Ngokungathandabuzekiyo isebe eliphetheyo lelona xhatha libonakalayo nelinamandla likarhulumente wanamhlanje, elijongene nokuguqulela injongo yowiso-mthetho kwisenzo esibonakalayo kwaye lisebenze njengomlawuli oyintloko wesizwe. EUnited States, eli sebe alingombutho wamagosa nje kuphela kodwa liyintlangano entsonkothileyo, entsonkothileyo, edibanisa ulawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nemisebenzi ebanzi yolawulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo, amandla, kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela idemokhrasi ezizilawula ngayo, inyanzelela imithetho yayo, kwaye isabela kwimingeni yoorhulumente kunye nezizwe ngezizwe. Eli nqaku linika uphando olubanzi lwezo kuphando lwesebe eliphetheyo, imisebenzi engundoqo, ulawulo lwezentlalo, ulawulo lwezinzo, kunye nokuhlola oko kuxhomekeke kwigunya layo.

Ukuchaza Isebe Elinegunya Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo lilelinye lamasebe amathathu alinganayo karhulumente kwinkqubo yokwahlulwa kwamandla, ecaleni kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe agwebayo. Ityala lawo eliphambili lomGaqo-siseko likwi- unyanzeliso kwaye lisebenzisa imithetho ewiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngelixesha indlu yowiso-mthetho ibhala imithetho kunye nesebe elilawulayo liyitolika, isebe elilawulayo liyibeka kwisiphumo ngenethwekhitshana elikhulu lesebe, abameli, nabaphathi-mikhosi.

EUnited States, isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesebe elilawulayo siSigqeba II soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. esithi sifake igunya elilawulayo kuMongameli omnye. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente ezifunyenwe kwezinye idemokhrasi ezininzi, apho umphathi ophezulu ekhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, uMongameli unyulwa ngokuzimeleyo kwaye usebenza ngexesha elisisigxina leminyaka emine. Le nkqubo idala ukwahlulwa ngokwahlukileyo kwamandla, ikhuthaza ukuzimela kunye noxanduva phakathi kwamasebe. Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa, ukukhula kweminyango yekhabhinethi eqekelelwa kwilizwe eliqeshiweyo eliqeshe abaqeqeshiweyo.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yesebe elinoLawulo oluphezulu

Isebe elilawulayo lenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya komthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho nokusetyenziswa

Xa iNgqungquthela idlulisa umthetho kwaye uMongameli ewuchazayo, isebe eliphetheyo lijongene nokuphunyezwa kwalo. Oku kubandakanya ukuphuhlisa imimiselo, ukugada, nokuthatha izenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuba kufuneka. Amasebe angundoqo anjengo iEnvronmental Protegial Agency (EPA) okanye [[FLT:] i-Administration [FF] [FLT] [FLT]] iguqulela imimiselo ebanzi kwimithetho elawula imicimbi, ikhusela impilo kawonke, kunye nokukhusela imekobume. Umthetho uquke umsebenzi weSebe lezomthetho, oyenzisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, nookanye nemibutho ehlola i-FFFOLC, ejonge ngokunzulu indlela emiswe ngayo imimiselo yemithetho yemithetho ye-Octive. [FFFF:]

Ukuqhuba Inkqubo Yasemzini Nokungakhathalelwa

UMongameli usebenza njengonozakuzakuzaku omkhulu welizwe nomphathi wephondo. Isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokulawula ulwalamano noorhulumente bamanye amazwe, ukuqhubana kwezivumelwano (ezifuna iNdlu yeeNtsimi), ukusayina izivumelwano zolawulo, ukumela i-United States kwiintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nokukhusela abemi baseMerika kwamanye amazwe. ISebe loRhulumente, elikhokelwa nguNobhala-Rhulumente weSizwe, lingumthombo ophambili wolawulo lwezolawulo, ngelixa iBhunga loKhuselo lwesizwe liquququzelela inkqubo yokukhusela, ubukrelekrele, kunye namaziko ezoqoqosho. Amandla oMongameli e-omongameli wokwazisa oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, anika impembelelo enkulu yesebe eliphetheyo eMelika ehlabathini lonke.

