Table of Contents

UmGaqo-siseko umi njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe yaye umisela imigaqo esisiseko elawula iUnited States. Olu xwebhu lunentsingiselo aluvelisi nje kuphela isiseko sikarhulumente wethu kodwa lukwakhusela amalungelo nenkululeko echaza amava aseMerika. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kunye neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zikarhulumente ozimiselayo kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle, amele atshintshe, aze aphendule amagosa anyuliweyo.

Enoba ungumfundi, umfundisi, ummi oxhalabileyo, okanye ungomnye umntu onomdla kwindlela urhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo, lo khokelo luza kukunika uluvo olucokisekileyo lwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, izakhiwo zikarhulumente, kunye neenkqubo ezibumba inkqubo nomthetho eUnited States. Ukusuka kukwahlulwa kwamagunya ukuya kwinkqubo yemithetho-siseko, ukusuka kwii-checks kunye nomlinganiselo ukuya kulwamkelo lokulungisa, siza kuhlola iindlela eziye zaxhasa idemokhrasi yaseMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

Isiseko: Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

Imbali Nendalo

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States wabhaliswa ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia ngowe-1787, endaweni yeZihloko zoBunyanzeliso ezazingqine zingafaneleki ukulawula uhlanga oluselula. UTsimiweyo lwaBaseki, kuquka uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noBenjamin Franklin, lwahlanganisana ukuze luvelise urhulumente onamandla kakhulu ngoxa lusalondoloza ulawulo lwesizwe nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Uxwebhu abalwenzayo luye lwaba yeyona midala ibhalwe njengomgaqo-siseko wesizwe osasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

UMgaqo-siseko wavunywa ngo-1788 kwaye waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1789, umisela uhlobo olutsha lukarhulumente olusekelwe kwi-burhulumente, kwi-riphabliki, nakumthetho. Abafaki-mgaqo basebenzisa intanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa, izithethe zomthetho eziqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, kunye namava abo okulawulwa ngamakoloni ukuze benze uxwebhu oluza kulingana namandla, ukuthintela ubuzwilakhe, kwaye badala umanyano olugqibeleleyo. Iingxoxo ezikufutshane zakhokelela kwisithembiso seBhili-Rhodi yamaLungelo, eyayongelwa ngo1791 njenge-andendments zokuqala ezili-10.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko uquka isiqalo, amanqaku asixhenxe, kunye namashumi amabini anesixhenxe okubuyiselwa. Isiqalo siveza injongo yoxwebhu, siqala ngamazwi adumileyo "Thina bantu" kwaye sidwelise iinjongo ezintandathu ezisisiseko: ukwenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo, ukuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa uxolo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle-ntle, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko.

Amanqaku asixhenxe alandelayo amisela inkqubo karhulumente. Inqaku I liyila isebe lowiso-mthetho, iGatya II elimisela isebe elilawulayo, neQumrhu III limisela isebe elilawulayo. Inqaku le-IV lithetha ngolwalamano phakathi kwamazwe, iGatya V lichaza inkqubo yokulungisa, iGatya le- VI lichaza umGaqo-siseko njengenkqubo ephezulu yelizwe, neQumrhu VII lichaza inkqubo yokwandiswa kwemiqathango. Inqaku ngalinye liqulethe amacandelo amaninzi anika amalungiselelo achaza indlela urhulumente amele asebenze ngayo.

Imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko wesithethe

Imigaqo emininzi esisiseko isekelwe kwinkqubo yonke yomgaqo-siseko. ulawulo lwempumezo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ufumana amandla akhe ngokuvumelana nabalawuli. urhulumente odityanisiweyo[ uthetha ukuba amandla karhulumente athintelwe ngumthetho, kwaye amagosa kufuneka asebenze kwimida yesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukwahlula-hlula igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo ukukhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekubeni namandla kakhulu.

