Table of Contents

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States umi njengenye yezona zixwebhu zomthetho ezinempembelelo kwimbali yehlabathi, umisela inkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo-mpumezo lwamaMelika. Ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwawo ngo-1788, umGaqo-siseko uye walungiswa izihlandlo ezingama-77, ukususela ngeBhili yamaLungelo, iintlawulo lokuqala ezilishumi, imvume egunyazisiweyo, i-Diathom-eyenum-yo. Ezi zindululo ziphucule ngokusisiseko, zibunjwe yintlalo-ntle yoluntu lwaseMelika, zikhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye, zandisa amalungelo abantu, kwaye zitshintsha uxwebhu olusungulweyo ukuze kuhlanga luhlangabezane neemfuno zebutho eliguqukileyo. Ukuqonda olona lubalulekileyo lunika ukuqonda amalungelo nenkululeko ezichaza amava eMelika.

Ngoxa zonke izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko zisebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo, izilungisi ezithile ziye zaba nempembelelo enzulu kubomi baseMerika. Ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesiseko lweBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kuHlaliso olutshintshayo olulandele iMfazwe yamakhaya, kunye nolwandiso lwamalungelo okuvota ukukhusela inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, ezi zinguquko zimele umgudu oqhubekayo wokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo. Olu khokelo luhlolisisa eyona nguquko ibalulekileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ukuhlolisisa umongo wawo ongokomthetho, intsingiselo yawo, kunye nempembelelo ehlala ihleliyo kuluntu lwaseMelika.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokuhlaziywa

Phambi kokuhlola izilungiso ezithile, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela umGaqo-siseko onokutshintshwa ngayo. Inqaku lesihlanu lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States lichaza inkqubo eneenyathelo ezimbini zokulungisa icebo lorhulumente wesizwe. Izigungqi mazicetyiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zivunywe phambi kokuba zisebenze. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukubetha ulungelelwano phakathi kotshintsho oluzinzileyo nokungaguquguquki.

Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa kuthunyelwe kumazwe ukuze kukhutshwe izixa ezibini ezithathu ngobuninzi bazo zombini kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu zooMongameli, okanye ngendibano yesizwe ebizwe ebizwa yiBhunga ekusetyenzweni kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho yamaphondo amabini anesithathu. Ukuba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko, ukulungiswa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngamaphondo amathathu anesine (38595).

Malunga nezicelo ezili-11,985 zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga ukususela ngowe-1789, kodwa 27 kuphela eziye zavunywa ngempumelelo. Oku kubonisa umgxobhozo ophezulu omiselwe ngabom ngabaQhingi ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukulungisa kuphela ngenkxaso eqhubekayo ukuba yinxalenye yomthetho ophakamileyo wesizwe.

IBhili yamaLungelo: IziHlayiso-nkqubo 1-10

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zamkelwa zaza zathunyelwa kumaphondo yiBhunga njengeqela, yaye kamva zavunywa kunye; ezi zidityanisiwe njengeBill of Rights. Xa umGaqo-siseko wavunywa ngowe-1789, abanye abantu bavakalelwa kukuba awuwakhuseli amalungelo athile asisiseko kwaye umGaqo-siseko ufanele utshintshwe ukukhusela loo malungelo. NgoDisemba 15, 1791, kwenziwa iinguqu kuMgaqo-siseko. Ezi zinguqu zokuqala zilishumi, okanye ukubuyiselwa, isiqinisekiso senkululeko namalungelo athile; kunye babizwa ngokuba yiBhili yamaLungelo.

IBhili yamaLungelo yayibalulekile ekukhuseleni ukusetyenziswa kwemiGaqo-siseko ngokwayo. IBhili yamaLungelo yacetyiswa ukuba ilwe neAssuage Anti-Federalist kuxhaso lokwahlulwa komGaqo-siseko. Ezi zindululo zamiselwa ukhuseleko olusisiseko oluye lwaba sembindini wokwaziwa kwamaMelika kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Senkululeko

Ngokulindelekileyo uMphengululo Wokuqala ungowona ubalaseleyo ubizwayo nocetyiswa rhoqo kuMgaqo-siseko. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa koMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States uthintela ukuba iBhunga limisele imithetho ephathelele ukusekwa konqulo; ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yonqulo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yamaphephandaba, inkululeko yendibano, okanye ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo. Yamkelwe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, njengenye yeziphendulo ezilishumi ezibumba iBhili yamaLungelo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

IFirst Amendment ineengxelo ezimbini zonqulo: iSindululo sikaClaus neSiphendulo Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko. Xa kwamiswa uLawulo lukaNondlo - siseko, iSindululo sikaClaus sacacisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi wayengavumelekanga ukuba asungule unqulo olumisiweyo. Le nkxaso yavela kumava eekoloni, apho iinkokeli zonqulo zazidla ngokuba nempembelelo yezopolitiko ephikisana neyamagosa karhulumente amiselweyo. Abefundisi baseTshetshi, ngokomzekelo, babesebenza ngokuqokelela irhafu yerhafu kurhulumente babo basekuhlaleni ukuba bahlawule irhafuthe. Abo babengafuni ukuhlawula le rhafu, kwanabo babeshumayela ngaphandle kwemvume yokuqhuba imicimbi, babedla ngokubekwa ityala ngetyala.