Idinga lamagosa oManyano

UMongameli unegunya lokutyumba abantu ngokwezikhundla eziphambili kurhulumente wesizwe, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente (kuquka amaJaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo), iinduna, kunye neentloko zamasebe azimeleyo. La malungiselelo aphantsi kwesiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa , ukulungiselela uhlolo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo. Inkqubo yokutyunjwa iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli abumba umgaqo wolawulo kodwa afune ukuvumelana nesebe le-profile. Ukongeza kwimibutho ephezulu, isebe eliphetheyo lenzelela inkonzo yempatho enika ulawulo oluqhubekayo nobuchule obuphambili.

ULawulo loHlahlo-mali kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo

Isebe elilawulayo lidlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe. I-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OM), inxalenye ye-Ofisi yeSigqeba sikaMongameli, ilungiselela izicelo zoMongameli zonyaka, ezichaza izinto eziphambili, izigqibo zemali, kunye neenkqubo zenkqubo. Ngeli xesha iBhunga linamandla okukhupha ipaji yoHlahlo-mali kwaye kufuneka lidlulise iindleko-mali, uqingqo-mali lwemali lucwangcise ummiselo wemimiselo kunye neempembelelo zemali yesizwe. UMongameli angachaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali, enika izindululo zemali ezikhoyo zemali kuqikelezo lwabiwo-mali. [[FLT] [FLD:2]

Umyalelo womkhosi nokhuseleko lwesizwe

UMgaqo-siseko umisela uMongameli njenge iCommander-in-Chief yemikhosi exhobileyo. Oku kunika isebe eliphetheyo igunya lokuyalela imisebenzi yomkhosi, ukuthumela imikhosi, kwaye kulathisa iSebe lokhuselo. Noko ke, amandla okubhengeza imfazwe ahlala neBhunga, edala uxanduva lwemithetho-siseko exatyisiweyo edlalwayo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelikalikalika. Isigqibo semfazwe se-1903 sizama ukucacisa umlinganiselo ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga phakathi kweeyure ezingama-48, amajoni arhoxelele imikhosi emfazweni ade ade ade ade ade adlule iintsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga liqhubeke. Ekuqhubeni kwezenzo, oomongameli bobabini baye baqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi ngaphandle kokubhengeza komthetho wemfazwe, benza lo msebenzi owewo ulawulo lwesizwe.

Isakhiwo kunye nolungiselelo lwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo lingumbutho omkhulu nomaleko. Kwincopho yalo kukho uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli, oxhaswa ngabasebenzi beHome yabamhlophe kunye ne-Ofisi yeSebe eliLawulayo yoMongameli. Ngaphantsi kwabo kukho amasebe eKhabhinethi, amasebe azimeleyo, kunye nenkonzo yengingqi yezorhulumente esisigxina.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli uyintloko enyuliweyo karhulumente norhulumente, ekhonza ixesha elineminyaka emine elinamagama amabini ngaphantsi koMphengululo wama-22. Amagunya angoMongameli aquka ukukhupha umthetho, ukukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo, ukukhupha intethelelo, nokumisela amagosa karhulumente. UMongameli ongumongameli ungumphathi-mikhosi wesibini ophezulu ophezulu, okhonza njengoMongameli weCante (ngokuvota ngeqhina) kwaye uthatha i-Censaster ukuba uMongameli uyafa, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa emsebenzini. Umongameli-Oyena mongameli ukwaba uthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yokhuseleko lwesizwe neyongameli njengesitshixo somphathi-mikhosi.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi inababhali bamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njengeBhunga, uBungakanani, Ukhuselo, Ubulungisa, Ummandla Wezangaphakathi, Urhwebo, Imisebenzi, Impilo NeeNkonzo Zoluntu, Izakhiwo Nenkqubela-phambili, Izakhono, Imfundo, iMicimbi yeVeterans Affairs, kunye noKhuseleko lwaseHomeland). Amalungu eKhabhinethi atyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiNdlu. Bacebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi yezomthetho kwimimandla yabo ekwimimandla yabo ehlukeneyo kwaye bajonge amaziko amakhulu ajonge ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente. IKhabhinethi ikwaquka namanye amagosa aphezulu njengoMongameli noMphathi weNdlundyelo weNdlu.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli (EOP)

