Table of Contents

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyenye yezona mpikiswano zibalulekileyo ezithi zibhenqwe kumalungelo okuvota kwimbali yaseMerika. Ukukhuthazwa ngoJulayi 1, 1971, emva kokunconywa yiBhunga ngoMatshi 23, 1971, olu tshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-21 ukuya kweyi-18 ubudala, ngokusisiseko luguqula unyulo lwamaMerika kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawulezileyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nokunyanzela okuqhubeka nanamhlanje.

Ukuhamba kwentengiso kumele ngaphezu kotshintsho lobugcisa ekuvoteni qha, kwaquka utshintsho olunzulu kwindlela ibutho lamaMelika elibujonga ngayo ubuchule babantu abaselula bokwenza ulawulo lwe-demokhrasi. Kodwa nangona oku kuphumelelw'ophawu olubalaseleyo, amashumi eminyaka alandela ukwenziwa kwezixhobo ezizinzileyo aye atyhila ucelomngeni oluzinzileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abavoti abaselula banokuwasebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amalungelo abo esiseko, ukwenza ulungiso lwezinziso olungamashumi amabini anesithandathu lube sesiseko esiphakathi kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ebhekisa kumavoti kunye novoti-gququ.

Imeko yembali: Indlela Eya KuMthetho ohlaziyiweyo Wamashumi Amabini anesithandathu

Ubuchule Bangaphambili NeMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ngokuthotywa kweminyaka yokuthotywa kwezivumelwano ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaqalwa izindululo ezininzi zobuKhongolo ukulingana nexesha lokuvota nexesha lokufumana intengiso. Oku kungenabulungisa okusisiseko kwakucacile: Abafana babenokunyanzeleka ukuba bakhonze ilizwe labo ekulweni, kodwa babengenalo igunya lokukhetha iinkokeli ezazenza izigqibo ngemfazwe noxolo. Intetho yabonisa imvelaphi yazo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa uMongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt wathoba isigaba se-18, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho ukungahambi komkhosi ngokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko ezakubakho kamashumi eminyaka.

Phezu kwalona mandla aphambili, amagosa ahlukeneyo karhulumente aye axhasa ukuthoba ixesha lokuvota phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, kodwa akazange akwazi ukufumana uqhubeko lomthetho olufunekayo ekudluliseleni utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Lo mba wahlala ukho kwinkcazo yezopolitiko zesizwe ukutyhubela iminyaka yee-1950 kunye nasekuqaleni koo1960, imbalwa kuphela imimandla ethatha inyathelo elizimeleyo ukuthoba iminyaka yabo yokuvota.

Imfazwe YaseVietnam Njengeyona Ibalulekileyo

Imfazwe yeVietnam yaguqula ingxoxo yexesha lokuvota yasuka kwingxoxo ethethwayo yaba yinto engxamisekileyo yokuziphatha. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, inkxaso kawonke-wonke yokuhlisa ixesha elincinane lovota yanda njengoko imikhosi exhobileyo yase-U. yabandakanyeka ngqo ekukhuseleni uMzantsi Vietnam ukusuka kuMntla Vietnam kunye nemikhosi yeViet Cong Guerilla. Njengoko ukungenelela kwamaMerika kunye nengxwelerha zanda, ukuphikisana kwaba yinto engenakuhoywa.

Malunga nama-30 ekhulwini emikhosi yaseVietnam yayingaphantsi kwe 21, kwaye ingaphezulu kwe19,000, okanye phantse isiqingatha, sabo babefe kwisenzo apho babengaphantsi kweshumi elinesibini.

"Ndala ngokwaneleyo ukuba ilwe, indala ngokwaneleyo ukuvota" yaba siteketiso esiqhelekileyo sabaxhasi bokunciphisa ixesha lokuvota. Esi sibhengezo sentlanganiso savakala kwiikoleji, kwimibutho yokuqhankqalaza, yaye ekugqibeleni kwiiholo zeBhunga ngokwalo. Isiqubulo saveza impikiswano elula kodwa enamandla ngemigaqo esesikweni neyolawulo-moya eyangqineka kunzima kubachasi ukuba baphikisane nayo.

ISebe leMidlalo eBanzi neMidlalo yoLutsha

Inyathelo lokuthoba isizukulwana sokuvota lalingeyonkonzo yasemkhosini kuphela. Ubuchule budibanisa ukukhula kwenkxaso yeminyaka esezantsi yokuvota nendima yabantu abaselula kwindima yabo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu kunye neminye imibutho yokuguqula intlalo kunye nezobupolitika kwiminyaka yee-1950 kunye nemi-60. AmaMelika aselula ayebonisa ubuntlola bezobupolitika kunye nokuzibophelela kwawo ngesenzo sobumkhosi, iimbono ezicelw ’ umngeni zokukulungela kwawo ukuba ngummi opheleleyo.

Ukwanda kwenani labaphumeleleyo kwisikolo esiphezulu kunye nokufumana kwabantu abaselula ulwazi lwezopolitiko ngobugcisa obutsha kwaphembelela iimbono ezikhuthazayo zokulungiselela kwabo ilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu lobumi. Imfundo yaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngexesha lokuvota elineminyaka engama-21 ubudala, abantu abaselula abaninzi kakhulu abagqiba imfundo yemfundo yemfundo ephezulu kunye nokufumana ulwazi loluntu.

Uhambo Olusemthethweni Lokuya ERatiation

Imithetho eLawula amaLungelo ka-1970 kunye no-Oregon v.

Iphazanyiswe kukulungisa okucothayo komgaqo-siseko, ingqungquthela encedisana notshintsho lonyaka wokuvota yathatha indlela eyahlukileyo. Ukuzimisela ukujikeleza ungenelelo kule mbambano, amahlakani ancedisanayo aquka ilungiselelo levoti yeminyaka eli-18 ubudala kwisivumelwano sonyaka ka-1970 esandisa uMthetho wamaLungelo. Eli cebo lowiso-mthetho lazama ukufezekisa ngommiselo oye wangqinelana nobunzima ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko.

Ukuphendula kwiimpikiswano zokuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafakwe kwinkonzo yasemkhosini kufuneka bakwazi ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota, iKhomishini yanciphisa ixesha lokuvota njengenxalenye yoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1970. Noko ke, le ndlela yajamelana neengxaki zomGaqo-siseko ezikhawulezileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yabanjwa kwityala lika-Oregon v. Mitchell ukuba iBhunga alikwazanga kuthoba ixesha lokuvota kurhulumente nakunyulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Isigqibo sokwahlulwa kweNkundla sadala iingxaki zomgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho ku 5 ukuya ku-4 ekuvoteni ekusebenziseni ixesha lokuvota eliphantsi kunyulo lwezwe kuphela. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazwe afuna ukugcina iinkqubo zobhaliso ezahlukeneyo zomvoti kunye nokuqhuba unyulo olwahlulayo kurhulumente kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni .

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko okhawulezayo

Iqonda ukudideka kunye neendleko ezibandakanyekileyo ekulondolozeni iibhunga zokuvota kunye nonyulo lokhuphiswano lukarhulumente norhulumente, iKhonkqulu yacebisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye iphondo lavuma ukuhlaziywa kwamashumi amabini anesithandathu. Ukulungisa kwasuswa kwinkqubo yokhuthuzo ngesantya esiphawulekayo.