[[FLT: 0] iziphumo kunye nomlinganiselo zinika isebe ngalinye elinamandla okulinganisela izenzo zamasebe amanye, lidala inkqubo yokuphathana. Féderalis[ ulwahlulo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente, livumela zombini umanyano nolwahluka-hlukeneyo. [[FLT:] uhlolo lwendlela yokujongana. , lumiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiMarbury v. (1183], lunika iinkundla amandla okugqiba enoba imithetho nemisebenzi karhulumente ivumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ekugqibeleni, [[FLT:] [FLD]

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Isebe Elinomthetho:

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elamiselwa liQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, liqulethwe yiBhunga le-badamaral: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Eli sebe linegunya lokwenza imithetho, ukulawula inkcitho yemali karhulumente, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo, nokuphatha isebe eliphetheyo. Abaquluqeli besakhiwo belisebe lokuqala nelona linamandla, bebonakalisa inkolelo yabo yokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ifanele ibe kufuphi nabantu.

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-435 ahlukeneyo phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi, ilungu ngalinye elikhonza iminyaka emibini. Abameli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, babengummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye bahlale kwilizwe abameleyo. Indlu inamagunya amaninzi akhethekileyo, kuquka ukukwazi ukusungula iindleko, ukutyumba amagosa karhulumente, kwaye banyulele umongameli ukuba akukho mvoti-mali ekhoyo.

iqulathe ubuncinane ubumi enamalungu ali-100, kunye nee-iquator ezimbini ezivela kwilizwe ngalinye, zisebenza izivumelwano zeminyaka emithandathu. Abaququzeleli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, babengummi wase-U.S. kangangeminyaka elithoba, kwaye bahlale kwilizwe abameleyo. IBhunga linamagunya akhethekileyo aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano, nokuqhuba iimvavanyo. UMongameli usebenza njengoMongameli weNxambuliswa yeNdlobo kwaye angavota i-okisa.

Ingqungquthela yenza imigaqo emininzi edweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8, kuquka amandla okuboleka irhafu, ukulawula irhafu, urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe namazwe asemzini, imali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukunikeza imvume kunye nokukhutshelwa kwamalungelo, ukuseka iinkundla zesizwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye kwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuphumeza amagunya ayo omgaqo-siseko. Eli binzana lokugqibela, elaziwa ngokuba yiEllastic Clausleace okanye i-Inity okanye i-Faned Classias, liye latolikwa ngokubanziswa kakhulu ukuvumisa igunya lombutho wolawulo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Isebe Elilawulayo: IKhosi

IGatya II lomGaqo-siseko limisa isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States. Umongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, ejongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho, eqhuba imithetho yelinye ilizwe, elawula imikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye elawula urhulumente. Umongameli usebenza ngexesha eliyiminyaka emine kwaye, ngokulandela uMphengululo wama-22, akanakusebenza ngaphezu kwamabinzana amabini.

Ukuze afanelekele umongameli, umntu kufuneka abe ngummi wendalo wase-United States, ubuncinane oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, kwaye ebehlala eUnited States ubuncinane iminyaka eli-14. Umongameli unyulwa ngenkqubo yeElectoral College, apho iphondo ngalinye lifumana iivoti ezilingana nomelo lwalo lwequmrhu. Umbambeli kufuneka afumane uninzi lwevoti (ngoku ezingama-270 ukusuka kuma-58) ukuze awine i-presidecimal.

Amagunya obuongameli aquka ukutyikitywa okanye ukumiswa komthetho, ukumisela abagwebi besizwe namagosa aphezulu (ngokuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukuqulunqa izivumelwano (ekubhekiseleni kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi zeNtlanganiso), ukukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo, ukuxolela nokuphinda kufumaneke, nokukhonza njengomphathi-ntloko-mikhosi. Kwakhona umongameli unikela umthetho weSizwe sedilesi ye-Union kwaye uncomela umthetho kwiBhunga. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umongameli uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo emandla nasempembelelo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zamazwe angaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isebe elilawulayo liquka uVikey Mongameli, iKhabhinethi, namasebe amaninzi karhulumente. IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, kuquka uRhulumente, uBuxhakaxhaka, uKhuselo, uBulungiseleli, namanye. La magosa acebisa umongameli kwaye ajonge ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho nemigaqo-siseko. Isebe lesizwe lisebenzisa izigidi zabasebenzi abasebenza kurhulumente osuku lwenyanga.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Inkqubo yeNkundla yoManyano

