UMthetho-siseko omiselwe kunye nokuTyelwa koBurhulumente boLawulo

Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente wase-United States lelona likhulu nelintsokothileyo lecandelo lenkqubo yorhulumente. Lisebenza ngokuthembeka, lisebenzisa abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini, lisebenzisa uninzi lwezijikelezi-langa, lilungisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla babo bonke abaseMelika. Ngelixesha iGatya II loMgaqo-siseko liqala ngamazwi adumileyo, "UMmandla oMphathiswa-mandla Ophezulu uya kubekwa kuMongameli waseUnited States of America," urhulumente wale mihla ephakamileyo wolawulo ufikelela kude lee kwiNdluvo-mhlophe. Ukuqonda indlela uMongameli kunye nentabalala yabameli bamazwe asekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo kubalulekile ukuqhuba iinjongo zolawulo lwaseMelika.

Abaseki babenento yokwenza namandla aphezulu. Amava olawulo lwamakoloni phantsi koKumkani uGeorge III abenza bakrokrele umlawuli onamandla, kodwa ukungaphumeleli kwemiqathango yeNkqutyana kwabonisa imfuneko yamandla, ukugqibelela, kunye nokuphendula kurhulumente. UAlexander Hamilton waphikisa kwi u-Faceralist No. 70[FLT][FLT] [[FLT]] ukuba "ukungavumelani kwintloko yempatho ngumsebenzi ophambili kwinkcazelo karhulumente olungileyo." olu xinzelelo luphakathi kwemfuneko yesigqeqesho esinamandla kunye nenyazo sokunyanzela ukuba iqhubeke i-Melikan systcioce nabalawuli bayo.

Inqaku II: Ilitye Elingumlawuli

UmGaqo-siseko umisa isebe elilawulayo kwinqaku elinye, kodwa amalungiselelo alo ngawona abangela ingxoxo ebanzi kunye nokutolikwa komthetho. Ngokungafaniyo noludwe olunenkcukacha lwamandla olunikwe iCongress kwiGatya I, iGatya II lishwankathela, eliye lavumela amandla obumongameli ukuba anwenwe ngendlela ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingakumbi ngexesha lamanqam.

Ukuhombisa Nokunyamekela UoClaus

Amanani amabini kwinqaku II asebenza njengesiseko samandla obumongameli. [[FLT:] Ukuqinisekisa uClaus [umthetho wokulawula umnika umntu omnye, ukudala i-odoli enegunya. Oku kutolikwa ngabanye njengokunika uMongameli amandla emfuyo angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokungqalileyo. Ukunyamekela u-Claus kuyalela uMongameli ukuba "Awunyamekele uMthetho ukuba ugqitywe ngokuthembeka kwaye usetyenziswe ekuthetheleleni uludwe lwemisebenzi yempatho ephezulu, kuquka ukudalwa kwabameli abatsha kunye nokubekwa kwezicwangciso ezineenkcukacha. Umlinganiselo wezi mithetho yemithetho ye-grona.

Isifungo se-Ofisi

UMgaqo-siseko ufuna uMongameli ukuba enze isifungo esingqalileyo: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwekhono lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele ndize ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States." Esi sifungo sidala imbopheleleko yobuqu, yesiseko somthetho-siseko engaphaya koxinzelelo okanye ingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Indima Nezinto Eziyinyaniso Zokuba Bubongameli Kwale Mihla

UMongameli wase-United States unxibe iminqwazi emininzi, nganye inamandla ahlukeneyo, iimbopheleleko kunye nemiqathango. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi ndima ngokunempumelelo kumisela impumelelo yolawulo.