Igunyazwe nguCarl Albert wase Oklahoma, intengiselwano yadlulisa iNdlu ngevoti yabangama-401 ukuya ku-19, ngoMatshi 23, 1971. INdlu yeQela yayiyidlulise ngenkxaso efanayo egqithisileyo. Yaphumelela inkxaso yengqungquthela ngoMatshi 23, 1971, kwaye yavunywa ngamaphondo ngoJulayi 1, 1971, iphawula ixesha elifutshane phakathi kwemvume yeBhunga eligunyazisiweyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwentlukwano kwimbali ye-U.S.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente eOhio naseMntla Carolina zazingowokugqibela ukuvumela ukulungiswa kweqela elingu-500 lentsha yase-Melika esemthethweni e-Conert, kwaye kwakhethwa amalungu amathathu eminyaka eli-18 ubudala ukuba avume ukuba utshintsho luyimfuneko kwaye lulungile. UNixon waqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa ngoJulayi 5 kwiHolo yeMpuma, phambi kweqela leqela le-choral Young America eConcert, kwaye ngokunjalo wanyula amalungu amathathu akwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala ukuba atyikitye oko kulungiswa njengengqina.

Imiphumo Ekhawulezileyo Nokulindela Kwangaphambili

Ukwanda KweElectorate

ISichibiyelo sama-26 sabangela ukuba phantse amaMerika azizigidi ezili-11 ukuba avote ngeminyaka eli - 18. Oku kwanda okukhulu kwabanyuli kwabangela imincili nokungaqiniseki ngendlela aba bavoti batsha ababeya kuphinda bawatshintshe ngayo amaqela ezobupolitika, abathathi-nxaxheba, nemibutho yolawulo oluphezulu yakhawuleza ukubhalisa nokukhuthaza olu manyano olutsha lwabemi.

Unyulo lokuqala lomongameli apho oomongameli beminyaka eli-18 ubudala babenokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kulo lonke ilizwe belo nyaka ibingowe 1972. Ngo- 1971, ukurhoxiswa kwama-26 kwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18, kuzisa umlinganiselo ophezulu (55%) ukuya kuma-29 eminyaka edlulileyo abavoti kwimbali yaseMerika ngexesha lonyulo lwangowe-191971. Olu hlomelo lokuqala lwacebisa ukuba abavoti abaselula babe ligunya elikhulu kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Imizekelo Yamandulo Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ngoko ke, ihlombe lokuqala lakhawuleza lanikezela kwizinto eziziinqnam ezininzi. Ukususela ukususela kwiminyaka eli-18 edlulileyo yanikwa ilungelo lokuvota ngo-1971 ukudlula kuLawulo lwama-26 kumGaqo-siseko, ulutsha lumelwe phantsi kovavanyo njengo 2003, kwaye ngo 1976, olunye lwezinyulo zokuqala apho ii-18-18-1924 zeminyaka yobudala benziwa ukuba zivote, i18/24 ekhulwini labo bonke abafanelekele ukuvota eMelika, kodwa kuphela i13% yoloqobo lovoti - phantsi komkho-3.

Lo mzekelo wolutsha olusezantsi xa uthelekiswa namaqela amadala aqhubekeke ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka ukususela ekukhutshweni. Abantu abaselula bayakwazi ukujika, nangona bekwiminyaka yobudala, banyuka bafikelela kwincopho ekwiminyaka engama-50 kwaye baphinde bawe kwakhona. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba lo msantsa ube ngowona uphambili kwiingxoxo zokucinezela abavoti kunye nokungalingani kokhetho.

INgxelo yoLawulo yeMidlalo ePhakamileyo yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Ukuchaza Ucinezeleko Lomoya Kwimeko Yomculo Wolutsha

Ukucinezelwa kweVoter kubandakanya uludwe oluninzi lwendlela, imigaqo, kunye nezenzo ezenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo babhalise ukuvota okanye ukuphosa amavoti abo. Ngoxa uHlomelo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu luqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota akanakukhanyelwa okanye afakwe ebhukwini ngenxa yobudala babo abali-18 nangaphezulu, abatsha abavoti bayaqhubeka bejamelene nemiqobo eyahlulayo ekwakuthintela ngokunelisayo ukubamba kwabo.

Le miqobo isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kunendlela ecacileyo yokucalucalulo esekelwe kwixesha lokukhula ekwalelwe ngayo. Endaweni yoko, ibandakanya iinkqubo ezichaphazela ubuso obuchaphazelekayo abavoti abaselula, iinkqubo zolawulo ezisilela ukuhlangabezana neemeko zabantu abaselula, kunye nezithuba ezilawulayo kwimiqathango yezentlalo ezishiya abavoti abaselula bengenankxaso ngokwaneleyo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo.

Imithetho Yokwahlula Nemiqathango Encinane

Iimfuno zokwahlula ezingqongqo ziye zavela njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo abavoti abaselula abajongene nazo. Ngoxa abaxhasi bemithetho besithintela ubuqhetseba, abahlalutyi babonisa impembelelo yabo engathethekiyo kumaqela athile asekuhlaleni, kuquka abantu abaselula.

Abavoti abaselula abafane babe nohlobo oluthile lokwazi olufunekayo kumntu omdala ukuba babe nohlobo oluthile lokhetho olufunekayo yimithetho ye-ID engqongqo. Abafundi basekholeji basenokuba namalayisensi okuqhuba asuka kwikhaya labo, okanye baxhomekeke kwii-ID zabafundi ezinokuthi amanye amazwe angayamkeli njengomvoti osemthethweni. UIdaho ukusetyenziswa kwee-ID zabafundi njengohlobo lokhetho, ukuchaza indlela imigaqo ebonakala ngathi ayinabungxengxenge-caba enokuthi ibangele ngayo imiqobo ethile kuvotisi abaselula.

Ubomi obufutshane bolutsha olukhulileyo budibanisa le mingeni. Abafundi abahamba phakathi kwe-dorms, amagumbi ahlala abantu abahlala kuzo, kunye namakhaya entsapho bangazama ukugcina amaxwebhu olwazi ngedilesi zangoku. Abantu abaselula abasandul' ukufikelela iminyaka engu-18 basenokuba abakhange bafumane ilayisensi yokuqhuba okanye ezinye ii-ID ezikhutshiwe ngurhulumente, bedala i-drive-22 apho bafanele ukuvota kodwa baswele uxwebhu lokwenza oko.

Izithintelo Zokubhalisa Nezinto Ezifileyo

Iinkqubo zokubhalisa zinika abavoti abaselula omnye umqobo obalulekileyo. Iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo zokubhalisa, iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo zangaphambi kwexesha, namathuba amancinane okubhalisa anokuthintela ngokunempumelelo ukuba nenxaxheba kolutsha kwanaxa abantu abaselula beshukunyiselwa ukuba bavote.

Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje olusuka kuvavanyo lolutsha lwasemva kokhetho lolutsha lwafumanisa ukuba abantu abaselula abakumazwe ngaphandle kobhaliso olukwi-intanethi, ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, okanye ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwamini enye banokuthi baphelelwe lixesha okanye baphoswe lixesha lokubhalisa ukuvota. Oku kufumana kugxininisa indlela izibonelelo zokubhalisa ezinegalelo ngayo ngqo kwinxaxheba kulutsha.

Ixesha lokubhalisa ixesha lidla ngokungqubana nemikhwa yobomi babantu abaselula. Abafundi basenokungacingi ngonyulo ebudeni benyanga zasehlotyeni xa kuqhutywa ubhaliso oluninzi, okanye basenokujoliswe ekuqaliseni ikholeji xa ixesha lokubhalisa liphelile. Abavoti bexesha lokuqala abanayo imikhwa nemfundo yokwenza ubhaliso oluqhelekileyo kubantu abadala.