Ngexesha iUnited States yavakalisa inkululeko ngo1776, iConcontinental Congress yavumelana ngokuba ukunyanzelisa uluntu ukuba lunqule ngaphantsi kwecawa ebalekayo yayichasene nenkululeko ababeyisebenzela. I-Free Execle Claus ekhululekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba uMphengululo wokuqala ukhusela ukubonakaliswa kwakhululekileyo kokholo kuwo onke amaMelika.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nokuxinana

UHlomelo Lokuqala luqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha. Inkululeko yokuthetha inika amaMelika ilungelo lokuthetha ngaphandle kokuxhalatyiswa kukungenelela kukarhulumente. Lilungu elisisiseko lenkululeko yokuchaza. Le nkululeko inwebela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza, nangona ingeyiyo epheleleyo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko izama ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iintetho ezikhuselweyo. Ngokomthetho, izinto ezichazwa njengezingamanyala azizange zikhuselwe ngokwembali kukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala, umzekelo, kodwa igqibe into efanelekile njengengamanyala ebangele ingxaki. Izenzo ezibangela intetho eziphazamisayo eziya kuba yingozi ``ukuvuselelana nyani kunye/okanye izisongelo ezingeyongozi, kodwa kwakhona ukufumanisa ukuba ngawaphi amagama afanelekele njengokhuthazo lokwenene kuye kwagqitywa kwisiseko semeko-mee.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ikhusela impapasho kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi. Kufutshane no Minnesota (1931) kunye neNew York Times Co. United States (1971), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba uHlomelo Lokuqala lukhuselekile ekuthintelweni kwangaphambili, /ukubekwa phambili komthetho-kukhangelwa kwenqanawa (*) phantse kuzo zonke iimeko. Noko ke, iingxelo zobuxoki okanye ezoyikisayo `i-libel/aren' azikhuselwa phantsi kweSigqibo sokuqala soMphetho-mva.

Inkululeko Yendibano Nesibongozo

IsiHlanziso soQala sikhusela inkululeko yokuhlanganisana ngoxolo okanye ukuhlanganisana okanye ukunxulumana neqela labantu ngenjongo yentlalo, yezoqoqosho, yezobupolitika okanye yonqulo. Sikwakhusela ilungelo lokuqhayisa urhulumente. INdibano yandisa inkululeko yokuthetha kumaqela, kunokuba inike abantu nje njengemiqathango "yenkululeko yokuthetha" ekuthethwa ngayo ekuqaleni kwiSinyuso sokuqala.

Iqela lezobupolitika, ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, ukusetyenziswa kwamabhinqa, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kunye nemibutho yamalungelo abantu, konke oku kuye kwasebenzisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngokwezenzo zabo zikawonke-wonke. Ilungelo lokucela livumela abemi ukuba basayine isicelo okanye bade bamangalele urhulumente.

Isizathu Sokuba Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Lubaluleke

Zonke ezi nkululeko zihlanu zifeza injongo enye: ukukhusela ukungavumelani, ingxubusho ekhuthazayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaziko anamandla anokubekwa ityala. Ngokulula, uMphengululo Wokuqala ukho ukugcina idemokhrasi iphila kwaye isebenza. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa wabekwa ekuqaleni kweBhili yamaLungelo ngenxa yesizathu. Emva nje kweminyaka esibhozo iMvukelo yaseMerika, iZibone iingozi zikarhulumente olawula ukuthetha, unqulo, kunye nokuqhankqala. Babesazi ukuba le nkululeko yayifuneka ukuze urhulumente ahlale ehlola.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba uHlaziyo Lokuqala kuphela lukukhusela ekungeneleni korhulumente. Aluyeki inkampani yabucala okanye umqeshi ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokuchasene nawe ngenxa yoko ukuthethileyo, kwaye aluthiyi kukhuphiswano lwemithetho yokuziphatha. Noko ke, kuthetha ukuba amagosa karhulumente afana namagosa amapolisa, iintloko-magumbi esikolo, kunye nabepolitiki basekuhlaleni abanako ukohlwaya ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuthetha, ukunqula, ukuhlanganisana okanye ukucela.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Unelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo

ISichithi sesibini soHlaziyo sithi: "IMilitia elawulwa kakuhle, ekubeni iyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuthwala izixhobo, ayiyi kuqhekezwa. Le ngxaki ibingumbandela wengxoxo enkulu nowesingxungxo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ingakumbi malunga nokulungelelana kwamalungelo ompu kunye nemimiselo yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ulungiso lubonisa umndululi inkxalabo ngokugcina amajoni axhobileyo ekhusela kunye nokulwa kwawo imikhosi emileyo. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza le njongo ukukhusela umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokuphatha imipu ngeenjongo ezisemthethweni, ngoxa ivumela ukuba kubekho imimiselo esengqiqweni. IsiHlaliso sesibini sihlala singowona mqathango uphambili wezopolitiko, ngengxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nomgangatho wayo kunye nesicelo soluntu lwanamhlanje.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine: Ukukhusela Kuphando Olungekho ngqiqweni

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni ngurhulumente. Kufuna ukuba imfuneko ixhaswe ngokunokwenzeka yisizathu kwaye ichaze ngokufanelekileyo indawo emele iphendwe kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Oku kupheliswa kwavela kwizityholo zamathanga nxamnye nemiyalelo yoncedo jikelele eBritani nezixhobo ezivumela uphando olubanzi, olungangeni nzulu.