IGama eliPhezulu

Njengentloko yequmrhu lesebe likarhulumente, uMongameli ujongene nokuvelela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo karhulumente. Oku kuquka ukuphatha i-ofisi enguMphathiswa weNdlu Ephakamileyo, equka i-Ofisi ye-White House kunye ne-Ofisi yoLawulo kunye noHlahlo (OM). UMongameli umisela amaziko ezobupolitika angaphezu kwama-4000, kuquka oonobhala-mabhala-khadi bekhompyutha, neentloko zezikomposiso, ezilindeleke ukuba ziqhube ucwangciso lolawulo. Noko ke, ubungakanani obuphezulu borhulumente wequmrhurhu benza ukuba kungabi nako ukuphatha ngqo, nto ekhokelela ekuthembeni kakhulu kokhokelo lwezikokeli kunye [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [FLT] [2]

Igosa kwiNtloko

UMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwiMikhosi exhobileyo yaseUnited States. Eli gunya mhlawumbi lelona liboyikekayo liyingozi kakhulu ezandleni zomntu omnye. Abaseki banika lo msebenzi kuMongameli wasekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemikhosi yasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa iBhunga linamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, uMongameli unegunya lokuthumela amajoni, ukuqhuba umkhosi, kunye nocwangciso olungqalileyo. Isigqibo semfazwe se-1903 sizama ukuvavanya eli gunya ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga kwiiyure ezingama-48 zomkhosi ozizonobutshaba, kodwa oomongameli basoloko betolika lo mthetho.

Intloko

UMongameli ungoyena mmeli uphambili we-United States kwinqanaba lehlabathi lonke. Le ndima iquka ukuqhubana kwezivumelwano (ngecebiso kunye nokuvuma kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukwamkela oorhulumente bangaphandle, nokungena kwizivumelwano zegunya, ezingafuni ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo ezilawulayo ivunyelwe. UMongameli ukwasebenza njengentloko karhulumente, enika iinkokeli zezobugcisa zamanye amazwe imvume yokuqhuba inkqubo yesivumelwano solawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano eziphezulu kuvumele oomongameli ukuba baqhube inkqubo yezorhwebo ngaphandle kwesizathu, bagqithe inkqubo yesithethe yokwandibaniselwano.

Iqumrhu eliPhathi-mikhosi

UMongameli udlala indima enamandla kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. UMongameli ufuna ukuba adlulisele idilesi yeSizwe se-Union kwiNgqungquthela, enika ithuba lokucebisa ngemimiselo yowiso-mthetho. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, uMongameli unamandla okuthintela umthetho, esisixhobo esinamandla sokuvala umthetho. I-veto eqhelekileyo inokungachaphazeleki kuphela ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kuphela, umgqaliselo ophezulu onqabileyo. Isisongelo nje seveto siyakwazi ukubumba okuqulethwe yimali njengoko behamba behamba kwiBhunga. Oomongameli bale mihla baxhomekeke ku "ukusayina iintetho" ukuchaza kwabo umthetho omtsha, maxa wambi beqinisekisa ukuba amalungiselelo athile aphazamisa amandla olawulo kwaye abangayi kusebenzangasebenzi.

Inkokeli Yeqela Nelizwi Lohlanga

Ngaphandle kweendima zomgaqo-siseko, uMongameli yinkokeli ephambili yeqela labo lezobupolitika. Le ndima ibandakanya ukuqokelela imali, ukuxhakamfula amalungu eqela, nokumisela iqonga lenkqubo yeqela. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli uyalela iqonga elikhethekileyo, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"pulpit," ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukunikela ingqalelo kwe-media, kunye nokukhuthaza abemi ukuba bafune ukucinezela. Eli gunya lingacwangciswanga libaluleke njengegunya elisemthethweni lesiseko.

Izixhobo Zamandla Omongameli

Abalawuli baye bavelisa iqela lezixhobo ezinamandla zokulawula inkqubo engqalileyo nokulawula isebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle kokuba bafune imvume yengqungquthela.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Imiyalelo elawulayo ingumyalelo omiselweyo okhutshwa nguMongameli wokulawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Banamandla omthetho kodwa basekelwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko. Basetyenziselwa ukuzalisekisa inkqubo, ukuseka amaqumrhu amatsha, okanye ukucacisa indlela imithetho emele inyanzelwe ngayo. Ngoxa imithetho elawulayo ilinganiselwe; abanako ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye imali efanelekileyo. Bakwaphantsi kokuhlola okusesikweni kwaye bangapheliswa ngabalawuli bezolawulo.