Amazwe aphumeze imithetho ebanzi yokubhalisa ebanzi ayibona inyuka ngokungenakulinganiswa. iMichigan, enelona nani liphezulu elivotayo kolutsha ngo-2022, ingaphandle njengemeko eyenze lula ukubhalisa ukuvota kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye norhulumente, onokuthi kwakhona ube nobhaliso olukwiWeb site yomvoti kunye nobhaliso olufanayo ngo-2019, kwaye ube nolwandiso oluzenzekelayo lwenani lolutsha (awuneminyaka eli-18-24) olubhaliselwe ukuvota phakathi ko-20181818222.

Indawo yokuyila kunye neempikiswano zokufikelela

Indawo ekuyo kunye nokufumaneka kweendawo zokuvota zichaphazela kakhulu ukukwazi kwabavoti abaselula ukuphosa amavote. Iikoleji ziveza iingxaki ezikhethekileyo, njengokuba abafundi bengazi ukuba bafanele bavote phi, kwindawo abahlala kuyo okanye kwikhaya labo.

Amanye amagunya aye anciphisa inani leendawo zokuhlola ezikufuphi neekholeji neeyunivesithi, enyanzela abafundi ukuba bahambe imigama ebanzi okanye balinde kwimigca emide. Abafundi abangenazo iimoto bajamelana nobunzima obuthile obufikelela kwiindawo zokuvota ezikude, ingakumbi ukuba izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zilinganiselwe. Le miqobo ayiyiyo ngengozi; kwezinye iimeko, ibonisa izigqibo zokuzimisela ukwenza ukuvota kube nzima ngakumbi kubafundi.

Iinketho zokuvota kwasekuqaleni kunye nokuvota iposi zinokukunceda ekucombululeni le mingeni, kodwa ukufikelela kwezinye iindlela kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokorhulumente. Ugcino-lwazi lukhona kwi 6 kwezisibhozo ezithi ngokuzenzekelayo zithumele iposi-ngaphakathi kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo ngo 2022, kwaye abathathu kubo . .Colado, Oregon, kunye neWashington, bonke abaye baba nonyulo lweposi nge-ovential ukususela ngo-2014 okanye ngaphambili.

Iimfuno Zokuhlala Uhleli Nemisetyenzana Yabafundi

Imfuno ezifuna ukuphinda zisetyenziswe zibangela iingxaki ezithile kubafundi basekholeji. Abafundi basekholeji bajongene nesigqibo sokuba bahlale bebhalisile kwiidolophu zabo okanye babhalise kwingingqi abaza kuhlala kuyo. Olu khetho lungabangelwa kukungachaphazeli kwenxaxheba kubafundi abakhethayo nokuba bangavotela baphi abafundi.

Amanye amazwe nemimandla aye acel ’ umngeni ilungelo labafundi lokubhalisa kwiidilesi zabo, bephikisana ukuba abangobokwenyaniso abahlala kwingingqi yokololeji. Le mingeni, nangona idla ngokungaphumeleli enkundleni, ibangela ukudideka nokungaqiniseki okunokuthintela ukubhaliswa nokuvota. Isisongelo socelomngeni olusemthethweni okanye izityholo zomvoti sinokuba nempembelelo ekhwankqisayo kwinxaxheba kubafundi.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu luye lwajamelana nocelomngeni olungephi olungokwasemthethweni kumashumi eminyaka ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwalo, kunye neempikiswano eziqhelekileyo ezisuka kwindlela umfundi wasekholeji osuka ngaphandle kwetown amelwe ngayo kuphando. Le mibuzo iqhubekayo engokwasemthethweni ibonisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo malunga nendawo yabavoti abaselula kwinkqubo yokunyulwa.

Imida yolwazi kunye neMithetho yeSibonelelo

Ngaphandle kwemiqobo esemthethweni, abavoti abaselula bajongene nolwazi olubalulekileyo kunye nezithuba ezibancedayo ezithintela inxaxheba yabo. Abavoti bexesha lokuqala kufuneka bakhangele iinkqubo zokhetho ezintsonkothileyo ngaphandle kwamava nolwazi lokuba abavoti abadala baye baqokelela iminyaka emininzi okanye amashumi eminyaka bethabatha inxaxheba.

Abantu abaselula abaninzi abanayo inkcazelo esisiseko ngendlela yokubhalisa, yokuvota, yokukhetha, indlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yokuvota. Ngoxa le nkcazelo ifumaneka, ifuna ixesha, umgudu, nolwazi lokuba ulutsha oluninzi alunalo. Izikolo kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni bahluka kakhulu ngendlela abalungiselela ngayo abantu abaselula ukuvota, bedala ukungalingani komthetho kwiqumrhu loluntu.

Ukungabikho kwezibonelelo ezicwangcisiweyo zoluntu ukuxhasa abavoti abatsha kumela uhlobo oluthile lokucinezelwa kwezakhiwo. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe abhalisa abemi okanye anike umvoti imfundo ebanzi, i-United States ishiya abantu abaselula befuna ukuvota ngokwabo. Le ndlela yokuzikisa iphumele kwiziphumo ezithe ngqo ekutheni abangenanxaxheba kumalungu entsapho, uluntu, okanye inkxaso equlunqileyo ekuvotisweni.

Imilinganiselo Neempawu Kulutsha

Izinga Lokuguquka Kwembali

Uvoti wolutsha lutshintshile kakhulu ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kweSihlaziyo sesithandathu, kunye namanani okuthabatha inxaxheba ahlala kakuhle ngaphantsi kwamaqela amadala. Ngokwembali, uvoti wolutsha uxhaphakile phantse kuma-20% ebudeni bonyulo lwaphakathi, nangona iminyaka yonyulo ibona ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphezulu.

Unyulo lwakutshanje lubonise iingcebiso ezithile. Ngo-2020, ama-50% abantu abaselula, abaneminyaka eli-18-29 ubudala, bevote kunyulo lomongameli, ulwando oluphawulekayo lwenqaku elili-11 ukusuka 2016 (39%) kwaye mhlawumbi olunye lwezona qondo ziphezulu zonyulo lolutsha ukususela kwixesha lokuvota lathotywa ukuya kwi-18. Oku kwacebisa ukuba umanyano lwezopolitiko lukhule phakathi kwabaselula

Ngoko, phantse kwisiqingatha sabantu abaselula (47%) abaneminyaka eli-18-29 ubudala bafaka ivoti kunyulo lomongameli wama-2024, ehlaziya uqikelelo lwangaphambili kunye neendawo apho abatsha bathatha inxaxheba khona kunyaka wama-2024 kufutshane nama-2020 (50%), oku kwakungunyaka ophezulu wembali wokurhoxa komvoti. Ngoxa kusekumela ukuthatha inxaxheba enamandla, oku kuthothothotho oluncinane ukusuka kuma-20202020 kubonisa ukuba ukurhoxa kolutsha oluphezulu akuzenzeki okanye akuqinisekisiwe.

Ukwahluka Okukhoyo Kwindlela Abazithandayo Abaselula

Ulutsha oluphendulisiweyo lufihla izinto ezahlukileyo kubemi abaselula abavotayo. Ubudala, uhlanga, ubufanasini, nemfundo zonke zinxulumene nomahluko omkhulu kwinani labathathi-nxaxheba.

Abavoti abafanelekileyo abancinane ngokwembali bathatha inxaxheba kwinani eliphantsi ngokwembali, yaye oko kwaba yimeko kwakhona ngo-2024, ngomvoti wolutsha ovela kwi 18- kunye ne19 leminyaka eneminyaka engamashumi asibhozo, 6 iincam ezisezantsi kunalo lonke ulutsha. Lo msantsa ubalaselisa iingxaki ezijongene nenkqubo yokhetho lokuqala.

Ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwiqela lolutsha kubonisa imilinganiselo ebanzi yokungalingani kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Umvoti wolutsha wasuka kumgangatho wama-58% phakathi komfama omtsha omhlophe ukuya ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha salowo phakathi kwamadoda amatsha amnyama (27%) namadoda amancinane amnyama (25%), kunye nonovoti osezantsi wabafana abamnyama namadoda aselula, ingakumbi, uyaqhubeka notyekelo olusuka kunyulo lwakutshanje olungunobangela oyintloko wenkxalabo.

Izithuba eziphakathi kwemipu zivele zibaluleke. Kwakukho umsantsa othabatha inxaxheba kwisigaba esisithoba ngokwesini ngowama-2024: 50% phakathi kwamabhinqa aselula kunye nama- 41% phakathi kwamadoda aselula. Ezi zinto zichaphazelekayo zibonisa amava ahlukeneyo kunye nolwalamano kwinkqubo yezobupolitika phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu abaselula.

Uguqu-guquko lwenqanam lemeko

Ukujika kolutsha kuyahluka kakhulu kwiimeko zamazwe, okubonisa ukwahluka kwimithetho yonyulo, izibonelelo zoluntu, kunye nenkcubeko yezopolitiko. Ulutsha lunyuke ukusuka kuma-37% kwamanye amazwe ukuya kutsho kumgangatho ophantsi omalunga ne-13% kwezinye ebudeni bonyulo lwamaxesha angama-2022, lubonisa loo meko ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kolutsha.

Umthetho wokuvota ongqongqo ubonise ukuba ulutsha oluncinane luya kuvota rhoqo. ITennessee (13%), Alabama (15%), kunye neOklahoma (15%) azinawo umhla omnye, ozenzekelayo, okanye obhalisa ngaphambi kokuba abhalise, kwaye iOklahoma lelinye lamazwe ali-10 kuphela kweli lizwe ngaphandle kokuvota ngokupheleleyo kwi-intanethi; iTennessee ine-ID engqongqo efunekayo ukuphosa ibhola yoonogalelo; kwaye i-Alabama yenye lamazwe ambalwa angakhange anikezeli kwangoko, ngokuvota okusemthethweni.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ithi iinkqubo zokuvota zifak ’ isandla ngokugqithisileyo kwinxaxheba yolutsha. Amazwe afana noMinnesota, uMaine, Michigan, neColorado aphakathi kwamaphondo aphezulu omabini angama-2024 arhoxa kwaye kwisalathisi sobuncinci obu-Facilitive Evolution Law, onke amaphondo amane aneAVR, OVR, SDR, kunye nobhaliso lwangaphambi kokuzalwa eneminyaka engama-202222, kwaye abonakala engenawo amavoti aphezulu, kwaye iColorado ngokuzenzekelayo ithumela iposi-in-boot kuzo zonke iivoti ezibhalisiweyo, kunye neMilsova, ezathi zijika phezulu kwi-2024, ezisandula ukusetyenziswa kwe-AVR no-AR emva konyulo-mgam-phakathi kwaye zibonakala zibone iziphumo ezikhoyo, kunye neevoti ezikhoyo ezikwiminyaka eli-181960.

Iindlela Zocinezelo Zomsinga Obanzi Ezichaphazela Zonke Izixhobo Zokusebenza

Ithambeka le Voter

Umvoti orhoxayo uqheliselo lokukhupha ukhupho oluchaphazela abavoti babo bonke ubudala kodwa bangaphembelela ngokugqithisileyo abatsha abahamba rhoqo kwaye abasenokungaqondi ukuba basusiwe kuluhlu lokubhalisela. Abalawuli ababonakala benenjongo yokugcina iiroli ezichanekileyo zovoti ngokususa abantu abafileyo, abashukumisiweyo, okanye abangaqondakaliyo. Noko ke, ukukhucululwa kudla ngokususa abafaneleyo abavoti ngempazamo okanye ngemilinganiselo eyingozi kakhulu.

Ukuhamba kwabavoti abaselula kubenza babe ngamaxhoba ngokukhethekileyo okucoca okusekelwe kwiinguqu zedilesi okanye ukusilela kovoti kunyulo lwakutshanje. Umfundi obhalisa kwidilesi yeklasi kodwa ongavoti kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni angasuswa phambi konyulo olulandelayo olukhulu. Umntu ohamba phakathi kwamazwe emfundo okanye umsebenzi angasuswa kwiiroli zeendawo zombini, azishiye zingakwazi ukuvota naphi na.

Ukungabikho kokucacela kwiinkqubo zokucoca ezingxaki. Abavoti abaninzi abafumani ukuba bahlanjululwa de bazame ukuvota, apho kusenokuba sekwephuzile ukuphinda kubhaliswe kwakhona. Ngelixesha amanye amazwe ephumeze imigaqo efana nemiyalelo kunye nokubhaliswa kosuku olunye ukudambisa iziphumo zokucoca, abanye bayaqhubeka nokukhupha ngonyanzelo oluncinane okanye ngokhuseleko lomvoti.

Ukuncitshiswa Kwamathuba Okuphangela Ngaphambili

Ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kubangela ukuba abantu abatshateyo bafumane uvuselelo olubalulekileyo abajongene neengxabano, iingxaki zezithuthi, okanye eminye imiqobo ekuvotelweni ngoSuku Lokhetho. Ukurhoxiswa kwamaxesha okuqala evoti nakwiindawo kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubo bonke abantu kodwa ngokukodwa kubachaphazela abatsha abanokukhetha umsebenzi okanye ucwangciso lweklasi olungqongqo.

Amanye amaphondo aye anciphisa amaxesha okuvota kwangethuba, aphelisa ukuvota kwangeempelaveki kwangethuba, okanye anciphisa inani lakuqala leendawo zokuvota. Ezi nguqu zinyanzelisa abavoti abangakumbi ukuba bavote ngoSuku lokhetho, xa imigca ithatha ixesha elide kwaye icwangcisa iingxabano. Kubafundi abaqhubi, umsebenzi, nezinye izibophelelo, ukulahleka kokhetho kwangoko kusenokuthetha umahluko phakathi kokuvota nokungavoti.

Xa iiyunivesithi zifumana iindawo zokuvota kwangethuba, inxaxheba kubafundi iyakhula ngokugqithisileyo. Ukususa ezi ndawo zifanelekileyo ngoxa zigcinwa kwezinye iindawo kumela uhlobo lokucinezelwa.

Imiqathango yobhaliso lwezibonelelo

Ihlomelo lokubhalisa iVoter, elidla ngokuqhutywa yimibutho yezentlalo, amaphulo ezobupolitika, namaqela abafundi, lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubhaliseni abavoti abatsha, kuquka abantu abaselula. Amanye amazwe aye abeka imiqathango kwezi ntshukumo, efuna ukuba imibutho ibhaliswe norhulumente, ithintele ukuba ngubani onokuqokelela iifomu zokubhalisa, imisela ixesha elingqongqo lokuthobela, kunye nokuyila izigwebo kwiimpazamo ezincinane.

Le miqathango isenokuthintela imibutho ekuqhubeni ihlomelo lokubhalisa okanye ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwayo. Amaqela abafundi anokubhalisa oontanga babo ajongene nemiqobo yoosomashishini kunye neengozi ezingokwasemthethweni ezidimaza imigudu yabo. Imibutho yobhalisa isenokuphepha amazwe afuna imigaqo enzima, ishiye abavoti kuloo mazwe abanamathuba aneleyo okubhalisa.

Abavoti abaselula abangenakubhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuncitshiswa kwentsebenziswano yokubhalisa kuguqulela ngqo kwixabiso eliphantsi lokubhalisa. I-carpus esekelwe kwicampus ibaluleke kakhulu ekufikeleleni abafundi apho bahlala khona nakufundisiso, bebeka imiqathango kule misebenzi eyingozi ngokukodwa kwinxaxheba kulutsha.