Inqaku III limisa isebe eligwebayo, igunya lokugweba elibeka ityala "kwiNkundla enye ephakamileyo" kunye neenkundla eziphantsi njengeNkundla elawulayo. Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo isenokuchaza imithetho, isebenzisa umGaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezithile, kwaye icombulule iimpikiswano ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko, okanye amaqela asuka kumaphondo ahlukeneyo. Abagwebi boSizwe bamiselwa ngumongameli oqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNkulawula kwaye basebenze izindululo zobomi babo bonke ngexesha "ukuziphatha okuhle," ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwenkundla.

INkundla imi kwincopho yejaji yezwe lonke, equkelwe ngabagwebi abasithoba: iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neziNtloko ezisibhozo ezihambelanayo. Inkundla inegunya lokuqala kwiimeko ezibandakanya ii-amiral kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayo omninzi ubandakanya ulawulo lwe-athomplite, ukuqwalasela izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zesizwe kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zetyala kwimibuzo karhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ifumana amawaka ezicelo minyaka leminye kodwa ithetha kuphela amatyala angama-70-80.

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kukho iiNkundla eziPhakamileyo IiNkundla zezibheno , ezilungelelaniswe ngokweziphaluka ezili-13 eziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili kwimimandla yazo. Ezi nkundla zihlola izigwebo zenkundla ezivavanyiweyo kwiimpazamo zomthetho kodwa aziqhubeli tyala ezintsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha. IiNkundla zephondo zisebenza njengeekhonzame zenkqubo yorhulumente, ezinamaqela angama- 94 kwilizwe lonke. Ezi ntebhiyo zinegunya lokuqala kwiimeko ezininzi zorhulumente, kuquka iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, iingxoxo zamakhaya ezibandakanya umthetho worhulumente, kunye namatyala abandakanya amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo apho imali edlula kuphicotho lwe-$75].

Amandla ohlolo olubalulekileyo, ngexa lingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, amiselwa kwityala lephawu lembali uMarbury v. Madison (1803). Eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zinciphise imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ezingqubana nomGaqo-siseko, zenze ijaji ibe luhlolo olubalulekileyo kumasebe emithetho-mthetho nakwezolawulo.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu ngokunika isebe ngalinye izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuthintela izenzo zezinye. Le nkqubo ibangela uxinezeleko olunamandla oluye lwanceda ekulondolozeni urhulumente womgaqo-siseko ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Iindlela Zokuhlola Umthetho Kwamanye Amasebe

IBhunga lilawula isebe elilawulayo ngendlela eziliqela. INdlu yeNdlu kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kwiKhabinethi, kwijaji yejaji yorhulumente, nezinye iindawo ezikwimigangatho ephezulu. Ingqungquthela ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kumgaqo-nkqubo wokuququzelela, imisela ukuba yimalini umbutho ngamnye kunye nenkqubo efunyenweyo. Indlu ingawakhupha amagosa asekuhlaleni, kuquka umongameli, "ukuqonda, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu," ngelixa iNdlu lweNtsimbi yetyala liqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye iyakwazi ukususa amagosa ngevoti ezimbini.

IBhunga lingayigqitha i-vetoes engomongameli kunye neevoti ezimbini ezizisithathu kumagumbi omabini, nangona oku kunqabile ngenxa yomqobo ophezulu. IBhunga kufuneka livume izivumelwano zobungangamsha ezixoxwe ngumongameli ngevoti ezimbini. IBhunga likwakhokela ngokuchonga, uphando, kunye nezicelo zolwazi kumaqumrhu alawulayo. Ngokubhekiselele kumaqumrhu alawulayo, iBhunga limisela inani leenkundla eziphezulu zeNkundla, liyila iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, kwaye liyakwazi ukukhupha abagwebi borhulumente.

