Ukuziswa Kwinkqubo Yenkundla Yomanyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelifa lesizwe yaseUnited States isingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe okanye abemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo (ulawulo loburhulumente), kunye namaqela athile afana norhulumente ngokwawo. Ukuqonda iinkqubo zenkundla yephondo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kulo mgangatho. Ngoxa iinkundla zezorhulumente zisingatha iingxwabangxwaba zemihla le, iinkundla zephondo zisebenza njengendawo yemicimbi yokubaluleka kwesizwe, imibango entlukwano entlukwano yemibango emininzi, kunye nokuphulwa kwemithetho yorhulumente.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zilawulwa kakhulu yi . Imithetho ePhambili yeProcediture (FRCP), eqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwento enye kuzo zonke isithili sezomthetho ezingama- 94. Inkqubo ilungelelanisa okusesikweni, impumelelo, kunye namalungelo afanelekileyo. Ngelixesha imeko nganye ingaqhelekanga, i-proceddialgmap ilandela umlinganiselo osisigxina: ulawulo kunye ne-ofisi, izingcelo, ukufunyanwa, imiboniso, ukuvavanywa, kunye neenkqubo zeposi.

Inkonzo kunye neVenue

Ngaphambi kokuba naliphi na ityala liqhubeke enkundleni karhulumente, kufuneka kuphendulwe imibuzo emibini ebalulekileyo: Ngaba inkundla inegunya elingokwasemthethweni lokuliva eli tyala? Ngaba inkundla enyuliweyo ifanelekile? Le mibandela iconjululwa ngeengcamango zolawulo nendawo.

Umgwebo Oyintloko

Iinkundla zomanyano ziinkundla ezilawula igunya elilinganiselweyo. Zinokuva kuphela amatyala agunyazisiweyo ngumGaqo-siseko wase-United States okanye imimiselo karhulumente.

  • Umbuzo obalulekileyo: Ityala elivela phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., imithetho karhulumente, okanye izivumelwano. Umzekelo, ityala phantsi koMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wabemi okanye isuti esemthethweni.
  • Ityala lobunyani: Ityala apho amaqela angabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo (okanye ummi wase-U.S. kunye nelizwe lasemzini) nemali exambuliweyo engaphezulu kwee-$75,000. Isizathu sikukunika ubundilele be-forum kwi-prostate ngaphandle kwe-622of"% ligigents.

Ezinye izizathu ezikhethekileyo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi, ukuwa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye namatyala apho iUnited States iliqela.

Isigqibo Sobuqu

Inkundla kufuneka ibe namandla kummangalelwa. Ulawulo lobuqu lusoloko lukhona ukuba ummangalelwa unxibelelana ngokwaneleyo norhulumente apho inkundla ihlala khona – njengokuhlala khona, ukuqhuba ishishini, okanye ukubeka itort khona. I-"FLT] Imodetive Process Clause yeSimemezelo sesihlanu soMphengululo uqingqo-mda ungena kuphi na, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, inkonzo yesizwe yemithetho yenkqubo isebenza.

Venue

UVeneue umisela inkundla yesithili ekhethekileyo apho ityala lifanele ligcinwe khona. Ngokuqhelekileyo, indawo ifanelekile kwisithili apho bonke abamangalelwa bahlala khona, okanye apho inxalenye enkulu yeziganeko okanye yempahla ekwimbambano ivele. Imimiselo yomanyano (28 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . .Nunika imithetho eneenkcukacha. Ukudluliselwa kwesinye isithili esifanelekileyo maxa wambi ivunyelwe ukuze kulungiselelwe ukunceda okanye kugwebo.

Ukumisela Umthetho Womanyano

Xa inkundla efanelekileyo ithe yafunyaniswa, ucalulo luqala ngokusemthethweni ngokufaka isikhalazo. Imithetho elawula izibongozo ichaza iinkcukacha kwaye ithwala iimfuno ezingqongqo zobume kunye nomxholo.

Isikhalazo

Isikhalazo sisicelo sokuqala esiveza iziphakamiso zommangaleli. Kufuneka sibe nengxelo emfutshane necacileyo ebonisa imvume yokukhululeka, imfuneko yomgwebo, kunye nesiseko solawulo lwenkundla. Phantsi kwe-FRCP 8, isikhalazo kufuneka sinike ummangalelwa isaziso esicacileyo setyala. Kwizenzo ezininzi, imilinganiselo yokuncenga – ekhuliswe njengaleyo iphantsi Bll Atlantic Corp. v. 2bly kunye [[FLT:]'''''' ne[FLT] Acreft. Ilbal – ifuna izityholo ezaneleyo kwimeko yokwanelo.

