Ukwazisa: Indaleko Yolwimi Oluninzi

Izixhobo zedemokhrasi yabameli, inkqubo abathi ngayo abemi baguqulele umnqweno wabo ekulawuleni. Indlela abavoti, baqokelele, babala ngayo iziphumo ezinzulu zokhuseleko lonyulo, ufikelelo, kunye nokuthemba uluntu. Njengoko uluntu luye lwakhula luntsonkothile kwaye lunenkqubela yobugcisa, iindlela zokuvota ziye zahluka-hluka kakhulu ngaphezu kokubonisa izandla. Le ndlela ikhokela ihlola iinkqubo zokuvota ezisixhenxe ezingundoqo kwiphepha elihlala lihleli ukuya kuvela amaqongadit-* ukuchaza indlela esebenzayo, umongo wembali, kunye nowongaphi nako-wezorhwebo abalawuli bonyulo novoti abamele bahambe ngayo.

1. Iibhola Zephepha: Umgangatho Ongenakukhanyeka

I-collet yephepha yeyona ndlela endala neyaziwa kakhulu yokuvota, eneengcambu ezinwenwa emva kwi-Athene yamandulo kunye ne-19-century Melika. Kule ndlela yangoku, umvoti uphawula ukhetho kwikhadi elisezantsi lephepha okanye iphepha esebenzisa ipeni okanye isiphawuli. Ibhola yebhola ibekwa kwibhokisi evaliweyo yencwadi okanye yokubala komatshini.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Iphepha lonyuso lishicilelwa ngamagama omvotelwa kunye neentshukumo zomvolo. Iivoters zigcwalisa ioval, khangela ibhokisi, okanye tshilida i-chad ukubonisa ukhetho lwazo. Emva kokuvalwa, amagosa okhetho okanye amavolontiya afumana iibhola zokhetho. Ngokufuthi zifakwe kwiqela le-bipartis. /okanye zifakwa kwimishina yokuhlola. Ngenxa yokuba ibhola ephathekayo ngokwayo ikhona njengengxelo yokuqala, iyakwazi ukubuyiselwa ize ichazwe kwisiganeko sempikiswano.

Inzuzo yeebhola zephepha

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina obungacacanga: Ivoters zingabona zize zibambe ivoluti yazo egqityiweyo, eqinisa ukuthemba. I-opatter yomzimba isebenza njengendlela ezimeleyo yokuphicotha enokuthi ihlolwe ngokuchasene nesimbuku somatshini.
  • Ukudityaniswa nokuqhelana: Akukho buchule bobugcisa bufunekayo. Ibhola yephepha isebenza ngaphandle kombane, i-software, okanye i-Intanethi yokudibanisa, iyenza ikwazi ukumelana ngokungaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umngcipheko ophantsi wokuqhekezwa kokwenye indawo: Kuba ibholaot ayikho kuhlobo lwamanani olunokufumaneka kude, umphezulu wohlaselo uncitshiswe kumatshini we elektroniki.
  • Isakhiwo somthetho esineMicimbi: IiNkundla kunye neekhomishini zonyulo zineminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yemodeli yokuphatha ipeyinti zamaphepha, kuquka iinkqubo zocalulo kunye nemithetho yetsheyina yesixhobo.

Ingxaki yeebhola zephepha

  • Imposiso yokubala kwabantu: Izixhobo zobubhali zezandla zicotha kwaye zityekele kwiimpazamo, ingakumbi kumaphondo angamawaka eentlanga kunye namanyathelo. Ingxoxo yonyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. malunga “nonyulo lwe-cands” ngumzekelo olumkisayo.
  • Umthwalo wesingeniso: Iphepha kufuneka lishicilelwe, ligcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo, lithunyelwe kwiindawo zokuvota, liqokelelwe emva kokuvota. Le nkqubo ixabisa kakhulu kwaye isengozini yokuba okanye ukulahleka.
  • Ufikelelo oludityanisiweyo: Imisebenzi enengxaki yokubona okanye ukukhubazeka kwemoto isenokunzima ukuphawula ibhola yephepha ngaphandle koncedo. Ngexa eminye imiqathango inika isikhokelo esinechaphaza, ufikelelo luhlala lulucelomngeni.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Umngcipheko wobungozi: Ukulayisha ibhola, ukuguqula ngexesha lezithuthi, okanye ukukhohlisa kwebhola ezingekhoyo zizinto eziyingozi zenyani ngaphandle kobukhali betsheyina lentambo yentsimbi.