Idalwe ngowe-1939, i-EOP iquka abasebenzi abafutshane boMongameli kunye namaqumrhu angundoqo enkxaso. I-EOP iqulathe i-Ofisi yeNdlu ekufuphi noMongameli uSocileli wamaStaff, iNtloko yoKhuseleko lweSizwe, uNobhala woMngcingo, nabanye abancedayo ekuyilungiseni inkqubo, ukulawula unxibelelwano, nokusebenzisana konxibelelwano. I-EOP ikwane-OP equlukweni loLawulo noHlawulo, iBhanki ye-Edviser, iBhunga loKhuselo lwezenteko, iBhunga loMkhosi weSizwe, kunye ne-Ostalamsi-O-Tradenti, phakathi kwabanye. I-EOP ivumela uMongameli ukuba asebenze ngempembelelo kulawulo oluthe kratyayo.

Amasebe omanyano, iiPhondo, neNkonzo yeSizwe

Ngaphaya kweKhabhinethi, isebe eliphetheyo liquka amakhulu amasebe, iikhomishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Amanye asebenza kumasebe (umz., iFBI phakathi kweSebe leJaji), ngoxa amanye engamaqumrhu azimeleyo (umz., i- I-CIAntelligente (IS)[FL:1], i-[FLT], i-FEderal Reserve [, i-[FLT], i-NASA). Umsebenzi wezempawumbini uquka abasebenzi abaqeshwe ngokusekelwe kwinkqubela yezolawulo ze-ofisi zeSebe. Ezi zibonelelo zobugcisa, ulwazi, nokusebenza komsebenzi woburhulumente ofanelekileyo kulawulo oluya kurhulumente.

Ukhokelo Nesigqibo Esenziwa kwisebe elinolawulo

Ubukhokeli phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo abupheleli kuMongameli kuphela. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo kuwo onke amanqanaba ngezantsi ukusuka kwi-Oval ofisi ukuya kwigosa lesebe lombutho. Ukuqonda indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, ziphenjelelwe, kwaye zinyanzelwe ngayo kubaluleke ekuqondeni indima yesebe eliphetheyo.

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo soMongameli

Abalawuli baxhomekeke kwinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokwenza izigqibo ezilandelayo. Oku kubandakanya iintlanganiso nabaququzeleli abaphambili, becela imisebenzi neenzuzo ezivela kwiBhunga loKhuseleko lwesizwe okanye abasebenzi benkqubo yasekhaya, kunye nokubandakanya iKhomishini yeNgqungquthela kunye namaqela enza izilangazelelo. Iimo zesigqibo ezisesikweni ziquka [[ imodeli yokwahlula umenzi wemo we-athorn [ [iiindlela yokulungisa] kunye neengenelo zokukhetha eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokukhetha indlela yokukhetha), imodeli yezobupolitika imodeli yohlobo lwezopolitiki kunye nohlobo lobukhokeli obusetyenziswa ngalo. "indlela yokuqhuba i-hFLT]

Indima Yabasebenzi NeKhabhinethi

UMongameli uxhaswa luthungelwano lwabaququzeleli abanikela ubuchule kwimicimbi yasekhaya, yezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko. Indlu emhlophe enguNtloko yoMongameli ilawula ucwangciso lwe-staff kwaye ilawula ukufikelela, ngokunamandla ukulungiselela okokuba kufike kuMongameli. Ukhuseleko lwesizwe lulungelelanisa icebiso lemithetho yamanye amazwe. Oonobhala beKhabhinethi baxhasa iinkonzo zabo eziphambili, ngamanye amaxesha bekhuphisana ngemiba yoovimba bezinto kunye nengqalelo lomongameli. Izixhobo eziphakathi kwabasebenzi bendlu emhlophe kunye nekhabhinethi zinokuvelisa izisombululo okanye umlo wezono. Oomongameli kufuneka balungele ukuxhomekeka kwimiqathango enganyuselwanga emhlophe (ongoyena banyani basoloko bengenazobuchule bokusebenza kwelungu eliphantsi kwezifundo ezinzulu) kubaphathi-klabsterns (abaxhasa iprojenti abasebenza ngokuzileyo kodwa abazimeleyo).