UHlaziyo lwesine lunentsingiselo enzulu kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, amalungelo obuqu, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabemi kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Iinkundla ziye zaphuhlisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemithetho elawulayo ngoko kukuthi kukuthi kukuphi "kusengqiqweni" xa kufuneka imvume, kwaye oko kuchasene noko kuyimfuneko. Kwixesha lamanani, uKhuselo lweSine LoMthetho-Oyili luye lwadluliselwa kunxibelelwano lwezibonelelo kunye nogcino-lwazi, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo ye-18 yezobugcisa kuqhubekeka ukuguquka.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo elindelekileyo nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni

ISiHlayisho seNhlanu siqulethe imigaqo emininzi ebalulekileyo yokukhusela abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kufuna ukuba bagwetywe ngetyala elikhulu lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lwamaqumrhu karhulumente, kuthintelwe ingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye), ukukhusela ukungaziniki ngokobuqu, ukuqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho phambi kokuba baphucwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kwaye kufuna imbuyiselo xa impahla yabucala ithatyathwe ukuze isetyenziswe ekuhleni.

Ukhuseleko ekuzikhuseleni ekuzichaseni lungowona thunywashe waziwa kakuhle wesiHlaliso sesihlanu, unika ibinzana elithi "ukuthatha iNtlanganiso yesihlanu". Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanakunyanzeleka ukuba banikele ubungqina ngokuchasene nabo kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho. I-ATCS Proces Clause itolikwe ngokubanzi ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezisesikweni kwiinkqubo zomthetho. Ukuthatha u-Celas kuqinisekisa ukuba xa urhulumente elawula ummandla ophezulu, abanini bempahla bafumana intlawulo olufanelekileyo.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Unelungelo Lokugwetywa Ngokufanelekileyo

ISithandathu SoHlaziyo siqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banelungelo lokumangalelwa ngokukhawuleza nangokuba ngabagwebi abangakhethi buso, ukuxelelwa ngezityholo ezinxamnye nabo, ukumangalelwa ngamangqina, ukunyanzela amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina, nokufumana uncedo lwesiluleko sokukhusela. Le migaqo ingundoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lifanelekile nokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kukarhulumente.

Ilungelo lokunika icebiso litolikwa ukuba abamangalelwa abagqwesi-tyala banikwe amagqwetha ngendleko karhulumente kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho. Ingxelo yongquzulwano iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banokunqumla amangqina achasene nabo. Ezi zikhuseli zombini zingunobangela wemfezeko yenkqubo yezomthetho weMelika yokwaphula umthetho esesikweni nokunganyaniseki.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Ukugwetywa Kwesohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Uhlaziyo lwesibhozo lukwalela ukuhlawuliswa kwebheyile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Oku kulungiswa kubonisa inkxalabo yolwahlulo kwisohlwayo kunye nokuphathwa ngobuntu kwabo babanjwa bebophula umthetho. "ulwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" luye lwaba ngumbandela wesigwebo esibanzi, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele isohlwayo sokufa, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nezenzo zokugweba.

Iinkundla zitolike le nguquko ukuguqula imilinganiselo yebutho labantu yokuziphatha okuhle, ithetha ukuba isohlwayo esamkelekileyo kumaxesha angaphambili sisenokugqalwa njengesingavumelaniyo namhla. Inguquko isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla karhulumente ukuze ohlwaye, iqinisekisa ukuba imvume yezaphuli-mthetho ihlala ilungelelanisiwe kwaye ingumntu.

IziHlanziso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Namandla Agciniweyo

Inkcazo yeSinyuselo seNinth ixhalabisa ukuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kungatolikwa ukukhanyela okanye ukwahlula amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Ithi uludwe lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko aluyi kuthathwa njengokwala okanye ukucalucalula abanye abagcinwe ngabantu. Oku kulungisa kubonakalisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

UMthetho weSimemezelo weshumi ogciniweyo kumaphondo okanye kubantu onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye awalelwe kumazwe. Ugcine amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wase-U.S. phantsi komGaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga ukuba anikwe uRhulumente we-U.S., kubantu naseUnited States. Oku kulungiswa kusemgangathweni worhulumente waseMerika, kumisela ukuba urhulumente wesizwe kuphela onikwe wona, nawo onke amanye amagunya karhulumente karhulumente angawo okanye abantu.

IsiHlayiso: Ukuguqula Uluntu LwaseMerika

Izilungiso ze-13, 14th, kunye neze-15 ziqhubana nobukhoboka, ukhuseleko olulinganayo namalungelo athile omgaqo-siseko; zidityanisiwe zibizwa ngokuba zi-Reconstrument Amendment. Ezi zindululo zintathu, zivunyiweyo kwiziphumo zeMfazwe yamakhaya, ezatshintsha ngokusisiseko ibutho lamaMelika kunye nolwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Zimela umgudu wesizwe wokuthetha ngelifa lobukhoboka nokuseka isiseko samalungelo amakhaya kunye nolingana.