Ngaphandle kwezi zixhobo zitsalayo, iibhola zovotelwa ngephepha zihlala zingumgangatho wegolide kunyulo oluphicothwayo. Njengokuba i Brennan Center for Justice amanqaku, [[FLT: 0] iibhola zamaphepha zinikezela ngogcino oluthembekileyo olunciphisa ubungozi obunxulumene nokuvota kwe-elektroniki.

Imatshini zombane (EVM)

Oomatshini bovoto bombane (EVM) bavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengendlela yokukhawulezisa ukuvota nokuvala ulwaleko. La macebo adla ngokubonisa ikhusi okanye umdibaniso wezixhobo osekelwe kwiqhosha apho abavoti benza khona ukhetho lwabo. Ezinye ii-EVMs zishicilela ilisithi yephepha lephepha elivotayo (VPAT) indlela yophicotho-zincwadi (VPAT). Ngelinye ixesha ezinye zigcina iziphumo ngokupheleleyo kwinkumbulo yamanani.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

I-EVM eqhuba irekhodi ye-electronic equlunqwe ngqo (DRE) ivota ngqo ngaphakathi kwinkumbulo, idla ngokuvota kwikhadi leflash ephumayo okanye i-drive efihliweyo. Emva konyulo, ugcino-lwazi ludluliselwa kwiseva esembindini okanye luthunyelwe ngokoqobo ukwenzela i-agcorn. Kwinkqubo yeVVPAT, umvoti uqinisekisa isishwankathelo esishicilelweyo phambi kokuba umatshini uqinisekise ukuvota.

Iingenelo zee-EVM

  • Isantya sesantya: Ukubala kufutshane- ngokuphandle kanye xa kugqityiwe. Iziphumo zingaxelwa kwimizuzu nje, ulawulo olwanelisayo nothunyelo lukawonke-wonke lwezibuyekezo ezikhawulezayo.
  • Imposiso yomntu encitshisiweyo: Umatshini uphelisa ufundo oluphosakeleyo, iimpawu ezilahlekayo, kunye neempazamo ezide eziqheleke kwiphepha elibhaliwe ngesandla.
  • Unikezelo: ii-EVM zinganika iibhola zombhexi ezinesandi, umbhalo omkhulu-font, kunye nezinye izixhobo zegalelo ukwenzela abavoti abakhubazekileyo, iimfuno zemithetho njengoMgaqo woncedo lwaseMelika.
  • [[Ulwimi:0] inkxaso yolwimi lwelwimi: ujongano oluninzi lungathunyelwa lula ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke iibhola zoshicilelo ezahlukileyo.

Iingozi Zee-EVM

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukhuseleko oluninzi: Ngaphandle komzila wephepha, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ngokwahlukileyo. Ufundo olusuka kumaqela afana ne IVerified Voting Foundation lubonise ukuba ezinye iiDE zingafakwa kwi-evare okanye ngaphakathi kwentlaselo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungaphumeleli kwezentengiso: Oomatshini bangangqubana, batshiswe kakhulu, okanye bangasebenzi kakuhle ngomhla wonyulo, babangele imigca emide kunye nokurhoxa. Iinjongo zisoloko zifuneka zityhalele kwivoloti zokhuselo.
  • Iphepha lokubona ngaphaya: Ikhowudi ebhaliweyo isoloko isetyenziswa ekuphicotheni nasekungaphicothiweyo kwasesidlangalaleni. Kwanenkqubo ezivulekileyo zemithombo zifuna uvavanyo lokhuseleko olunzima.
  • I-AVM ixabisa kakhulu ukuthenga, ukugcina, nokubuyisela. Imithetho emininzi ijongene nezithintelo zoqingqo-mali ezikhokelela kwizixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha.