Amandla okumisela nokususa

Inkqubo yokumisa isithuthi esingundoqo solawulo lomongameli. UMongameli ubeka izithuba zoonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente (kuquka amaJaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo), abameli, kunye namawaka amanye amagosa omgangatho ophezulu, afuna uqinisekiso oluninzi lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Amandla okususa, noko ke, ebeyimbambano esemthethweni engokwenkulungwane. Ityala elingumqondiso [FLT][FLT][FL:1][FLT][FL:2]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [N [iiiindlela] [iiindlela] i-Humphrey ̱ ukukwazi ukususa i-exakelelwa ngaphandle kolawulo olubalulekileyo, i-deko lomthetho. United States[FLT: 35] [12] [FLT: 35] [12] [FFLT:5]]] [12]

Amandla Okufuzisela

Inqaku lesibini linika uMongameli "Amandla okunika uReprievas kunye noPardons ukwenzela ii-Offenses nxamnye ne-United States, ngaphandle kokuba kuthethwa ngeemeko zokungaquququzeleli. Eli gunya ligqibelele kwaye alikwazi ukukhangelwa yiBhunga okanye iinkundla. Lisebenza kulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwana lwaseburhulumenteni kwaye livumela ukuxolelwa ngokupheleleyo, ukukhupha izigwebo, nokuxolelwa kwemali entle. Uxolelo lusoloko lusetyenziswa ukulungisa okungekho sikweni okanye ukukhuthaza ukuphilisa kwesizwe, kodwa lukwanokudidelwa kakhulu xa lusetyenziswa kumahlakazeli ezobupolitika.

Ulawulo loBurhulumente: Ukwakhiwa

Isebe elilawulayo lisisiseko sesebe elilawulayo. Linembopheleleko ekumilisweni nasekunyanzelweni komthetho wesizwe. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo yonke imihla.

AmaSebe eKhabhinethi

Isebe elilawulayo le-15 lenza umganyana wegunya lesizwe. Ngamnye ukhokelwa nguNobhala (uSosiba jikelele weSebe loBulunga) okhonza kwiSebe loMongameli. La masebe asingatha iindawo ezibanzi zolawulo, kuquka uRhulumente, uNxanduva, uLawulo, uMasipala, uLimo, uLimo, uHlanganiso, uBuxhakamfuli, i-Orthorial kunye neNkonzo Yoluntu, i-Orbacter Development, i-Energy, iProcess, iPrication, iVters Affans, kunye noKhuselo lwaseHomeland. Le mibutho emikhulu isebenzisa amakhulu amawaka abantu, i-Roperandssssss programation, kunye noKhuselo lweekholi.

Ingxamiseko yolawulo oluphezulu oluzimeleyo

Ngaphandle kwamasebe ali-15 kukho amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo anikela ingxelo ngqo kuMongameli. La masebe aquka i-Agency yoNcutshe ePhakathi (CIA), i-National Aeronautics kunye nolawulo lwe-Space (NASA), i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), kunye ne-Epace Bunglican (SBA). Imeko yawo yokuzimela isoloko ibonisa imfuneko yogxininiso olukhethekileyo okanye ukukhutshwa kwezobupolitika ezikwimigangatho yekhabhinethi, nangona ehlala eqinile phantsi kolawulo lomongameli.

IiKhomishini zoLawulo oluzimeleyo

Ezi ntlanganiso zenzelwe ukuba zizimele kulawulo lomongameli. Abameli basebenza ngokungenalusini, kubuchule kunye nobulungisa kwiindawo ezinobunono. Baquka iKhomishini yoBungameli kunye ne-Exchange (SEC), iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano loManyano-Mkhosi (FCC), iKhomishini yeFederal Tradement Commission (FTC), kunye neFederal Reservement. Abameli basebenza ngaphandle kobuchule, amagama asisigxina, kwaye banokususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu (umsebenzi, ukutyeshelwa komsebenzi, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-mastiance), njengoko kumiselwe HYPHM&8; i-Exectator. Le mithetho isebenza ngokungqalileyo kwezobupolitika kunye nezigqizo ze-omatshini.

Amaqumrhu karhulumente

Eminye imisebenzi karhulumente imiswe njengemibutho evumela ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo nolusebenza kakuhle. Le iquka i-United States Postal Service (USPS), i-Amtrak (iSizwe samaMonday Railtray Corporation), kunye neGunya leNtlambo yaseTennessee (TEN), ngoxa iphethwe ngurhulumente wesizwe, isebenza ngeqondo lokuzimela ngokwayo kwimiqathango esesikweni kunye neenkqubo zabasebenzi.