Uhlaziyo Lwe - 13: Ubukhoboka Obukhuthazayo

ISichibiyelo se-13 mhlawumbi sesona silungiso sibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika. Salungiswa ngo1865, yaba sisiqalo sezigqibo ezintathu ezamkelwa ngokukhawuleza emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Isigqibo sithi: "Abukho ubukhoboka okanye ubukhoboka obungeyomfuneko, ngaphandle kokuba kube sisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela liza kugwetywa ngokusemthethweni, liza kubakho phakathi kwe-United States, okanye nayiphi na indawo ephantsi kolawulo lwalo".

Amakhoboka amaninzi ayesele ekhululwe ngokobugcisa nguMongameli Lincoln's Proclation Procration, kodwa uMphengululo we-13 waqinisa umgangatho wawo osemthethweni njengamadoda namabhinqa akhululekileyo. I-Emancip Proclation yayingumlinganiselo wexesha lemfazwe owawusebenza kuphela kwiimeko zemvukelo kwaye unokuba ucelwe ucelomngeni okanye utshitshiswe emva kwemfazwe. UMthetho weSindululo seshumi elinesithathu, ngokwahlukileyo, waphelisa ngokupheleleyo ubukhoboka kulo lonke i-United States njengomcimbi womthetho wemithetho-siseko.

Ukungalungisi kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwaneziphumo ezihlala zihleli, ezikhokelela kwiingxoxo zokukhulula amabanjwa, amaqela eenqanawa, nokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. Nangona iziphumo zokulungisa zinqabile ukuchazwa ziinkundla, iziphumo zako kwibutho lamaMelika azinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Kwaphawula isiphelo esisesikweni sesakhiwo esasikho kuMntla Merika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini kwaye kwamisela isigaba sokulwa okuqhubekayo kwemlo wobuhlanga namalungelo abantu.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi Elinane: Ukhuseleko olulinganayo nenkqubo elindelekileyo

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesine, esamkelwa ngo-1868, sesinye seziphendu eziphambili nezisoloko zihlaziywa kumGaqo-siseko. Sinenkcukacha ezilinganayo zoKhuselo lukaClaus, i-Ceaste Procesme, i-Citicanshinity Claus, kunye neziqu ezithetha ngokumanyumnyezi namagosa awo. Isehlo senzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo amakhoboka asandul'ukukhululwa kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba amazwe akanakuwakhanyela amalungelo asisiseko awo nawuphi na umntu.

Ummi UClaus

Bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abalawulwa yindalo eUnited States, nabaphantsi kolawulo lwayo, ngabemi baseUnited States nabaseMbusweni apho bahlala khona. Eli binzana lasiguqula isigqibo esinetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo uDred Scott, esasisithi amaMerika aseAfrika akanakuba ngabemi. Yamisela ubuzibulo njengomgaqo-siseko osemthethweni, iqinisekisa ukuba ubumi abunakungaphiwa ngenxa yohlanga okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo

ISindululo soMgqibelo se 14 seSicwangciso sika-Adir Senkqubo ka-Claus salela ukuba kuphele ukunxitywa nawuphi na umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Eli binzana litolikwa "kukwahlulwa" inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo, eyenza ukuba ezo khuseleko zisebenze kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe. Ukuqalisa ngeGtlow v. New York (1925), iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uHlaliso lokuqala kumazwe,-*a inkqubo eyaziwayo njenge-"iqulunqelo Lomthetho ka-Classiacle we-Geneth Amendmenti.

I-Unime Device Claus ifuna ukuba amatyala anike abantu bonke ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho ekwigunya labo. Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko sezigqibo zamalungelo abantu ababalulekileyo, kuquka iBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (eye yaphela ngokusemthethweni kwi-liference contions), uLoving v. Virginia (eyaphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato weentlanga ngezizwe), kunye no-Obergefell v. Hodges (ewamkeleka kumtshato ongowesizwe omnye). I-Sumente List Classe iyaqhubeka icelwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ucalucalucalucalucalucalucalu, isini, imvelaphi, nezinye iimpawu zobuhlanga, kunye nezinye.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi elinesihlanu: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Kumadoda AseAfrika AseMerika

Ngo-1870, uMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu uthintela urhulumente wesizwe yaye uthetha ukuba abahlali bangalifuni ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe "kuhlobo, umbala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili". Igcina amalungelo abemi kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga, ibala, okanye amakhoboka. Ukubuyiselwa kwemali kwakujoliswe ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo okuvota kumadoda aseAfrika emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya.

Noko ke, isithembiso soMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesihlanu sathotywa phantsi ngokucwangcisiweyo phantse ngenkulungwane yoqheliso lolwaphulo-mthetho olunhlobo oluquka ukuvavanywa kobugqeba, irhafu yokuvota, amabinzana angootatomkhulu, amacandelo amhlophe, ugonyamelo olucacileyo kunye noloyikiso. Le miqobo yawasusa ngokunempumelelo amaMelika amaninzi aseAfrika kuMzantsi phezu kwayo nje isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko. Kwakungade kube nguMthetho wamaLungelo weSibonelelo weSihlanu ka-1965, ukuba isithembiso soMphengululo-Mphengululo-mali saqalisa ukunyanzeliswa, ebonisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko afuna ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kunye nezopolitiko amele ukufezeka.