Ukuze banciphise ezi ngozi, iingcali ezininzi zixhasa iinkqubo ezidibanisa ubuchule be-elektroniki kunye nomzila wephepha oqinisekisiweyo. IKhomishini ye-Europe i- ibalaselisa ukusetyenziswa kombane kukubaluleka kokuphela-ukuya-ekupheleni kwendlela ye-elektroniki.

Uluvo lwesikeni esibukhali

Uvavanyo lovolo lweblorho phakathi kwephepha nesixhobo sombane. Abavongi bagcwalisa ivoti yephepha besebenzisa ipeni okanye uphawu, bandule ukufunxa ibhola ekhatywayo kwimatshini efunda izimpawu ngobuchule bophawu lwe-octal (OCR). Umatshini ubala iziphumo ngexa ugcina ibhola ebhanki ephathekayo yophicothi-zincwadi.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Umvoti ufumana ibhola yokuvota eshicilelwe ngaphambili kwaye udibanisa iioval, okanye ugcwalisa iibhokisi ezihambelana nokhetho lwabo. Emva kokugqiba ibhola yokuvota, umvoti uyifaka kwisixhobo sokukhangela kwindawo. Umvavanyi ufunda iimpawu, ugcina ivoti, kwaye ufaka ibhola yokuvota kwibhobhini etshixiweyo. Iinkqubo zobalo eziphakathi zivavanya iibholaeeeeeearot ezingekhoyo kwisambuku kwingingi ephakathi.

Iingenelo zomjelo wokubona

  • [[FLT: 0] Umzila wephepha kunye nesantya: Ibhola egciniweyo yephepha isebenza njenge rekhodi esemthethweni, ngelixa umatshini unika amanani akhawulezayo, achanileyo. Imiphicotho iyakwazi ukuthelekisa umatshini nesampuli eziphinde zaxelwa ngesandla.
  • [[Ulwazi:0] Uqhelano lomsebenzisi: Inkqubo ivakala ifana novavanyo olusezantsi, oluthi abaninzi abavoti baqonde.
  • Isiphumo sendlela: iskeni sidla ngokubiza kancinci kunoomatshini be DRE abapheleleyo, kwaye iibhola zephepha zibiza imali encinci ukuvelisa.
  • Ubuchule bokwenza: imida yomngcipheko wophicotho-zincwadi (SS)] umgangatho wegolide yezibalo, kulula ukwenza ngesixokelelwano sokuvavanya.

Iingozi Zesikeni Sokubona

  • [[FLT: 0] Ballot ukufundwa kakubi: Ivoter zingasilela ukugcwalisa amaqampu ngokupheleleyo, sebenzisa uphawu olungalunganga, okanye i-smmall ink, ibangela umatshini ufunde kakubi okanye ulahle ibhola.
  • Iziminxi neempazamo zeMachine: izikali zingaminxeka, zincancisa, okanye zingasebenzi kakuhle, ingakumbi ngezixhobo ezindala. Ukuqinisekisa okungachananga kungakhokelela kwiindidi ezingalunganga.
  • Imfundo yeqonga efunekayo: Imiyalelo ecacileyo ibalulekile; kungenjalo, ii-panetic kunye nee-avertes (ukhetha inani elikhulu kakhulu labatshatisi) zanda.
  • Imingeni ye-applee bollet: ibhola yeposi exutywa kwimiba yeskeni esisembindini inokuba phantsi kwemiba efanayo, kunye nohlolo lwencwadi lwebhola ezidityanisiweyo lungaqwalaselwa.

