohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweBhunga

Akufunekanga ukuba iBhunga lithabathe uqingqo-mali lukaMongameli. Endaweni yoko, igumbi ngalinye liyila izigqibo zalo zoqingqo-mali. Esi sisigqibo sohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali esihambelanayo, okuthetha ukuba asinawo amandla omthetho kwaye asisayinwanga nguMongameli. Noko ke, yiplani ebophelela imida yokusebenzisa imali jikelele kwiiKomiti ze-Approgriations kwaye inika imiyalelo yoxolelwaniso kwezinye iikomiti. Isisombululo soqingqo-mali sifuna uninzi lwamagumbi kodwa sisoloko siyingxoxo enzima yezobupolitika.

Ukucelwa Nokuxolelwa

Emva kwesigqibo soqingqo-mali, iiKomiti zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zoLawulo zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu zihamba ziyokwenza izicelo ezili-12 ezixhasa izivumelwano ezisemthethweni worhulumente. Ngokufanelekileyo, ezi zidluliswa zize zisayinwe emthethweni ngamnye ngokonyaka wokuqalisa konyaka wonyaka. Xa eli xesha liphoswe, iBhunga maliyelwe, kufuneka lidlulise iSigqibo esiZinzileyo (CRCR) ukuze ligcine urhulumente exhaswa ngemali. Inkqubo yoxolela-yo ingumgaqo okhethekileyo ovumela iBhunga ukuba itshintshe irhafu nemithetho esetyenziswa yimithetho elula kwiBhalumelwane (ukukhulula i-6552), liyenze isisixhobo esinamandla soluntu.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuzibandakanya Ngayo Neengxubakaxaka

Ingqungquthela yenzelwe ukuba iphendule abantu emeleyo. Ngelixesha inkqubo ingathi ikumgama, kukho iindlela eziliqela ezikonkxeleyo nezinempumelelo kakhulu kubemi ukwenza amazwi abo avakala. uluntu oluphangaleleyo nolusebenzayo [ luyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esempilweni.

Ukufumana iMithetho kunye nomsebenzi weKomiti

Eyona njongo ilungileyo yokufumana umthetho karhulumente osemthethweni .Gov. Le database yamahala ikuvumela ukukhangela amatyala ngenani, igama eliyintloko, okanye ilungu leKhomishini. Ungabona umbhalo opheleleyo wephepha, ii-komiti zayo ezibhaliweyo, iirekhodi zovota, kunye nemeko yayo yangoku. Ukuqwalasela ikomiti ukuva nengxoxo yomgangatho nakho kunokwenzeka ngeewebhsayithi ezisemthethweni zabameli [ kunye ne [FLT:] [FLT]]

Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho

Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo namagosa akho anyuliweyo lunempembelelo enkulu kunokuba abaninzi becinga. Imiyalezo engobuqu, esengqiqweni ithathwa nzulu ngabasebenzi bombutho abalandela iminxeba.

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Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokufundiswa

Ngaphandle konxibelelwano olungqalileyo, abemi bayakwazi ukungenela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke baze balungelelanise iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu xa ummeli wakho ekwisithili; ezi zii-fourms zikawonke-wonke ezenzelwe olu hlobo luchanileyo lotshintshiselwano. Iikomiti ezininzi zilwamkela ubungqina basesidlangalaleni bokuchotshelwa kweendlebe, nangona oku kusoloko kuquququzelelwa ngemibutho yoogqeba okanye amaqela e-akhankanyiweyo. Ukuba kukho imibandela ethile ekhoyo ekufuneka ifumane impembelelo yemali kuwe, fumana iqela elithembekileyo le-dvocki eliyilandela. Iintlangano ezininzi zi-opensecreet. org [FLT:]] zinikezela ngexabiso le-elementi-ieting projectivesting syntiant, zikuvumela ukubona impembelelo yemali kwinkqubo yezopolitiki.

Iqukumbela: IBhunga njengeSiko

IBhunga liyinkqubo entsonkothileyo, kodwa asiyonto ingenakungena kuyo. Iinkqubo zalo, ukusuka kwiikomiti ezibhekisa phambili kunye neengxoxo zomgangatho ukuya kwiingxelo zenkomfa kunye nezigqibo zoqingqo-mali, zilawulwa yimithetho ebhaliweyo kwaye, ubukhulu becala, zivulelwe uluntu. Ibonisa amaxesha angcono okuthi kwenziwe ngawo impembelelo, iiofisi ezifanelekileyo zokunxibelelana, nokubaluleka kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, elungiselelwe ukwakha imvume ebanzi ngaphambi kokuba uhlanga lubophelelene nenkqubo entsha.