Ukwandisa Idemokhrasi: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Abantu

Ngaphaya kweSinyuso seshumi elinesihlanu, ezinye izilungisi eziliqela ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota zaza zadibanisa idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ezi zindululo zibonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokwandisa ingxubevange kubo bonke abemi nokususa imiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi elinesithoba: Ushenxiso lwamabhinqa

ISichibiyelo se-19 savunywa ngoAgasti 18, 1920. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba nawuphi na ummi waseUnited States avote, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowayiphi na isondo lomzimba, ngokunempumelelo anike amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. I-mente ithi: "Ilungelo labemi baseUnited States lokuvota aliyi kukhanyelwa okanye libhangiswe nguUnited States okanye nguRhulumente wonke ngenxa yesondo."

ISichithi soHlaziyo seshumi elinesithoba yaba yincopho yomlo othe wamashumi eminyaka owenziwa ngababhalisayo abalungiselela, babhikisha, baqhatha, banyamezela ukuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nogonyamelo ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa. Umbutho wamabhinqa wawuquka amanani afana noSusan B.Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, uAlice Paul, kunye nabanye abangenakubalwa abaye banikezela ubomi babo ngenxa yoku. Umbutho wasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukususela ekubongozeni ngoxolo ekungathobeli kwemi, kwaye wakha imibutho eqengqelene kumazwe namaqela awahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukwenziwa kweSiminxo seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba samela ukwanda okungundoqo kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ngokuphindwe kancinane ngokuphindwe kabini kwendlela yokukhetha efanelekileyo. Yaphawula incopho ebalulekileyo ekulweni ukulingana kwendoda nebhinqa, nangona amabhinqa aye eqhubeka ejongene nezinye iintlobo zocalulo nemiqobo ukuze angenelele ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika. Ukuhamba kwengca kwabonisa amandla okulungelelaniswa kwengca nokunokwenzeka kotshintsho olungundoqo lwemithetho-siseko ngobuchule bolawulo-demokhrasi.

Uhlaziyo lweMaphu amabini anesine: Irhafu ebhengezayo

Ngo-1964, uHlaziyo lwama-20 lwamaGama aLawulayo lwalela iNgqungquthela kunye namazwana ukuba avume ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwerhafu yerhafu okanye kwenye irhafu. Iirhafu ezirhafu ezirhafu zisetyenzisiwe, ingakumbi kumazwe aseMazantsi, ukukhulula abavoti abangathanga ncam, ingakumbi amaMelika ase-Afrika. Ngokufuna ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ukuze kuvote, le mithetho yabangela umqobo woqoqosho ekungeneleni kwezopolitiko ekungeneleni kwezopolitiko ezithelekelelo ezithe zachaphazela kakhulu abo banemali elinganiselweyo.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwaye luyinxalenye yombutho wamalungelo abantu ababanzi wee-1960, owawufuna ukuchitha izakhiwo ezisemthethweni zokwahlula-hlulana ngokweentlalo nocalucalulo. Ngoxa utshintsho lwalusetyenziswa kuphela kunyulo lwephondo, kamva iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula kwiSinyuko esiPhezulu kwiNkundla ye-Evolution (19666) yerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwaseburhulumente ikwayichasa i-Compate Devity Claus eMpaciso-Mpanzi we-mali we-eshumi elinesine. Oku kuphembelela kumgaqo wokuba ukuvota kunelungelo elingundoqo elingamele limiselwe kwimiqatha kwimali okanye kumgangatho woqoqo.

Uhlaziyo lwama-20: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko ukuya kwi-18

ISindululo samashumi amabini anesithandathu soMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo, esagunyaziswa ngo-1971, sathoba iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 kulo lonke urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Isivumelwano sesivumelwano sithi: "Ilungelo labemi base-United States, abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala okanye abangaphezulu, lokuvota aliyi kukhanyelwa okanye libhaliswe ngurhulumente wase-United States okanye ngulo naliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yobudala.

Uvuselelo lwale ngxaki lwavela kakhulu kwixesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, xa abantu abaselula babephikisa ngelithi ukuba babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba banokubhaliswa nokulwela ilizwe labo beneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, kufuneka bakhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote. Isiqubulo esithi "bande ngokwaneleyo ukulwa, bakhule ngokwaneleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote" babambe le mvakalelo. Isivumelwano sacetyiswa yiKhomishini ngoMatshi 23, 1971, kwaye sagunyaziswa ngexesha elibhaliweyo, .", besenza ukurhoxiswa kwemvume ekhawulezileyo kwimbali ye-U.S.

IsiHlanziso se-Amakumi amabini anesithandathu sandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvota ngokufaka izigidi zamaMelika aselula. Saqonda ukuba amashumi amabini anesithandathu eminyaka aqolileyo yaye asengozini kwibutho labantu yokuthatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zedemokhrasi. Utshintsho luye lwaba neziphumo ezihlala zihleli kwezobupolitika zaseMelika, ludala ukhetho olumele luqwalaselwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba namaqela amaqela abo kwimibutho yabo.