Uvotelo lweskeni sokuhlola i-optical lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi eUnited States nakumalungu eYurophu. ISigqeba seSizwe seMigangatho kunye noBuxhakaxhaka (I-NIST) sipapasha [[FLT: 0] imida e-oyile yokuvavanya nokukhupha i-libration yezi nkqubo ukugcina ucoselelo.

Ukuqhama kwe Internet

Uvoto lwe-Internet .

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Abavoti baziqinisekisa ngokusebenzisa ii-ID zamanani (umz., amakhadi ombane wesizwe) okanye uqinisekiso lwezabelo ezimbini. Bafikelela kwizibuko elikhuselekileyo, benze ukhetho, baze bangenise ivoti efihlakeleyo. Ivoti igcinwa kumncedisi okude kuphele unyulo, lubhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye lubhalwe phantsi. Iinkqubo ezininzi zivelisa irisithi ecwebezelayo ukuze uvote uqinisekise ukuba ibholaboti ibhalwe kakuhle.

Iinzuzo Zokuthubeleza NgeInternet

  • [[NTL: 0] Ityala kunye nokufumaneka: Ivota zingathatha inxaxheba naphi na ngoqhagamshelwano lwe Internet, ukuphelisa uhambo, ixesha, kunye nocwangco longquzulwano. Oku kudibene nonyuko olusezantsi kwimijelo yomqhubi kwezinye iinkqubo zenqwelo-moya.
  • [[Ugcino:0] Ugcino lwemali olupheleleyo: ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuvota kwamanani kunciphisa amaxabiso okushicilela, ezothutho, kunye nokuvota abasebenzi bendawo.
  • Isantya seziphumo: i-Tlyling ikhawulezile, kwaye iziphumo zingapapashwa ngokukhawuleza xa uvo luphela.
  • [[Unikezelo:0] unyuselo lonikezelo: abafundi beSkrini, abacukucezi, kunye nezinye iteknoloji ezincedisayo zingadityaniswa kwiqonga.

Iingozi Zokusasaza I - Internet

Phezu kwayo nje le ngxaki, i-Intanethi yokuvota ihlala ingummandla osebenzayo wophando. Izikolo zelizwe zenzululwazi, zobunjineli, kunye nezonyango zifune imigaqo-mthetho engqongqo enqanda ukucaphuka phambi kokuba yamkeleke ngokubanzi.

5. Ukukhutshwa kweposi (Igalelo lokuthunyelwa)

Uvota lweposi, maxa wambi olubizwa ngokuba luvotelo lwamaposi, luvumela abemi ukuba bafumane ivoti ngeposi, bayigqibelele ekhaya, baze bayibuyisele ``ngeposi okanye kwibhokisi yehlise iposi. Le ndlela iye yanda kakhulu, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo se-COVID, nangona iye yasetyenziswa kangangamashumi eminyaka kumazwe anjenge-Oregon, iWashington, neColorado, apho zonke izinyulo ziqhutywa ngokuyintloko ngeposi.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Abavoti ababhalisweyo bayathunyelwa ipakethe yokuvota, idla ngokuba nento yokuvota esemthethweni, imvulophu yokufihla ngaphakathi, imvulophu yokubuyisa engaphandle eshicilelwe ngegama lomvoti nebhari, kunye nemiyalelo. Umvoti uphawula ibhola yokuvota, uyibeka kwimvulophu efihlakeleyo, uyifake ngaphakathi kwimvulophu ebuyayo, ityikitya i-affidavit ngaphandle, kwaye ithumela okanye uyihlise kwibhokisi yembutho esemthethweni. Xa kubhanki, amagosa onyulo aqinisekisa utyikityo ngokuchasene nengxelo yobhaliso yovoti phambi kokuba kulungiswe.