Umngcwabi kufuneka ahlawule umrhumo wefatyi (R2402 njengo-2025), nangona isicelo sokuqhubeka kwi-foma pauperis (IFP) sikhona kumaqela angenayo. Emva kokubhala, umabhalane wenkundla ukhupha izicelo eziyalela ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Ummangalelwa kufuneka adlulisele isimemo kunye nesikhalazo kummangalelwa. FRCP 4 ichaza iindlela ezamkelekileyo zenkonzo: ukuhambisa kobuqu, ukushiya imibhalo kwindawo yokuhlala yommangalelwa, okanye ukuthumela ngomqeshwa wenkonzo. Inkonzo kufuneka igqitywe ngeentsuku ezingama-90 zokuvala isikhalazo. Inkonzo efanelekileyo ibalulekile – ngaphandle kwayo, inkundla ayinagunyazelo kwaye ityala aliqhubeki.

Impendulo Nentshukumo Yokuyikhupha

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa uneentsuku ezingama-21 (60 ukuba bawuyekele inkonzo eqhelekileyo) ukuphendula. Impendulo eqhelekileyo yimpendulo, evuma okanye ayivumi ityholo ngalinye kwaye ingazingqina inguewe. Okanye, ummangalelwa angayila intshukumo yokugxotha phantsi kwe FRCP 12(b) ngezizathu ezifana nokungabi nagunyaziswa kwento ephantsi, indawo engafanelekanga, okanye ukungawiswa kwengxelo apho kunganikwa khona uncedo. Ukuba intshukumo ayivunywanga, ummangalelwa kufuneka anike impendulo kamva.

Iinkqubo eziphambili

Emva kokuba ukucela kuvaliwe, ityala lingena kwisigaba sangaphambi kwetyala – ixesha elininzi lokuqulunqwa kwamatyala kunye noxwebhu lwenxalenye edityanisiweyo yelifa lesizwe. Eli qonga lenzelwe ukuxinanisa imiba, ukutshintshana kwenkcazelo, nokukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa.

Umbuzo

Ufihlo yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho amaqela afumana ubungqina omnye komnye nakumaqela amathathu. IFRCP ivumela izixhobo eziliqela zokufumana:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo (ifakelwe ukuya ku 25, iquka iinxenye ezisezantsi).
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ESI), okanye ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwakhiwa:[ ubungqina bomlomo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo phambi kokuvavanywa, obusoloko buqhutywa ngamagqwetha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zengxubusho: iingxelo ezithi umphikisi amele avume okanye akhanye, ezisetyenziselwa iimpikiswano ezimxinwa zenyaniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lwengqondo okanye lwengqiqo: lucwangciswe kuphela xa imeko yelungu okanye yengqondo ixakene.

Uphando lubanzi kodwa kufuneka lulungelelane neemfuno zetyala. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zifumane amagama okuqala – zinika amagama amangqina, amaxwebhu, kunye nezibalo zomonakalo – ngaphandle kokulinda izicelo ezisemthethweni. Inkundla ijonge ukufunyanwa kwentlanganiso kwaye iyakwazi ukusombulula iimpikiswano, ngokufuthi ngenkomfa yokufumana okanye ukushukuma ukunyanzela.

IiNkomfa zangaphambili kunye noLungiselelo oluHlakulelayo

Ekuqaleni kwetyala, ijaji imisela ucwangciso lokucwangcisa ixesha lokudibanisa amaqela, lokufumana, nokugcina izithuba. IFRCP 16 ifuna ingqungquthela yangaphambi koshicilelo apho inkundla ixubusha ngolawulo lwetyala, ukuhlaziywa, kunye nocwangciso lokuvavanya. Ingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi kwetyala iyenzeka kamsinyane ngaphambi kokuvavanywa ukuqulunqa uludwe lokubonisa, uluhlu lwamangqina, kunye nayo nayiphi na imibandela ecacileyo engalungiswangalungiswanga.