Impembelelo Yeembono Zabantu Namajelo Onxibelelwano

Oomongameli baluphaphele kakhulu uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngenxa yokuba bajamelana nonyulo ngamaxesha athile kwaye bafuna inkxaso kawonke-wonke ukuqhubela phambili ucwangciso lwabo. Ukrwelelo logcino-lwazi, ukupapasha ijelo lonxibelelwano lolawulo, kunye nenkqubo yezentlalo-ntle yoluntu lungabumba izigqibo zolawulo, ukusuka kwinkqubo eziphambili ukuya kunxibelelwano olumaxokelelwano. Iqonga lokuxhuzulana --iadentipr linamandla lokulawula inkxalabo yesizwe . "isisixhobo esinamandla sokumisela iingxubeko kunye neengxoxo ezididanisayo. Ngoko, amajelo-mente asebenza njengesixhobo sokuhlola isikhululo, nokuvavanyanisa izenzo zolawulo, nokubamba abaphathi babaphathi abanetyala. Umjikelezo weeyure ezingama-24 zeyure kunye nokunyuka konxibelelwano lwezi-mishini zixhobo zekhompyutha zekhompyutha zenziwe liloliwe wenze icebo lokunxibelela ubuchule lonxibelelwano loburhulumente.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nokhokelo Olunegunya

Iinkokeli ezilawulayo zijongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo oluvavanya ubuchule bazo bokwenza izigqibo. ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthe vetshe kwiKhonklare kunye nebutho labantu lingenza inyathelo lowiso-mthetho elingunobuchule, abalawuli abanyanzelisayo ukuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezinokuthi zijongene neengxaki ezisemthethweni. Iingxaki ze-engxaki ze-ekhompyutha[[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [inqa] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiimeko] [iiiiimeko zoburhulumente] [[FLT:] [iiiiiiiiindlela yokulawula] ezimeleyo, iimfazwe, iimfazwe, iimfazwe zobuphektrojiko] ngexesha elithekileyo lomthetho-mthetho wezizwe. [Ftmotement: [Brectiontiatic:], ingscricriactic , i

Ikhangela kumandla olawulo

Ngaphandle kwamagunya amakhulu, isebe eliphetheyo liphantsi kovavanyo olubalulekileyo oluvela kwamanye amasebe nakubadlali abangaphandle. Le miqathango isekelwe kwinkqubo yamaMelika karhulumente olinganiselweyo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo ngokuvalwa, uphando, iipakethe, namandla engxowa-mali. IiKomiti zingabiza amagosa aphetheyo ukuba anikele ubungqina ngemigaqo nangezenzo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukubekwa kunye nezivumelwano inika iBhunga uvavanyo oluthe ngqo. IBhunga lingakhupha umthetho wokumisela igunya eliphetheyo, ukulawula umongameli, kwaye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukungamkeli uMongameli, uMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa asekuhlaleni. Ukhuphelo lwamaZibonelelo oMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[FLT]]] iinkcukacha ezi zikwezi zimvavanyo kuMgaqo-siseko weSigqeqesho I nowe II.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano, kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zinamandla okuvakalisa izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingavumelaniyo okanye ezichasene nomthetho wesizwe. Imithetho iyakucel'ilwa imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu, imimiselo yamaqumrhu, okanye izigqibo zomongameli ziqhelekile. Ijaji inika ifocum, amaphondo, kunye neZiko lokuvavanya ukuphamba. Amatyala anjenge- umgangatho ongaphantsi we-'i-'i-'i-Promot' ne-omforf's' (1952)] kunye ne-United States.[FLT][FLT][FF:3] [197]) aqinise umgaqo wokuba uMongameli umgangatho akaphezulu komthetho.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

UMgaqo-siseko uvumela iNdlu yabameli ukuba ityumbe uMongameli nge-"Isizathu, Ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye izityholo eziphezulu kunye nezininzi" Emva kokuchotshelwa kwevoti enkulu, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ibamba ityala kwaye inokumcinezela ize imsuse uMongameli ngenani elizii-3 ezimbini. Eli gunya linguvavanyo olupheleleyo lwemithetho, nangona lingafane lisetyenziswe kwaye lingasetyenziswa kakhulu kwezobupolitika.