Ukungavisisani Okungaqhelekanga

Imithetho echasayo, ethintela amalungelo okuvota abantu abaneenkolelo zolwaphulo - mthetho, ichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika. Ngoxa le mithetho ichaphazela abantu babo bonke ubudala, ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiingxoxo zokuvota kolutsha kuba ukubandakanyeka komthetho kudla ngokuqala ebuntwini obukhulu, nangenxa yokuba le mithetho ichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abaselula abanebala.

Ukudityaniswa kwetyala kunye nomahluko phakathi kweentlanga kwinkqubo yobulungisa obungokwahlulelwano kuthetha ukuba le mithetho ithintela ukuvota phakathi kwamadoda amancinane amaBlack kunye namaLatino ngokweqondo eliphezulu ngokukhethekileyo. Oku kufak' isandla kwizithuba ezibhaqiweyo kunyulo lwakutshanje kwaye kumela uhlobo lokucinezela izakhiwo ezidibanisa eminye imiqobo ejongene nolutsha oluvota umbala.

Amazwe ayahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zawo zokungavumelani okuzenzekelayo, ukusuka ekubuyiselweni kwamalungelo ngokuzenzekela ekukhululweni ukuya ekudilizweni okusisigxina kwetyala elithile. Oku kudityanisiweyo kudala ukudideka kwaye kungakhokelela abanye abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bakholelwe ngokuphosakeleyo ukuba abanakuvota. Ukuntsonkotha kwale mithetho kunye nehlazo elinxulumene nokubandakanyeka kwezomthetho kubagqeba kuthintela abanye abantu abaselula ekubeni bazame ukubhalisa okanye ukuvota kwanaxa befanelekile ngokusemthethweni.

Indima Yolawulo Nomgaqo-nkqubo

Ubhaliso lwe Voter oluzenzekelayo

Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti (AVR) lumele enye yezinye iinguqu ezithembisayo zokwandisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba kolutsha. Phantsi kwenkqubo ye-AVR, abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba bavote xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente afana namasebe ezithuthi, ngokhetho olukhethekileyo kwabo bangakufuniyo ukubhalisa.

I-AVR ithetha ngemiqobo emininzi yokubhalisa ethintela ukuvota kolutsha. Iphelisa imfuneko yokuba abantu abaselula bathathe amanyathelo aqhubekekayo okubhalisa, isusa ukuntsonkotha kweefomu zokubhalisa kunye nemiqathango, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba idilesi itshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo ekubhalisweni kwabavoti. Amazwe aphumeze i-AVR aye abona ulwando oluphawulekayo kwinani lokubhaliswa, ingakumbi kubantu abaselula nakwamanye amaqela aphantsi kwale ndawo.

Ukusebenza kwe-AVR ekunyuseni inxaxheba yolutsha kubonisa ukuba umsantsa omkhulu wolutsha ovulekayo ubangelwa yimiqobo yesakhiwo kunokuba ube nokungakhathali okanye ukungabikho kwentsebenziswano. Xa inkqubo yenza ukubhaliswa kulula kwaye kuzenzekele, abantu abaselula bayabhalisa baze bavote ngomlinganiselo ophezulu.

Ubhaliso-suku olufanayo

Ukubhalisa ngosuku olunye (SDR) kuvumela abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba babhalise baze bavote ngosuku olunye, kuquka ngoSuku loNnyulo ngokwalo. Le nkqubo ithetha ngengxaki yokubhalisa ixesha eligqithisileyo phambi kokuba abantu abaselula bajolise ingqalelo kunyulo oluzayo.

Kubavoti abaqalayo ukubhalisa abasenokungayazi imihla yokubhalisa okanye abanokuhamba rhoqo, i-SDR inika umnatha wokhuseleko obalulekileyo. Abafundi abaqondayo ngomzuzu wokugqibela ukuba ababhaliswanga, okanye abangaqinisekanga ngemeko yabo yokubhaliswa, banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo. Ubhetyebhetye lwe-SDR luzivumelanisa neemeko zobomi bolutsha oludala ngeendlela ezingavumelaniyo neenkqubo zobhaliso lwesithethe.

I-Atlantis ibonise ukujika kolutsha oluphezulu kunalo lungakhange lubhaliswe. Inkqubo isebenza kakhulu xa idityaniswe neminye imilinganiso ecacileyo efana nokubhaliswa kwi-intanethi kunye nokubhaliswa kwangaphambi konyaka we-16 kunye nowe-17 ubudala.

Ukubhalisa kwangaphambili konyaka-16 nonyaka-17

Iinkqubo zobhaliso zangaphambi kokuba zibhalise zivumela abali-16 kunye abali-17 leminyaka ukuba babhalise ukuvota kusengaphambili, benobhaliso olusebenzayo xa beneminyaka eli-18. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ngaphaya kwesibakala sokuba ulutsha oluninzi lusekwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kule minyaka, ilwenza lube lula ukufikelela kwizikolo nakwiinkqubo zemfundo yoluntu.

Ukubhalisa ngaphambi kokuba kubhaliswe kunceda ekumiseni ukuvota njengenxalenye eqhelekileyo yokufika kweminyaka, ukukudibanisa ukuya kutsho kubuntu obukhulu kunokuba kukuphathe njengenkqubo eyahlukileyo, entsonkothileyo. Abantu abaselula abaqalayo ukubhalisa banokuvota kunyulo lwabo lokuqala olufanelekileyo kunabo kufuneka babhalise emva kokujika 18.

Izikolo eziphezulu zingaquka ukubhalisa kwangaphambi kweeklasi zoluntu, iziqinisekiso zokuphumelela, okanye iziqhubiso zokubhalisa ezisesikolweni jikelele. Le nkxaso inika ukuxilongwa kolawulo olufunekayo kubantu abaninzi abaselula ukuqhuba inkqubo yokubhalisa ngempumelelo. Amazwe aye asebenzisa ubhaliso lwangaphambi kokuqala aye abona unyuko olunokufikeleleka kubhaliso noguquko lolutsha.

Ukuvote- nge-Mail kunye nokuBonga

Iinkqubo zovolo ezisuka kwiposi kwaye akukho mvume yokurhoxa enika uvuselelo olunceda ngokukhethekileyo abavoti abaselula. Abafundi bangavota ngaphandle kokuhamba ekhaya okanye behamba kwiindawo zokuvota ezingaqhelwanga. Abantu abaselula abanemimiselo yokusebenza elukhuni bangavota kwizinto ezibenza bafumaneke kunokuba bazame ukudibanisa ukuvota kuSuku loNxulumaniso oluxakekileyo.

Ingxelo ezizenzekelayo ezithumela izivotelo kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo ibone uvulo olunamandla lolutsha. Uncedo lokwamkela ivoti kwiposi, ukuba nexesha lokuphanda kunye nemibandela, nokubuyisela ivoti ngeposi okanye ukulahla ibhokisi kususa imiqobo emininzi ethintela inxaxheba kulutsha.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zevoti ngeposi zifuna iidilesi ezichanileyo, ezinokuba lucelomngeni kubantu abaselula abahamba rhoqo. Iinkqubo zokulandelela ibhola kunye nexesha elimisiweyo lokubuyisela ibhola kuncedo lokuphendula olu celomngeni, kodwa izithuba zishiyelwa abavoti abaselula abadlulayo.

Ubhaliso lwe Voter ye-intanethi

Inkqubo yokuvota kunxibelelwano yenza ubhaliso lube lula ngakumbi kwaye lufikeleleke ngakumbi, ingakumbi kubantu abaselula abanobuchule bobugcisa. Iinkqubo ze-intanethi zivumela ubhaliso oluvela naphi na nge-intanethi, nangaliphi na ixesha, ngaphandle kokubaluleka koshicilelo, ukugqibelela nokwenziwa kweefomu zeposi.