Uqheliselo lweNtshukumo

Ixesha langaphambili lovavanyo lixhaphakile ngentshukumo. Okona kubalulekileyo yi ingcinga yomgwebo wesishwankathelo [FRCP 56]. Iqela liphikisa ukuba, ngokusekelwe kwizibakala zezinto eziphathekayo, banelungelo lokugweba njengomthetho. Ukuba bagunyazisiwe, ityala liphela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Ezinye iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukukhupha ubungqina obungochwepheshe (intshukumo ze-Daubert), ukuthatha iminyanzelo yokukhupha ubungqina obucacileyo, kunye nemiqathango yokufumana ukuxhaphaza.

Ukuzinziswa Kwesicombululo Nesinye Isiphithiphithi

Amatyala amaninzi karhulumente angazinzi phambi kwetyala. Iinkundla zikhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo ukuhlangabezana nokuqulunqwa, ukuvavanywa kobundilele, okanye iingqungquthela. Ezinye izithi zikarhulumente zineenkqubo ze-ADR ezinyanzelekileyo. Iintetho zokuhlala zinokubakho nakweliphi na iqonga; amaqela asenokuphumeza isivumelwano sebhunga aze afake ifayile yomiselo lokugxothwa. Ukuba isiqendu asifikelelwanga, elo tyala liyaqhubeka liqulethwe.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Amatyala anyanzelisayo aqhutyelwa phambi kwejaji (ukuchotshelwa kwetyala) okanye abachopheli-tyala. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSebethi uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala lasekuhlaleni apho imali engaphezulu lee-R2. Inkqubo yokuchophela ilungelelaniswe kakhulu, nemithetho engqongqo yobungqina (iMithetho yeNkcubeko yoBufakazi) kunye nenkqubo.

Ukhetho

Ukuba ityala labachopheli-tyala liceliwe, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha inkundla yabachopheli. Abagwebi abathembisayo bayancinwa ngabagwebi namagqwetha ukutyhila iimbono ezigqwethekileyo. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elisikelwe umda leentsomi [ (ngokoqobo 3) kunye nocelomngeni olungenamda ukwenzela into ethile. Injongo kukuhlala kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo yabathandathu kubantu abalishumi elinesibini.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ummangalelwa anganika ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza okanye alinde de kuqalise ityala lakhe. Iingxelo zokuvula aziyompikiswano; kufuneka ajonge nje izibakala.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

I-paltiff ichaza imeko yayo kuqala, ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ingqina ngalinye liyavavanywa (uvavanyo olungqalileyo), emva koko linqumla i-gqwirha eliphikisayo, linezikhokelo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuphinda liphinde lidlulise. Izinto ezisekelwe kumsebenzi, uvavava, okanye eminye imithetho ecacileyo zilawulwa ngumgwebi. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, angashukuma ukuze agwebe njengombandela womthetho (isigqibo esithe ngqo) ukuba ubungqina abunelanga.

Ukuba intshukumo iyakhanyelwa, ummangalelwa uveza ityala lakhe. Ummangalelwa angaphinda aphikise. Ijaji ilawula isantya nemithetho kuyo yonke imiba ecacileyo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala Nemiyalelo

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikiwe, icala ngalinye linikela intetho yokuqukumbela ishwankathela ubungqina kwaye licacisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho bafumane intsebenziswano yabo. Ummangalelwa uqala ngokuphikisa; ummangalelwa ulandela; ummangalelwa anganika intetho ephikisayo. Ngokungangoko, ijaji ilungiselela imiyalelo enzima – imigangatho esemthethweni kufuneka isetyenziswe ngabagwebi. Isalathisi sisoloko sinikela imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo.

Isigwebo noMgwebo

Abachopheli betyala bazenza ngabom ngasese. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, umgangatho wobungqina udla ngokuba kukuqwalaselwa kobungqina (okuthetha ukuba “kunokwenzeka ukuba akunjalo”). Isigqibo sisenokuvumelana okanye, kwiinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente, sivumelana noninzi oluchaziweyo ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelana ngenye indlela. Xa isigqibo sivakalisiwe, ijaji iqalisa ukugweba ngokufanelekileyo. Kwityala lebheri, abagwebi bachaza iziphumo zenyaniso nezigqibo zomthetho.

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Ukuqukunjelwa kwetyala akusoloko kuphelela apho, kuba kukho iindlela ezininzi zokucel ’ umngeni isigqibo okanye umgwebo.