Inkqubo Yolawulo: Indlela Imigaqo Yolawulo

Amaziko asebenza ngomanyano awaphumeleli nje kuphela imithetho; enza inkqubo. Inkqubo ayenzayo ngayo oku ilawulwa nguMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) ka-1946, omisela imithetho yokwenza imithetho, ukubhalisa, nokunyanzelisa.

Isaziso noMthetho wokuphendula

Xa iKhomishini ikhupha umthetho, isoloko inemiyalelo ebanzi. Ifuna abameli banelise iinkcukacha ngemimiselo. I-APA ifuna ukuba abameli balandele inkqubo ethile "imithetho ekhethekileyo": kufuneka bapapashe isaziso somthetho obekwe phantsi (NPRM) kwi [[FLT: 0] Register [[FLD]] , ukwamkela amagqabaza, baqwalasele loo magqabaza, baze bapapashe umthetho wokugqibela kunye neempendulo ezibalulekileyo. Le nkqubo "intengi kunye nenkcazelo" yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokuqiqalisela izigqibo. Yindlela yokuqala yorhulumente ebangela imiqathango yoshishino, imithetho elawulayo yezoshishino.

Ukunyanzeliswa nokugwetywa

I-Arhente zikwanyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente. I-EPA ingakhupha ityala longcoliso; i-SEC ingazisa izityholo zobuqhetseba bokungaqiniseki; i-DoJ imangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamagunya. Amasebe amaninzi akwanamajaji omthetho olawulo (ALJ) ashwankathela iingxwabangxwaba phakathi kwesebe namaqela azimeleyo. Olu manyano lowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nemicimbi yokugweba kwisebe elinye lusoloko lugxekwa njengokuchasana kokwahlulwa kwamagunya kodwa luye lwaxhaswa kakhulu ziinkundla phantsi kwemfuneko yolawulo lwale mihla.

Ulawulo lobuMongameli loBurhulumente boManyano

Ucelomngeni olungundoqo lolawulo lwangoku kukuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu elikhulu, elisisigxina lesebe lesizwe lisabela kwimigaqo ephambili yooMongameli abanyuliweyo. Oomongameli basebenzisa izixhobo eziliqela zokulawula.

Ukutyunjwa Kwezobupolitika Nenkqubo Yemvula

Amandla okuxhasa avumela uMongameli ukuba abeke ama-asts kwindawo ezingundoqo kulo lonke urhulumente. UMthetho we-Pendleton ka-1883 wadala umsebenzi ofanelekileyo osekelwe kumsebenzi wabemi, ulinganisela inani leendawo ezinokugcwaliswa ngokumiswa kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, uMongameli usamisela ukhokelo oluphezulu lwesebe ngalinye kunye nombutho, eqinisekisa ukuba umbutho ngamnye uneqela lolawulo lwezopolitiko elihlangene nolawulo. I-White House of Presidential Service Vets kwaye ucebisa abasebenzi belo.

I-Ofisi yolawulo noHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali (OMB)

I-OMB ngokufanelekileyo yesona sixhobo sinamandla sokulawula umongameli. Ilungisa uqingqo-mali lukaMongameli, olumisela amaqondo emali kwisebe ngalinye kunye nenkqubo nganye. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-OMB ihlola wonke umthetho ocetyisiweyo kunye nemigaqo evela kumaqumrhu ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba "kucaciswe kwe-"Nkakhulu". Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zombutho ziyavisisana nemigaqo-nkqubo yomphathi kunye nezinto eziphambili. Umsebenzi wohlolo lwemali, owenziwe kwi-OMB, ogcinwe kwi-Ofire yolwazi neMicimbini yezo-Regatories (OIRA), uye waba lindlu elisembindini lokucoca ulawulo lolawulo lwe-rhulumente.

Imiyalelo yegunya kunye nokucocwa okusembindini

AbaPhathiswa bale mihla basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukumisela inkqubo yokunqumla isebe eliphetheyo. Umzekelo, umyalelo olawulayo ungafuna ukuba abameli baqwalasele iindleko neengenelo zemimiselo okanye basuse imimiselo emibini ekhoyo kwimali nganye entsha ekhutshweyo. Le miyalelo yenza isakhiwo apho onke amaqumrhu kufuneka asebenze kuso, inika iHoweli emhlophe isixhathiso esinamandla phezu kweli gunya lolawulo.