Uluntu lwaseburhulumenteni

I-ofisi yamaphephandaba ekhululekileyo isebenza njengenja egadayo, iphanda kwaye inikela ingxelo ngemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Abavuli-mpuluswayo phakathi kwesebe bangabhenca ukuziphatha okubi. Amaqela anomdla, imibutho engeyoyamarhulumente, kunye noluntu ludlala indima ekugcineni isebe eliphetheyo linendima yokuba liphendule ngokusetyenziswa kobuchule, ukuphehlwa, kunye noxinzelelo lonyulo.

Ingqikelelo yeNkcubeko: Ulawulo lweSigqeba saseU.S. kwiNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso

Isebe elilawulayo lase-U.S. liyinkqubo yobumongameli, ephawulwa ngumlawuli oyintloko onyuliweyo ongafuni ntembelo kumthetho ukuba ahlale eofisini. Oku kuyaphikisana neenkqubo zepalamente (umz., iUnited Kingdom, i-Indiya) apho umphathi-omphathi-nkulu kunye nomphathi-khabhathi-ndlu (umz.i-ofisi) ekhutshwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye inokususwa ngokuvota okungenantembelo. Ukuqonda oku kubangela ukuba abalawuli bepalamente bamanyane ngakumbi nendlu yowiso-mthetho, kuphumele inkqubo ekhawulezileyo kodwa imigaqo eyahlulayo amagunya. Okunye ukutshintsha okuquka iinkqubo ze-premiliancesssssssssssss (umz., iFransi) apho umongameli kunye nomlungiseleli-nkulu wesebe abalawulayongameli banokubonakalisa isizathu sokuba bafumane i-ogqweqwele-ode. U.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nenkqubo Yokulawula

Isebe eliphetheyo liye latshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngowe-1789. Ukwanda kwelizwe elilawulayo, unyuko lwezixhobo zokhuseleko lwesizwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye nokunyuka kokuntsonkotha kolawulo lwehlabathi lonke kuye kwandisa onke amandla olawulo oluphezulu. Abalawuli ngoku banikezela ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nombutho womongameli we-trandada ukuba baphumele i-gript, beqinisekisa ulawulo lomthetho wesizwe, kunye nenkqubo engqalileyo yamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwegalelo eliqhelekileyo. Oku kubangele ukuqhutyelwa kwengxoxo eqhubekayo ngolungelelwano lwamandla, kunye nabagxeki "i-preziesmedies" kunye nabakhuseli bemingxutyiso-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, besithiwa ukuba ulawulo oluphezulu luyimfuneko kwihlabathi eliyingozi.

Ubugcisa bubeka amathuba kunye nomngcipheko: ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunye namandla okuhlola kusenokunyusa ukhuseleko lwesizwe kodwa kukwasongela inkululeko yabemi. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimandundu kunye nokuhlaselwa kwekhompyutha kufuna iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezivavanya amagunya akhoyo. Okwangoku, imigudu yokulungisa inkonzo karhulumente nokunciphisa ingqiqo yezopolitiko iyaqhubeka iphikisana nezobupolitika. Isebe elilawulayo lexesha elizayo liza kuphenjelelwa yile ngxaki phakathi kwempumelelo, ukuphendula ityala, nemiqathango yesiseko.

Isiphelo

Isebe elilawulayo yinjini karhulumente, iphumeza imithetho, ilawula ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, iyalela umkhosi, ilawula uqoqosho lwesizwe. Ukhokelo lwalo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zintsonkothile, ezibandakanya uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, abasebenzi bendlu emhlophe, kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu karhulumente. Ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo linamandla amakhulu, lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okulungiselelwe ukukhusela ukuqhatha. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yalo, ukwakhiwa, kunye nocelomngeni lubalulekile kuye nawuphi na ummi ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wabo. Njengoko iUnited States ijongeneengcinezelo entsha neyomhlaba wonke, isebe eliphetheyo liya kuqhubeka lisenza kuvume, lifuna ukuhlanganiswa nobuchule obunolwazi nobuchule bokukhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.