Abavoti abaselula bayakwazi ukubhalisa i-intanethi ngendlela abasebenzisa ngayo ezinye iinkonzo. Ukukwazi ukubhalisa ngokusebenzisa ifowuni okanye ikhompyutha, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ikho ngokusemthethweni, kususa ingxabano kwinkqubo. Amazwe abhaliswe nge-intanethi aye abona ukwanda kwexabiso lokubhalisa, yaye oko kunegalelo elikhulu kubantu abaselula.

Ukungabikho kobhaliso lwe-intanethi kwamanye amazwe kungumqobo ongafanelekanga ochaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abavoti abaselula. Xa kufuneka ubhaliso lufumaneke, lugqitywe, luthunyelwe namaphepha, okanye lutyelele iiofisi zikarhulumente ngexesha leshishini, amanani okuthabatha inxaxheba ayathinteka.

Imfundo yesiCwangciso nokulungiselela umsebenzi

Indima Yezikolo Ekulungiseleleni Izixhobo Zokuthutha Imali

Izikolo zinendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni abantu abaselula ukuba bavote, kodwa umgangatho kunye nomlinganiselo wemfundo yezentlalo uyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiingingqi nakumazwe. Ikhomishini equka inkcazelo eluncedo ephathelele ukuvota/ukubhalisa, indawo yokuvota, oko kulindelwe ngabavoti , ngokunjalo kwandisa amathuba okuba abantu abaselula bavote xa befaneleka.

Amanye amazwe aye amisela imigaqo yokuba izikolo eziphakamileyo zibonelele amathuba okuvota, zifake ukuvota kwiinkqubo zesikolo okanye zivule abafundi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo. Le nkqubo iyaqonda ukuba izikolo zimiselwe ngokukhethekileyo ukufikelela ulutsha kwiminyaka engaphambi kwangoko nasemva kokuba bekufanelekele ukuvota.

Noko ke, izikolo ezininzi zinika imfundo encinane yezentlalo, yaye zimbalwa kakhulu ezilungiselela ukuvota. Lo msantsa ushiya abantu abaselula abaninzi bengenalwazi nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze bahambe ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Ukungabikho kwemfundo yezentlalo kumela indlela yokusikelwa kwezakhiwo, njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba ngabantu abaselula abanezinye imithombo yolwazi noxhaso olunempumelelo abaza kuvota.

Ubandakanyeko lwe Voter olusekelwe kwiCampus

Iikholeji neeyunivesithi ziye zayiqonda ngokukhulayo indima yazo ekuxhaseni umvoti wabafundi. Imigudu esekelwe kwi-Campus edibanisa ukubhalisa, iinkqubo zemfundo, uncedo kwizicelo zomvoti ongekhoyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemigaqo yokuvota yabafundi.

I-AL EKHENA ECampes Democracy Challenge kunye namanyathelo afanayo akhuthaza amakhulu eekholeji ukuba asungule amalungiselelo acacileyo okuthabatha inxaxheba kubafundi abaninzi. Iinkampu ezibophelele kule migudu zibone ukwanda okunokulungiseka ekubhaliseni nasekunyuseni abafundi.

Noko ke, inkxaso ekhoyo kwimibutho yokuvota kwabafundi iyahluka-hluka. Ezinye iiyunivesithi zenza ukuvota kubafundi kube yinto ephambili, zinikezele ubuncwane kunye nexesha labasebenzi ekubopheleleni iqabane. Ezinye azixhasi nto ingako, zishiya abafundi bevota kwimigudu yokuzithandela yemibutho yabafundi. Oku kunegalelo ekuzidibaniseni ngokwahlukileyo ekuthatheni inxaxheba kubafundi kwiikomyutha.

Impembelelo Yabantu Nentsapho

Ulutsha oluneentsapho kunye nabantu abahlala kunye abaphambili ekuvoteleni ludla ngokuvota. Ukudluliselwa kwezithethe noqheliselo lwezizukulwana ngeminyaka kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni imikhwa yokuvota. Abantu abaselula abakhulele kwiintsapho apho kuxoxwa ngovotelo, baphucule ulwazi, ubuchule nokhuthazo lokuvota.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abantu abaselula abasuka kwiintsapho nakumaqela angenawo amaqondo aphezulu okuvota bajongene neminye imiqobo engakumbi. Basenokungabi nalwazi olusisiseko ngokuvota, bangabi namntu wokuphethukela ngemibuzo, yaye abafumani nkxaso okanye inkxaso yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ezi zinto zahlukayo kwimithombo yoluntu zinegalelo ekuqhubekeni izithuba eziqhubekayo kuvota abaselula bebolekisa ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo.

Imibutho esekelwe kuluntu inganceda ekuzaliseni le miqobo ngokunika abavoti imfundo, uncedo lokubhalisa, nokhuthazo lokuvota. Noko ke, le mibutho ayisabeki kakuhle, kwaye ulutsha oluninzi alufumani nkxaso esekelwe kuluntu.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Abavoti abaselula basebenzisa ulwazi olunenkcazelo echanekileyo nenkcazelo engachananga ngokuvota. Izibhengezo zobuxoki malunga neemfuno zokubhalisa, iinkqubo zokuvota, nemihla yonyulo zingadida zize zithintele abavoti abaselula. Amaphulo okurhoxa ulwazi maxa wambi ajolise kumaxhoba okurhoxa kolutsha olunenkcazelo engachananga elungiselelwe ukuphelisa inxaxheba yalo.

Iindawo zonxibelelwano, apho ulutsha oluninzi lufumana ulwazi ngokuvota, lungandisa inkcazelo echanileyo nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Abavoti abaselula kufuneka bahlakulele ubuchule bokwazi ukufunda nokubhala kumajelo eendaba ukuze bahlule inkcazelo enokuthenjwa kwinkcazelo ephosakeleyo okanye elahlekisayo. Ukungabikho kwemfundo yobugcisa yokubhala nokubhala kumajelo eendaba kwenza ulutsha oluninzi lungangeni kwinkcazelo ephosakeleyo enokuthintela ukuba lungabandakanyeki.

Ukuzimela Nokukhathazwa

Uloyiko lwevoter, loxa luqhubeka lusenziwa kwaye lungachaphazela ngokukodwa abavoti abaselula abasenokuba bavota okokuqala nabangaqinisekiyo ngamalungelo abo. Ucelomngeni kubafundi abavoti abakwaziyo ukubonakalisa isimilo, ukujongwa kophando olunogonyamelo, kunye nokuziphatha kokuhlasela kwiindawo zokuvota, lungathintela ulutsha ekuvoteleni.

Isisongelo seziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni zempazamo zokuvota, kwaneempazamo ezimsulwa, zingaba nempembelelo ekhwankqisayo kwinxaxheba yolutsha. Abavoti abaselula abangaqinisekanga ngeemfuno zokubhalisa okanye imithetho yokuvota basenokukhetha ukungavoti kunokuba bazibeke engozini yokwenza into ethile ephosakeleyo. Olu nyanzelo lusekelwe kuloyiko lusebenza kakhulu nxamnye nabavoti bexesha lokuqala abangenamava nentembelo ekuqhubeni inkqubo yabanyuli.

Imilinganiselo Yolawulo Lolutsha

Ukucinezelwa kovoti bolutsha kuye kwathabatha imilinganiso ephikisanayo, njengoko abavoti abaselula beye baxhasa ngokukhulayo abaza kuthabatha idemocratic kunyulo lwakutshanje. Imithetho yezopolitiko eyenza ukuvota kube nzima ngakumbi kubantu abaselula idla ngokumiswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilawulwa yiRiphabliki, ngoxa imithetho evumela ukuvota kolutsha ixhaphakile kakhulu kumazwe alawulwa yidemokhrasi.