Ezinye Izicombululo Ezibalulekileyo

Ngoxa ezi zilungiso zichazwe ngasentla ziphakathi kwezona zitshintshileyo, ezinye izilungisi eziliqela ziye zaba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kurhulumente nasebuthweni laseMerika.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi Nesithandathu: Irhafu Yemali Ehlawulwayo

I-Rock--eyeSihlanu yoHlaziyo lweSibonda seSinethi Co., iVumelwa ukuba iNgqungquthela yeSiqendu seSinethi inikwe amandla okuhlawula irhafu yengeniso ye-levy ngaphandle kokwabelana ngayo kwimiqathango esekelwe kubemi. Impembelelo yokuLandlwa kweMpatho we-16 owe-16 yayilityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Pollock v. Abalimi'ULoan & Trust Co., eyayikholelwa ukuba irhafu yengeniso kwipropati yepropati yerhafu yayilingana nerhafu ekhethekileyo yaye ngaloo ndlela yayingavunyelwa phantsi kweGatya leMithetho I, icandelo 9 loMgaqo-siseko. Xa leNkxaso-onkelathiso-Mkhosi wase-malini ngo-1909, yayineiqikelelo, yathathe iminyaka elininzi yaye iinininguqu kwimeko yezo zezopolitiki ngaphambi kokuba ikhuselwe ngo1913.

Irhafu yengeniso iye yaba ngumthombo oyintloko wengeniso karhulumente karhulumente, ukuxhasa yonke into ukususela kwinkxaso yesizwe ukuya kwiinkqubo zentlalo. Ulungiso ngokusisiseko lwaguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wesizwe lwaza lwabangela ukuba kubekho ulwandiso lweenkqubo neenkonzo zorhulumente ukutyhubela inkulungwane yama-20 nelama-21. Ngeli xesha ingXankene xa ikhutshwa, irhafu yengeniso ngoku ingumsebenzi ongundoqo wenkqubo ye-American ekwimeko yoluntu.

Ukuhlaziywa kweZimilo: Unyulo Oluthe ngqo lwabaGqinisi

I-Amperament yeSeventeenth Amendment yaseka unyulo oluthe ngqo lwezicaka ze-U.S. lwaba yi-Senecators ngokuvota okuqhelekileyo, yabeka indawo yenkqubo yangaphambili apho abaququzeleli bakhethwa khona ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ngaphambi kokuba le mvume ilungiswe ngo1913, abaququzeleli banyulwa yimithetho yowiso-mthetho, eyakhokelela ekuboneni urhwaphilizo kwezopolitiko kwiphondo kunye nombutho wokuvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe ngokuthe ngqo abaquququzeleli babo. Ukunga mphini oku kudlule ngenkcaso encinane, kodwa yayinesiphumo sokungabaza ukutshintsha ii-sentene ezishiye iofisi zabo ngaphambi kokuba zigqibe izigwebo zabo.

Inguquko yayiyinxalenye yenkqubela-phambili yexesha leNkqubela-phambili yokutyhalela utshintsho lwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo oluphambili oluqhelekileyo kurhulumente. Yaphendula kwinkxalabo ngokonakala, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezibotshelelweyo, kunye nengqiqo yokuba abaququzeleli babesuswe kakhulu ebantwini ababemele bona. Unyulo olungqalileyo lwabaququzeleli lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso lwenze yasabela ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke wonke kwaye yomeleza uxanduva lwedemo-demokhrasi kurhulumente wezwe.

IMithetho yeSizwe neyoLuntu e-20:

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esadluliselwa yiKhonkxane kaJanuwari 18, 1917 yaza yagunyazisa uJanuwari 16, 1919, yakwalela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, kunye nokuthuthwa kweziselo ezinxilisayo eUnited States. Oku kwamela incopho yemigudu yombutho yokuphelisa iingxaki ezinxulumene notywala ngomGaqo-siseko.

Noko ke, isigwebo sangqineka sinzima ukunyanzelisa kwaye sakhokelela kwimiphumo engacwangciswanga equka ukunyuka kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ukungakhathalelwa komthetho, nokulahlekelwa yirhafu. Le njongo, yavunywa ngo1933, yaphinda yabuyiselwa iMvumelo woMgaqo-nkqubo oPhakamileyo ka-1920. Yayenza ingasebenzi imithetho yorhulumente ethintela utywala yaza yabuyela kumazwe amandla okumisela eyawo imimiselo yotywala. Kukuphela kwendlela yokulungisa intelekiso engqalileyo enye imposiso.

Uhlaziyo lwama-20 lokuqala, olwamkelwa ngo1933, luyinkqubo eyodwa kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika njengokuphela kwenguquko yokulungisa inguquko yangaphambili. Ibonisa ukuba iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko zingatshintshwa xa zingqineka zingasebenzi okanye ziphulukana nenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Amava eProjini kunye nokuzinzisa kwayo kunika izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nemiqathango yokusebenzisa iziphelo zomgaqo-siseko ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu nokubaluleka kokuvumelana kukawonke-wonke ekulondolozeni imigaqo-siseko.