Intshukumo yePostTime

Kwientsuku ezingama-28 emva kokungeniswa komgwebo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingafaka enye okanye ngaphezulu yezilandelayo:

  • Umqukumbelo wovavanyo olutsha (FRCP 59): osekelwe kwiimpazamo kwityala, kwihambo engalunganga yejaji, okanye oknakele/okonakeleyo okunganele.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukulungisa uphazamiso kuAlter okanye Amend Umgwebo (FRP 59(e)): Ukulungisa impazamo ecacileyo yomthetho okanye yenyaniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intshukumo evuselelweyo yomgwebo njengeManute yoMthetho (FRP 50): I-Argues ezithi akukho siseko saneleyo esicacileyo ngokwasemthethweni esikhoyo sesigqibo.
  • Ukufumana isiphumlisi esisuka kumgwebo (FRCP 60): ngezizathu ezifana nokuqhatha, impazamo, okanye ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa (ifakelwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ngokufuthi ukuya kutsho kunyaka omnye).

Ukuba ijaji iyakhanyela le ntshukumo, umbutho olahlekileyo ungabhenela. Umchasi kufuneka aqale afake isaziso sesibheno ngeentsuku ezingama-30 zomgwebo okanye ukukhanyelwa kwentshukumo yasemva koshicilelo.

Inkqubo Yesibheno

Izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili zikarhulumente ziya kwiinkundla zesiphaluka zesiphaluka (iziphaluka ezili-13). Ingxengxezo isoloko ipheleliselwe kwimibuzo yomthetho, hayi isibakala – inkundla echaphazelekayo ibambe iziphumo zenyani zejaji ngaphandle kokuba ziphosakele. Izibheno zithathwa ngokusekelwe kwimibhalo emifutshane ebhaliweyo nangamanye amaxesha iimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo. Iqela lesithathu lezabelo lingaqinisekisa, libuye libuye liphendule, okanye liphinde libuye livume (ligqibele emva kwiziphumo ezithethsi).

Emva kwesigqibo senkundla yesiphaluka, iqela eliphulukana nentlanganiso lingacela ukuphinda lihlolwe i-'Balc (phambi kwesiphaluka sonke) okanye ifayile ye-grain ye-certtiorari kunye U.S. Inkundla ePhakamileyo[FLT]]]. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela amatyala ambalwa kakhulu, ngokwenyani lawo abandakanya umbuzo obalulekileyo karhulumente okanye ukwahlulwa phakathi kwemimandla.

Ulwazelelelo Olukhethekileyo Kwabathathi-nxaxheba

Abantu abazimelayo (prose) bajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Iinkundla zomanyano zinezibonelelo, ezifana ne [FLT]] Isikhokelo sesiKhokelo[FLT]] kwi-website ye-US Courts, echaza imithetho esisiseko. Noko ke, i-seligions zilindeleke ukuba zivumelane nazo zonke iimfuno ze-FRCP, kunye nokusilela ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekugxothweni okanye ekugwetyweni.

Iindleko Nee-attorney

Ukubhalisa enkundleni yenkundla karhulumente kungabiza imali eninzi. Iqela elilawulayo linelungelo lokufumana iindleko ezithile (njengemali yokuhlawula ifashoni kunye neendleko zokunikela ubungqina) phantsi kwe-FRCP 54. Noko ke, iindleko ze-Attorney zihlawulwa kuphela ukuba umthetho okanye isivumelwano sivumela, okanye ukuba ityala libandakanya ukholo olungalunganga. Le mithetho ikhuthaza ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngenyameko ngaphambi kokupakisha.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zenkundla yomanyano zenza inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo kodwa entsonkothileyo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni ngexesha lolawulo lomthwalo ngempumelelo. Ukusuka kwisigqibo sokuqala sokuba ufako lwetyala luye kwisicelo sokugqibela, inyathelo ngalinye lifuna ucwangciso lononophelo nokunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimithetho. Iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kunye nelithiyoligi zingenelwa kukuqonda ezi nkqubo zokusebenzisa iphulo ngempumelelo. Imithetho yangoku ebhaliweyo kunye neenguqu zasekuhlaleni, zisoloko zijongana [[FLT:][FLT][FLT]] Imithetho ye-Policedrecture [] ekhoyo ngeKhohlo-mthetho yolwazi olusemthethweni kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni yenkundla yesithilithi.