Le ndlela yokukhetha iphakamisa imibuzo ngentshukumisa yemigaqo-nkqubo yokuvota eyahlukeneyo. Xa imiqathango ekwizikolo zokuvota, ukwamkela i-ID kwabafundi, okanye ukubhalisa iqhuba inxulumene nolawulo lwabalawuli kunye nezinto ezikhethwa ngabavoti abatsha, icebisa ukuba imigudu yokucinezela ijoliswe ngokufanelekileyo kunokuba ishukunyiselwe kukunganyaniseki okusemthethweni ngengqibelelo yonyulo.

Ukusetyenziswa kokhetho kubangela ucelomngeni olungakumbi lwemigudu yokuguqula iinguqu. Imithetho elawulayo eya kukhulisa umvoti wolutsha ijongene nenkcaso kungekhona ngenxa yezizathu zakhe kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezicingelwayo zokukhetha. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukwakha ulwakhiwo olunxulumene notshintsho oluza kuzalisekisa isithembiso soMphetho-mda wama-20-6.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokomthetho Nocelomngeni

ISiseko soLawulo esiMatshi neSiphene

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lukwalela ukukhanyelwa okanye ukuvalwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobudala babemi abali-18 nangaphezulu. Oku kusilela okucacileyo kuthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala ekuvoteni. Noko ke, utshintsho aluyiphenduli imiqobo emininzi engangqalanga ethintela ukuvota kolutsha.

Imithetho ebangela ukuvota kube nzima kakhulu kubo bonke kodwa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela abavoti abaselula akuthethi kuthi ngokuyimfuneko bayawonakalisa uMphetho-mda wama-20 wesithandathu, kwanokuba isiphumo sabo kukucinezela ukuthabatha inxaxheba kolutsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo iNkundla iye yasichaza ngokulula eso silungiso, igxininisa kucalucalulo olucacileyo lobudala kunokuba iphendule.

Bambi abaxhasi baye baphikisa ukuchazwa okuphangaleleyo kokuncitshiswa kokuvota kolutsha ngokungekho mthethweni njengohlobo lokungalawuleki kobudala. Noko ke, ezi mpikiswano azikhange zamkelwe ngokubanzi kwiinkundla, zishiya iindlela ezininzi zokucinezela olutsha ngaphandle kokufikelela ekuzilungiseni.

Ukubekwa kweliso kuMthetho

UMthetho wamaLungelo iSicwangciso soMgaqo-nkqubo wamaLungelo unikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kucalucalulo lovoti, nangona umlinganiselo walo ulinganiselwe kwizigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. ICandelo 2 loMthetho woMthetho woMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo wovota okwahlula ikhethelwa ngokwezizizizinziso zohlanga, umbala, okanye amalungu kwiqela elincinane lolwimi. Olu khuselo lunganceda abatshati bemibala abajongene neiyantlukwano zobudala nezo ezinxulumene nohlanga ekuvoleni.

Noko ke, uMthetho wamaLungelo awulwaleli ucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala, yaye ukukhusela kwawo kuye kwancitshiswa zisigqibo senkundla ebangele kube nzima ngakumbi ukuvavanya uqheliselo lokuvota ngocalulo. Ukupheliswa kweemfuno zokhetho phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMthetho kuye kwavumela amazwe ukuba amisele imithetho yokuvota engqongqo ngaphandle kokungalawulwa ngurhulumente, kuquka nemigaqo ethintela ukuvota kwabatsha.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Eminye imimiselo karhulumente inikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lwamalungelo okuvota kunawomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Iinkundla zikarhulumente ezitolika la malungiselelo maxa wambi ziye zayiphelisa imithetho yokuvota engqongqo eya kuxhaswa ziinkundla zikarhulumente. Le migaqo yomgangatho karhulumente inokuba yingenelo kubavoti abaselula ngokungasebenzisi imithetho ethintela ukubandakanyeka kwabo.

However, state constitutional protections vary widely, and many states provide minimal protection beyond what federal law requires. The patchwork of state-level protections contributes to dramatic variations in youth voting access across states.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukukhusela Nokunyusa Amalungelo Olutsha

Umthetho womanyano

Umthetho womanyano ungacombulula imiqobo emininzi ethintela ukuvota kolutsha. Izakhono ezifana nenkululeko yokuvote noMthetho weSivumelwano samalungelo abantu noMthetho kaJohn Lewis Voting Cource Advance Act ziya kumisela imigaqo yesizwe yokubhaliswa kovoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye nokuvota ngeposi, ngoxa kubuyiselwa uMthetho wokuKhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu ekukhuseleni izenzo zokuvota.

Ezi zindululo zinokunceda ngokukhethekileyo abavoti abaselula ngokufuna ukuba uvoti ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, kunye namathuba okuvota angaphambili. Zikwayalela uqheliselo olungqongqo oluchaphazela abantu abaselula, olufana neemfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID kunye nezithintelo ekuvotelweni kwabafundi.

Noko ke, umthetho wamalungelo okuvota wequmrhu ujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yezobupolitika. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso okanye iinguqulelo kwimithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, umthetho wesizwe obanzi uhlala ungenakufane wenziwe kufuphi. Oku kubeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kwiinguqu zomgangatho karhulumente kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweengca ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo okuvota kolutsha.

Utshintsho lomgangatho kaRhulumente

Iziguqulo zomgangatho wemeko zinika eyona ndlela isengqiqweni yokwandisa ukufikelela kolutsha ekuvoteni kwimekobume yezobupolitika yangoku. IUnited States ingazalisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, ukubhalisa okufanayo, ukubhalisa kwangaphambi konyaka we-16 nowe-17, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ngaphandle kwesenzo solawulo.

Abaxhasi bamalungelo okhetho olutsha baye baphumelela kakhulu kumgangatho wephondo, yaye amazwe amaninzi amkela iinkqubo zokuvota kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ezi mpumelelo zibonisa ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka naxa kungekho mthetho wequmrhu.

Noko ke, utshintsho lomgangatho karhulumente ludala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokuvota owehluka kakhulu kwiintambo zikarhulumente. Abantu abaselula kumazwe anemithetho yokuvota engqongqo bayaqhubeka bejongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo, ngeli xesha abo basemazweni abanemigaqo yelifa lemveli befumana ungenelelo olulula ekuvoteleni. Oku kungalingani kwamazwe kumalungelo okuvota kumela ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Ukuzibophelela

Izikolo eziphakamileyo, iikholeji, neeyunivesithi zingenza izibophelelo ezingokweziko ukuxhasa ukuthabatha inxaxheba komfundi. Ezi zibopho zingaquka ukudibanisa ukubhalisa umvoti kwiinkqubo zokubhalisa, ukunikezela imfundo yovoti njengenxalenye yezifundo zelifa lemveli, ukunikela ixesha lokuvota, nokukhuthaza imigaqo yokuvota yobuhlobo babafundi.

Noko ke, ezi zivumelwano zifuna ukuba kubekho izinto, inkxaso, kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo. Amaziko amaninzi awakhange enze ukuvota kwabafundi kube yinto ephambili, nto leyo eshiya amathuba angenakuthelekiswa nanto okuba nenxaxheba kolutsha olungakumbi kwisebe.

Ukuququzelelwa koLutsha

Abantu abaselula baya belungiselela ukufuna ukufikelela koovotelwa nokukhuthaza oontanga babo. Imibutho yolutsha iqhuba ihlolo lokubhalisa, inike imfundo, ithethele utshintsho olungokwenkqubo, kwaye iphendulisa amagosa anyuliweyo ngokuxhasa okanye ngokuchasa amalungelo olutsha okuvota.