Uhlaziyo oluMatshi 20-

Edlula kwiKhomishini kaMatshi 21, 1947 yaza yagunyazisa uFebruwari 27, 1951, akukho mntu uza kunyulwa abe sisikhundla sikaMongameli ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezibini, yaye akukho mntu uthe waba lilungu likaMongameli, okanye wasebenza njengoMongameli, iminyaka engaphezu kwemibini yedinga omnye umntu awanyulwa ukuba abe nguMongameli kulo, uya kunyulwa izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kwesihlandlo esinye.

Oku kulungiswa okumiselwe ngokwesithethe sexesha elibini ekwamiselwa nguGeorge Washington kwaye kulandelwa ngabona balawuli abaninzi de kube nguFranklin D. Roosevelt, owanyulwa ukuba abe ngamabinzana amane. Intengiselwano yacetyiswa yiRiphablikian Congress kamsinya emva kokufa kukaRooosevelt kwaye ibonakalisa inkxalabo ngokunikezela ngamandla agqithisileyo kumntu omnye ngokugqithisa. Iqinisekisa ukujika rhoqo kumongameli kwaye ithintela ukuphuhliswa kwentloko ephezulu eqinileyo.

Uhlaziyo lwama-20/5: Ukuphumelela koMongameli nokungafezeki

Ifakwe kwisixhobo soMlawuli waManci mabini anesihlanu soMphetho-Mphetho-mvakaliso ucacisa iinkqubo zokulandelelana komongameli kunye nokusungula iindlela zokuqhubana nokukhubazeka komongameli. Inika isiqinisekiso sokuba uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ekufeni, ekurhoxisweni, okanye ekususweni koMongameli, kunye nokumiswa kweenkqubo zokuzalisa isikhalazo kuBuongameli kunye nokufudusa okwexeshana amagunya obuBungameli xa uMongameli engakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi yesikhundla.

Utshintsho lwabangelwa ngamaxhala aphakanyiswa emva kokubulawa kukaMongameli Kennedy nangamava angaphambili okukhubazeka komongameli. Luye lwacelwa izihlandlo eziliqela, kuquka xa oomongameli bobuKhosi bethathele umongameli kunye naxa oomongameli beye batshintsha amandla okwexeshana ngexesha leenkqubo zonyango. Utshintsho lunika ucaciso olubalulekileyo nozinzo lweenguqu zobumongameli kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka korhulumente ngexesha leengxaki.

UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo: Ukutolika nokusetyenziswa

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko asingombhalo omileyo kodwa ngumthetho ophilayo omele utolikwe uze usetyenziswe kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni oko kuthethwa kukulungisa umGaqo-siseko ekusebenzeni. Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kubandakanya ukulungelelanisa ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kokulungiswa kweenguquko kunye neemfuno kunye namaxabiso akhoyo.

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa zikhona, ukusuka kwinkcazo yoqobo (efuna ukusebenzisa intsingiselo yokuqala yoluntu yombhalo womGaqo-siseko) kukuphila ngomgaqo-siseko (owugqala umGaqo-siseko njengonxulumene nebutho labantu). Ezi mpikiswano zokutolika aziyomfundo nje kuphela kodwa zineziphumo zokwenene zamalungelo omntu ngamnye, igunya likarhulumente, kunye nenkqubo yentlalo.

Imfundiso yokuququzelela, apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uninzi lweSigqeba samaLungelo sokhuseleko kurhulumente ngokudlula kwiSindululo soMqathango se 14th esikwiSicwangciso sika-Sinethi sika-Claus, ibonisa indlela ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko okunokwandisa ngayo umlinganiselo osebenzayo wokulungisa. Ukuququzelelwa kweSindululo sokuqala kwaqala ngenkululeko yokuthetha nokushicilela eGitlow v. New York (1925), ukuqhelisela unqulo ngokukhululekileyo kwiHamilton v. Regents of U.C. (193434), inkululeko yokuhlanganisa/ilungelo lokucela kwiDe Jonge v. Oregon (1937), kunye neSivumelo sika-Claye kwiSinyuko se-Evern.

Ukunconywa Okuqhubekayo Kozinziso LomGaqo-siseko

Izilungiso zoMgaqo-siseko zisasebenza kakhulu kubomi banamhlanje baseMerika. Inkululeko yokuHlaziywa kokuqala iyaqhubeka icelwa kwiingxoxo ezingenkululeko yokuthetha kwi-intanethi, kwimicimbi yezentlalo, kwimicimbi yenkululeko yonqulo, nakwimibutho yokuqhayisa. Ukhuseleko lwesine loMgaqo-nkqubo luvavanywa bubugcisa obutsha bokujonga kunye noqokelelo-lwazi. I-Unicimo lweSimiselo sika-Divice Claus yeMpanziso-145 lungundoqo ekuhlaziyweni okuqhubekayo okubandakanya ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, imbonakalo yesondo, nezinye iimpawu.

Ukupheliswa kwamalungelo kujamelana nocelomngeni olutsha njengoko amazwana emkela imithetho eyahlukeneyo yonyulo kunye neenkqubo ezinokuchaphazela ukufikelela kwivoti. Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye negunya likarhulumente, umxholo ongundoqo weziphendulo ezininzi, luyaqhubeka luphikiswa kwiindawo ezisukela ekulawuleni imipu ukuya kuhlengahlengiso lwezaphuli-mthetho ukuya kumanyathelo abangela inkxwaleko.