Inzuzo Yokuthunyelwa kwe-imeyili

  • [[UMTL:0] Uncedo oluphezulu: Abavumi bangaphanda kunye nemibandela ngesantya sabo ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kweeyure zokuvota indawo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ixesha lokucinga: Ukuba nevoloti kwintsuku okanye iiveki phambi kokuba ixesha lokusebenza livumele ukwenza isigqibo ngocoselelo.
  • Umngcipheko wobungozi boburhulumente obucuthekileyo: ukuvota iposi kuphelisa iindawo zokuvota ezixineneyo, ukucutha ukusasazeka kwezigulo ezasulelayo.
  • Irekhodi yomkhondo wesingqinisi: Amazwe anengxelo yonyulo oluphezulu lovoti kwaye ngokungaguqukiyo unyulo oluphezulu. NgokweNgqungquthela yelizwe yemithetho yesizwe , intengo yobuqhetseba ekuvoteleni isezantsi kakhulu.

Iindleko zokukhutshwa kweposi

  • [[FLT: 0] Iposi lilibazisa: inkonzo yeposi ecothayo ingathintela ukufika okanye ukubuyiselwa ngexesha. Iibhola ezisemva azibalwa.
  • i-Ballot ukujija: ukusetyenziswa kwe-imeyili egqunyiweyo okanye egqunywe ngaphandle bubungozi bengcinga, nangona iziganeko zezoqobo zinqabile. Ukhuseleko lwe-cain-of-cuttdy kwibhokisi zokubeka iibhokisi lubalulekile.
  • [[NTL:0] Ufako lobungqina: Usayino aluhambelani lungabangela ukuba ibhola ezimfutshane zilahlwa. Abanye abavoti banobunzima ekunikezeni utyikityo oluzinzileyo, kwaye inkqubo ingasusa abavoti abasemthethweni ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokunyanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphelo zomfihliso: Amalungu entsapho okanye abakhathaleli banganyanzela okanye baphawule indlela umvoti aphawula ngayo ivoti yakhe ekhaya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaxabiso aphezulu aphathekayo: ushicilelo, iposi, kunye nolungiselelo (kuquka utyikityo, ukuvula imvulophu, ukukhangela) anokuba nexabiso eliphezulu kunelokuvota ngevote nganye.

Uvota lweposi ngoku lusembindini kulawulo lonyulo kumazwe amaninzi. IKhomishini yoNkqululo i-U.ELT inikezela ngolona hlobo lobugcisa beposi kwinkqubo zoyilo lwe-odoli kunye netsheyina le-athom-mphu.

Ukujija Okukhethiweyo Okuxhotyisiweyo (RCV)

Uvoto olunyuliweyo olusuka kwenye indawo − lwaziwa nangokuba luvota ngokukhawulezileyo (IRV). Yinkqubo apho abavoti bafumana khona abavoti ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti oza kuvota kuqala lumbalwa, kwaye amavoti abo ahluliwe kwinketho yesibini. Le nkqubo iphinda de kube ngumvoti omnye unqamle umqobo omkhulu.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kuvotethi, abavoti babona uluhlu lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye babela inani lomsebenzi ngamnye (umz. 1, 2, 3). Bangakhetha ukubeka izithuba ezininzi okanye ezimbalwa njengoko bethanda. Ujikelezo luqhubekeka kwimijikelezo: okokuqala, bala zonke iivoti zokuqala. Ukuba umvotelwa ufumana ngaphezulu kwe 50%, baphumelele. Ukuba akunjalo, phelisa umvota kunye nevoti ezimbalwa. Kwibhola nganye enomvoti orhoxiweyo njengokhetho lokuqala, ivoti ithumela kumntu olandelayo okwisigaba esiphezulu elugqatsweni. Imijikelezo iyaqhubeka de kube umfumani wemali ephumayo.