Oku kusebenza kolutsha kumele amandla amakhulu okuguqula. Xa abantu abaselula belungiselela ngokudibene, bangayoyisa imiqobo emininzi ethintela ukuthabatha inxaxheba komntu ngamnye. Ulutsha lukwaphuhlisa ubuchule boluntu nemikhwa enegalelo kwisivumelwano sezobupolitika sobomi balo bonke.

Ukuxhasa ulungiselelo lolutsha kufuneka kubekho ubuncwane, ubucebisi, kunye nenkxaso yamaqumrhu. Isiseko, imibutho yezemfundo, kunye neziko lemfundo zingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni ulutsha lulungelelanise ukuhlonela ukhokelo nozimeleyo kwabantu abaselula.

Ukuthetha Nezizathu Ezisisiseko Zokungakhuthuki Kolutsha

Ngoxa kubalulekile ukususa imiqobo ekuvotelweni, ukusiqonda ngokupheleleyo isithembiso soMmiselo-nkqubo wama-20-6 kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ingcambu yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphantsi lolutsha. Ezi zizathu ziquka ukungafumani mfundo yasekuhlaleni, ukungancedi kwezobupolitika, ukurhoxa kumaqumrhu ezobupolitika, nokubala okusengqiqweni kokungawufanele umgudu onikiweyo obandakanyekileyo.

Ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukwanda kovotelo lwabaselula kufuneka kudibanise ukususwa kwemiqobo nokuthenjiswa. Oku akuthethi ukwenza ukuvota kube lula kuphela kodwa kukwathetha ukwenza ukuba imicimbi yezobupolitika ibaluleke ngakumbi kwaye iphendule kwimfuno yabantu abaselula, ilungiselele imfundo yoluntu nethuba lokuthembisana, kwaye ibonise ukuba imibandela yokuvota kwabantu abaselula.

Injongo ayifanele ibe kukujika nje ulutsha oluphezulu kunyulo ngalunye kodwa kufuneka luphuhlise imikhwa yokuvota ubomi balo bonke kunye nokubotshwa kwebutho labantu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuvota kukwakheka kwesiko-/isizwe esivotayo kunyulo lwaso lokuqala olufanelekileyo sisenokuvota ubomi baso bonke. Ngokuchasene noko, abantu abaselula abangavoti kuqala abanokungangeni imikhwa yokuvota.

Isiphumo: Isithembiso esingagqitywanga soMphetho-nkqubo wama-20

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva kokugutyungelwa kwayo, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lusasoloko luyimpumelelo ephawulekayo kulwandiso lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Utshintsho lwaziwayo lwamandla olutsha okuba ngummi kunye nomthi wawo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, olusabela kubo ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota.

Kodwa isithembiso sokulungisa asikazalisekiswa. Abavoti abaselula bayaqhubeka bejongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yokuba nenxaxheba, ukusuka kwimithetho ye-ID engqongqo ukuya kukwanela imfundo yezentlalo ukuya kukungabikho kwenkxaso ecwangcisiweyo yabavoti bexesha lokuqala. Le miqobo ithintela ukuvota kolutsha, idala umsantsa oqhubekayo phakathi kwelungelo elisemthethweni labantu abaselula lokuvota kunye namandla abo asebenzayo okusebenzisa elo lungelo.

Iipateni zicacile: ithetha ukuba ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokuvota okungenamsebenzi kujongwa kunyuswa ulutsha, ngelinye ixesha amazwe anemigaqo engqongqo abona ukuba nenxaxheba okusezantsi. Abavoti abaselula abajongene nemibala bafumana imiqobo edityanisiweyo ephumela kwisantya esisezantsi. Abavoti abancinane abafanelekileyo. /18- kunye ne 19-eminyaka yoqhaqho-khathi-khasichola-khathi kwiqondo eliphantsi kakhulu, icebisa ukuba utshintsho ekuvoteleni aluxhaswanga ngokwaneleyo.

Ezi zinto ziyinyaniso ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukuba izigidi zabantu abaselula zithintelwa ngokunempumelelo ekuvoteni ngemiqobo enokususwa, ngaba singathi siye sasizalisekisa isithembiso sokuchola kwendalo iphela? Ukuba ukucinezela kolutsha kuxhathisa abavoti ngokuyingenelo yabavoti, sinokuqinisekisa njani ukuba amalungelo okuvota akhuselekile kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuqwalaselwe kwezobupolitika?

Umlo wamalungelo olutsha okuvota awuhlukanga kumilo ebanzi echasene nocinezelo lomvoti. Amaqhinga asetyenziswa ekucimeni ukuvota kwe-ID yolutsha, imiqobo yokubhalisa, indawo yokuvala, ukuhlambulula okuqengqelekayo, amaqhinga afanayo okuthintela ukuvota phakathi kwabantu abanombala, abavoti abaphantsi, namanye amaqela aphantsi. Ukwakha imibutho eqengqelekayo kulo mmandla kubalulekile ukuze usebenze kakuhle ukhuthuzo lwe-dvocance kunye notshintsho.

Ukukhangela phambili, ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo olutsha okuvota kuya kufuna umgudu othe rhoqo kwiindawo ezininzi. Umthetho woManyano ungamisela imilinganiselo yesizwe ekhusela bonke abavoti, kuquka abantu abaselula. Utshintsho lomgangatho karhulumente lungandisa ukufikelela xa kungekho nyathelo lorhulumente. Izibophelelo zequmrhu eziphuma kwizikolo neeyunivesithi zinganika inkxaso engundoqo kubavoti babafundi. Ucwangciso lolutsha lungakhuthaza abantu abaselula ukuba bafune amalungelo abo baze baphendule amagosa.

Mhlawumbi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuzalisekisa isithembiso soMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wama-20 kufuneka kutshintshwe kwindlela ibutho labantu baseMerika elikujonga ngayo abavoti abaselula. Kunokuba sijonge ukuvota njengengxaki yokulawulwa okanye isisongelo sokuqukunjelwa, kufuneka siqonde abantu abaselula njengabemi abapheleleyo abathabatha inxaxheba kubo komeleza idemokhrasi. Kunokuvelisa imiqobo yokuvota kolutsha, kufuneka simise iinkqubo ezizamkelayo nezixhasa abavoti abatsha.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwavakalisa ukuba abantu abaselula banelungelo lokuvota. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kamva, umsebenzi wokwenza oko kube yinyaniso kubo bonke abantu abaselula uyaqhubeka. Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokucinezelwa kovoti, ukufumaneka kokhetho, nokungenelwa kwedemokhrasi yonke ibuyisela kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokuba ngubani okhethayo nokuba kulula okanye kunzima kangakanani ukuba enze oko. Kulutsha oluvota, le mibuzo ihlala ingxamisekile kwaye ingapheliswanga.

Njengokuba izizukulwana ezitsha zifika ubudala zize zithi zinelungelo lokuvota, zizuza ilifa impumelelo yoMphetho-mva-mva wamashumi amabini anesithandathu kunye nomsebenzi ongagqitywanga wokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo bangathatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika. Isithembiso sokulungisa iziphumo zeminyaka . idinga lokungasayi kuba ngumqobo wokuvota .ukungagqibeleli nokukhetha.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngobhaliso lovoti namalungelo akho okuvota, tyelela Vate.gov, icebo lobhatiso lorhulumente elisemthethweni loburhulumente. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngomxhasi woluntu novoti-gosa, uhlolo lomsebenzi we weNkqubano & Uphando kwiCBIC Learning and Actenmentment (CIRCCIT) kwiYunivesithi yeTufts.