Ukuqonda iziphendu zomgaqo-siseko kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ezi zindululo zichaza amalungelo amaMerika anawo, imida yegunya likarhulumente, kunye nemilinganiselo olufuna ukuyiphakamisa. Zimela zombini impumelelo nemigudu eqhubekayo, zingqina inkqubela yohlanga kwinjongo yalo yokusekwa kwalo ngoxa zivuma ukuba umsebenzi wokudala umanyano olugqibeleleyo awusoze uphelele.

Izigwebo Ezicetyiswayo Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Kukho iingxoxo eziye zabangela ingxubusho ephawulekayo, njengoMmiselo wamaLungelo oQelanisanisayo (oya kuthi ngokucacileyo iluthintele ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini), izivumelwano zokulungelelanisa uqingqo-mali lwemali, ukuhlengahlengisa ukubhukuqwa kwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye nokulungisa iphulo lokuguqula inkxaso-mali yezentengiso okanye iKoleji yeElectoral.

Ubunzima bokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko kuthetha ukuba iinguqu ezicetyiweyo kufuneka zibe nobubanzi, inkxaso eqhubekayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye neembono zobupolitika. Le ntambo ephezulu iqinisekisa uzinzo kwaye ithintele utshintsho olungxamisekileyo, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungasilela emva kweenguqu zoluntu okanye ungakwazi ukusingatha iingxaki ezivela ngokukhawuleza njengokuba abanye bengathanda.

Inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ibonisa umbono wabaseki borhulumente ofumana igunya lakhe ebantwini kodwa owenzelwe ukunqanda izinto ezinkulu zokwexeshana ekwenzeni iinguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo. Inguquko yexesha elizayo iyakuqhubeka iphendula imibuzo engundoqo ngamalungelo, ukuma, nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente kwibutho lamaMelika.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko

Utshintsho kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lumela umgudu oqhubekayo wesizwe wokucoca nokuphucula inkqubo yalo yorhulumente nokunyusa isithembiso senkululeko nokulingana kuwo onke amaMelika. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo esiseko ukuya kukhuselo olusekelwe ekuguquleni kolungiso-mthetho lwezindululo zobuGaqo-mthetho baseMerika, ukusuka kulwandiso lwamalungelo okuvota ukuya kutshintsho kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente, ezi zindululo ziye zaguqula amava amaMelika ngeendlela ezinzulu.

Intembeko ebalulekileyo yeSindululo Sokuqala soMphetho-mthetho, ukupheliswa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithathu wobukhoboka, iziqinisekiso zoMphengululo weshumi elinesine zokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, ulwandiso lweshumi elinesihlanu kunye nolweshumi elinesithoba loMphengululo-mda, nezinye ezixutyushwa kwesi sikhokelo zenza isiseko somgaqo-siseko sedemokhrasi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Zibonisa iminqweno ephakamileyo yesizwe kunye nemigudu yaso yokuzimela ezo njongo.

Ukuqonda ezi zinguquko asikokwenza nje uqeqesho lolwazi lwembali kodwa yimfuno esebenzayo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo awo, athathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kwaye afake igalelo kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngentsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yesiseko. UmGaqo-siseko, njengoko ulungisiwe, uhlala uluxwebhu oluphilayo olusaqhubeka lubumba umthetho waseMerika, ezopolitiki, kunye nebutho labantu.

Xa abemi bebandakanyeka kwiingxaki zanamhlanje .Njenga iingxoxo eziphathelele ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngexesha lamanani ukuya kwimibuzo ephathelele ukufikelela ekuvoteni, ukusuka ekuhlaziyisweni kwemithetho yobulungisa ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, / iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zinika isiseko sohlalutyo kunye nesikhumbuzi samaxabiso aye akhokela uhlanga kumaxesha angaphambili eenguqu neengxabano. Iintlupheko zibonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungaguquka uhlangabezane neemeko ezintsha ngoxa ugcina ukuhambelana nemigaqo esisiseko.

Abo bafuna ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwabo umthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye norhulumente waseMelika, behlola ukulungiswa komthetho-siseko, iinkcukacha", befunda umbhalo, befunda iimeko zento eyenzekayo, kunye nokuhlola umongo wembali (ixabiso elibalulekileyo). Izibonelelo ezifana noMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [, Ugcino-mali , kunye [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] Comicspoint.

Ibali lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni libali elithetha ngamandla abantu baseMerika olawulo lwabo kunye nokuzimisela kwabo ukwenza ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelikhululekileyo. Utshintsho ngalunye lumela ukhetho olwenziwa zizizukulwana ezidlulileyo malunga nohlobo lohlanga ababefuna ulwakha kunye namalungelo ababefuna ukuwakhusela. Ukuqonda ezi ziphendu kunceda oko kusebenza kwangoku nezizukulwana ezizayo kuqhubeke, ukuvisisanisa imigaqo-siseko neengxaki ezintsha ngelixa behlala bethembekile kumgangatho ohlala uhleli wenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nokuzikhusela ngokwazo ngokwedemokhrasi ukuba i-amforiyo i-mmentem-m-mfore.