Inzuzo Yokhetho Oluqinileyo

  • Isigunyaziso sokufumana i-Majority: Impumelelo ixhaswa (_ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokudluliswa)) ngobuninzi, ukunqanda isiphumo sophango kunye nobhaqo oluzii-intshi ngaphantsi kwama-50%.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusebenza ngeli phulo elilungileyo: amarhafu anentshukumisa yokubhenela kubaxhasi botshaba ukufumana ivoti yesibini, ukunciphisa uhlaselo olungalunganga.
  • umahluko omkhulu ofunekayo: RCV inganciphisa imiqobo yabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu nabazimeleyo, abadla ngokwahlula ivoti phantsi komthetho wokuqala odlulileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uchazo lweVoter:[[FLT: 1] Ivoter zingayichaza ngokunyanisekileyo inkxaso kumntu ozakufumana i-shotrever ngexa usaphembelela isiphumo sokugqibela ngokhetho logcino.

Iingozi Zomsebenzi Wokukhetha

  • Ukuzala:[ Abanye abavoti bafumana idida ephezulu, ikhokelela kwimpazamo zebhola encinane njengendawana enye izihlandlo ezininzi okanye ukuphuma kwamanani. Imfundo enkulu yevoti iyafuneka.
  • Ubalo olusezantsi oluninzi lufuna ixesha lokudibanisa, ingakumbi ngamanani amakhulu abanikezeli. Iinkqubo zobalo lwezandla ziyanzima.
  • Imisebenzi efihlakeleyo yokukhupha: Kunokwenzeka ngomvotisi obengelulo lokuqala abavoti abaninzi ukuphumelela ngenxa yokugqithisa kwabatshati abarhoxisiweyo, abanokuziva bechasana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuvota kusekhona: Izixhobo zokuvota zingangcwaba umchasi onamandla ngokumbeka phantsi, nangona le miphumela icutha ukugqwetha kunendlela yokuninzi.

I-RCV isetyenziswa kwimimandla enjengeMaine, Alaska, kunye nezixeko ezininzi zaseKhalifoniya. Umbutho [[FLT: 0] uFairvote [ abameli bolwandiso lwawo kwaye banika uphando oluneenkcukacha ekuzalisekiseni.

7. Isiphelo: Ukukhetha Indlela Efanelekileyo Yekamva

Akukho nkqubo yovota egqibeleleyo. Indlela nganye ibonisa urhwebo-luphu phakathi kokhuseleko, ufikelelo, isantya, ixabiso, kunye nokuvota. Abavoti bephepha banikela ukuphindwa okungenakuthelekiswa kodwa bazama ngesantya nokufumaneka. Imatshini ze electronic zinika impumelelo kodwa zifuna imilinganiselo enzima yokhuseleko. Uvavanyo lwe-Oucly lwenza umhlaba ophakathi onconyelwa ziingcali ezininzi. Uvoteko luthembisa ukunceda kodwa luphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yokhuseleko. Ukuvota nge-imeyile kungqinela ixabiso lako ekunyuseni ukujika kodwa kufuna ubuchule bokucoca.

Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye nobuchule bufuna ukuguquka, isizukulwana esilandelayo senkqubo yokuvota singadibanisa ezona zinto zingcono zento nganye: imikhondo yephepha engqinelaniswe ngesantya samanani, imidibaniso yomsebenzisi enesivakalisi esiqinileyo, kunye nenxaxheba ekude ngaphandle kokunikezela ngemfihlo ye-obtom. Abaphathi bokhetho mabavavanye ezi ndawo zorhwebo kumongo wabo okhethekileyo, ngalo lonke ixesha benenjongo yokufaka umvoti kwimo-mvume ngexesha ugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Kubo babandakanyeke kwimfundo okanye kwinkqubo, ukuqonda ezi ndlela akuyonto ibalulekileyo nje yemfundo . Ukhetho esilwenzayo ngendlela esiyikhetha ngayo ekugqibeleni indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi. Ngokuqhubeka sifunda, siphikisana, kunye nokuvula iinguqu, sinokwakha unyulo olukhuselekileyo, oluquka, noluthenjiweyo ngakumbi ngummi ngamnye.