Ukuphendula nokukhangela kumandla olawulo

Isebe elilawulayo alingomntu ozimeleyo. Lisebenza phakathi komGaqo-siseko, iimfuno zomthetho, kunye neengcinezelo zezobupolitika ezilungiselelwe ukugcina ukuphenduliswa nokuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga libamba izihlalo zemali namandla okuphanda. Inkqubo yokuphanda ivumela iNgqungquthela ukuba ixhase, inciphe, okanye ithintele imisebenzi yamasebe athile. Iikomiti zeBhunga zithwala ukuchonga ukuqwalasela izenzo zomaziko, zimeme amagosa ukuba angqine, kunye namaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-topina. IBhunga likwasebenzisa amandla alo "evice kunye nemvume" phezu kwemijukujelwa, nto leyo enokuba luvavanyo olunamandla kubuchule boMongameli bokubumba i-ofisi.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zihlola izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana nomGaqo-siseko kunye nemimiselo karhulumente. Phantsi kwe-APA, abantu ngabanye namaqela abenzakalayo linyathelo lombutho banokuyibeka ecaleni. Iinkundla ziya kuphelisa izenzo zowiso-mthetho "ezingathanga zize zijike," zigqithe igunya lomthetho-mthetho, okanye zigatye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha okokugqibela kumgangatho wamandla olawulo, njengoko kuboniswe kwiimeko ezifana [[[FLTL:0] ulutsha olunomowrite & Tube Co. s. Sawyer [1952], eyagatya ukuphazanyiswa kwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea.

IiNjongo zangaphakathi: Abahloli Jikelele neGAO

Isebe ngalinye elikhulu lino-Ofisi yeNkqutyana Jikelele (IG) esebenza njengelungu eligadayo langaphakathi, iphicotha iinkqubo zokuhlola iinkqubo nokuphanda inkunkuma, ukuqhatha, kunye nokuxhaphaza. I-IGs izizimele ngaphakathi kumasebe azo kwaye inikela ingxelo ngqo kwintloko yombutho kunye neBhunga. I-Ofisi-tyala yoRhulumente (GAO) yi-ofisi engeyocalucalulo esebenzela iBhunga. Ihlola iinkqubo, ivavanya kwaye ikhupha izigqibo ezisemthethweni zokusebenza kwemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, inika ulawulo oluzimeleyo lwesebe eliphetheyo.

Uphando lukawonke wonke nolokusetyenziswa kwamajelo eendaba

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inika uluntu kunye nomatshini wokushicilela ilungelo lokufikelela kwiingxelo zombutho worhulumente, ikhuthaza ukuba cace. Uphando lobundisholo-manani lunendima ebalulekileyo ekutyhileni ukuziphatha okubi, ukungafezeki, nokungaphumeleli kwemigaqo kwisebe elilawulayo. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo yokunyulwa kusebenza njengovavanyo olupheleleyo; uMongameli ophulukana nentembelo kawonke wonke ulahlekelwa ngamandla akhe okulawula kwaye angavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla sakhe.

Imbambano Eqhubekayo Kwisebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo le-United States liyisifundo esichaseneyo. Kodwa liyiofisi enye, kodwa lijonge igosa elikhulu elinobugorha elifanelekileyo. Liyilelwe ukuba libe namandla nenyathelo elibalulekileyo, kodwa libotshelelwe ngezixhobo zezobupolitika ezikhokelwa ligosa elilawulayo, kodwa lilawulwa yiingcali zemisebenzi yempatho-mandla enxulumene nokungabikho kobupolitika. Imbono yeqela elilawulayo elinamandla kodwa elinyanzelwayo ihlala iyinkqubo ekhokelayo, kodwa iye yanwetywa yaza yaphinda yalungiswa ngemfuno yegunya elikhulu lomhlaba wonke. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabemi, ukuqonda okunzulu kwelisebe akuthethi nje ukuba ngubani uMongameli, kodwa kuqonda ukuba umatshini oguqula ulawulo lwezobupolitika luza kusenza umsebenzi woluntu.