Isebe eliphetheyo Lihlola Amanye Amasebe

Umongameli angawumisela umthetho owiswe yiNgqungquthela, enyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba balungise okanye bazame ukuwuphelisa lo mthetho. Umongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukubumba uxwebhu lwejaji kunye nolwalathiso lwentanda-bulumko kwizizukulwana. Ngooorhulumente abalawulayo, umongameli angaphembelela indlela imithetho emiswa ngayo nenyanzeliswa ngayo, ngamanye amaxesha ngeendlela ebengakhange icetyiswe yiBhunga.

Umongameli angabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga kwaye unamandla okuxolela nokunika izigwebo zorhulumente, anikele uvavanyo kwizigqibo zomthetho. Njengomphathi-mikhosi kwintloko, umongameli ulawula imisebenzi yasemkhosini, nangona iCongress inegunya lokuvakalisa imfazwe nemisebenzi yomkhosi. Kwakhona umongameli uphembelela udweliso lwemimiselo yomthetho ngentetho ye-Union, izicelo zemithetho-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke.

Ukukhangela Amasebe Okugweba

Ngokuhlola okugwebayo, iinkundla zephondo zingavakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa lisebe elilawulayo elingavumelaniyo nemithetho, eliyiphelisa ngokunempumelelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza intsingiselo yemithetho namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi isombulula izinto ezingafanelekanga kunye nezithuba eziye zazaliswa yinkqubo yowiso-mthetho engakhange ibekwe mvuselelwa. Iinkundla zingakhupha imimiselo ethintela ukugcinwa kwemithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ngoxa kusenziwa izigqibo.

Abagwebi bamafanelwayo basebenza kwimiqathango yobomi babo bonke, bebakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika yaye bevumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba zisekelwe kwiimbono eziqhelekileyo okanye kwiinkalo zobupolitika. Ijaji ikwakhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwiinkcuba - mbuso, esebenza njengendawo apho abemi banokucel

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Eyenziwe Ngayo Imithetho

Ukuqonda indlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho kubalulekile ekufundiseni abantu nokuze kubekho inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho intsonkothile yaye yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo imithetho ecetyisiweyo nokuthintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo okanye oqwalaselwe kakubi.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala xa ilungu leKhonkxa-ntle liseka umthetho. Ngamalungu eKhonkxa-ntle kuphela anokumisela umthetho, nangona iingcamango zamatyala zinokuvela kwimiba, kumaqela abantu abanomdla, kumongameli, okanye kumalungu ngokwawo. ENdlu, amalungu afaka amatyala kwibhokisi yokhuni kumgangatho wendlu. KwiCandelo, amaqumrhu amele aqashelwe ligosa eliphetheyo ukuchaza inkcubeko.

Iphepha ngalinye lifumana isalathisi esibonisa igumbi lalo lemvelaphi nenani elibonisa indlela yokuqalisa (umz. H.R. 1 kwimali yendlu yokuqala, S. 1 kwimithetho yeNdlu yeQela yokuqala). Ityala lengeniso kufuneka livele kwindlu yabameli, njengoko kuchazwe kumGaqo-siseko. Emva kwentshayelelo, irekhodethi ibhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo esekelwe kumbandela wayo. Umthethi wendlu okanye i-Camptainer ingumphathi wekomiti emisela i-okhetaral, kwaye iindleko-mali zinokubhekiswa kwikomiti ezininzi ukuba zithetha ngeengxelo zemithetho eyahlukeneyo phantsi kolawulo lwekomiti.

Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti

IiKomiti zisebenza njengamahashe asebenzayo eeNgqungquthela, ziqhuba uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyiswayo. Amatyala amaninzi afa kwikomiti, angaze aqwalaselwe ngokubhekele phaya. Xa ikomiti igqiba kwelokuba ithathe inyathelo kwityala, isenokubhekisela kwikomiti encinci ukuze ihlolwe ngokukhethekileyo. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zibamba iindlebe apho iingcali, abagcini-matyala, kunye namaqela anomdla angqinela iimpembelelo ezinokwenzeka zemali, iingenelo, kunye neziphendumiso.

Emva kokuva, ikomiti engaphantsi iphethe intlanganiso "yokurhwebelana" apho amalungu aphikisana khona ngesi tyala kwaye acebisa ukubuyiselwa kwetyala. Ukuba ikomiti engaphantsi iyalivumela eli tyala, ibuyela kwikomiti epheleleyo ukuze ihlolwe. Ikomiti epheleleyo ingazigcina iindlebe zayo kunye neentlanganiso zokuchola phambi kokuba icelwe ukuba ingawuxela kusini na uxwebhu kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Iikomiti zinganikela ingxelo yamatyala ngokufanelekileyo, ngokungafanelekanga, okanye ngaphandle kokuncomela, nangona iingxelo ezingezo zinqabileyo ekubeni iikomiti zingavumi ngokulula ukuthatha inyathelo kwiminxeba yazo.

Xa ikomiti inikela ingxelo yetyala, ilungisa ingxelo ebhaliweyo echaza injongo yetyala, iziphumo zalo ezilindelekileyo, kunye nokuqiqa kwekomiti ukulixhasa. Le ngxelo iba yinxalenye yembali yowiso-mthetho esenokubuzwa ziinkundla nangabameli xa kutolikwa umthetho. Ikomiti isenokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe ityala phambi kokuba ithumele isombululo phantsi.

Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo

Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho wendlu okanye weBhunga leNdlu, iinkqubo zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabini. Entsatsheni, iKomiti yeMimiselo ikhupha i-"mthetho" elawula ingxoxo ekwityala, ichaza ixesha eliza kwabelwa ingxoxo nezoziphendu, ukuba zikho, ukuba zinokunikelwa. Imithetho inokuba "yivulile" (yamkela nayiphi na ingxubeko), "ukuvalwa" (ukungavumeli ziphele), okanye "isiqinisekiso"isiphelo esithe ngqo).

Ingxoxo yasekhaya idla ngokulinganiselwa, yaye amalungu asoloko efumana imizuzu embalwa yokuthetha. Emva kokuba ingxoxo iphelisiwe, iNdlu iyavota nakuyiphi na inguquko ize idlule. Ngokuqhelekileyo iNdlu ivota ngombane, namalungu esebenzisa amakhadi okuvota ukuze abhale iindawo zawo.

Iinkqubo zendlu yeCathenal zithambile kakhulu kwaye zivumela ukuba kuqhutywe impikiswano. Abaququzeleli bangathetha ixesha elide xa befuna ukuvota okunamandla ukuvuselela amahlwili, isiphelo sengxoxo. Le sithethe sivumela i-monicbuster, apho abaququzeleli banokuvala umthetho ngokungavumi ukukhupha umgangatho. Ukukhutshwa kwe-athoraterture kufuna amavoti angama-60, okwenza kube nzima ukoyisa inkcaso eqinisekileyo. Abachongi banokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe nakuwuphi na umbandela, ngaphandle kokuba izivumelwano zomvolo.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela Nokuxolelaniswa

Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela kufuneka zidlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo. Xa la magumbi mabini edlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, kufuneka alungelelanise umahluko. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokulungisa, apho elinye igumbi lamkela uhlobo, okanye ngekomiti yengqungquthela eqanjwe ngamalungu aphuma kuzo zombini iigumbi athethana.

Ikomiti yenkomfa ivelisa ingxelo yenkomfa equlethe uhlobo lolalanisa lomthetho. Le ngxelo ayinakulungiswa; omabini amagumbi kufuneka avote ukuze ayamkele okanye ayilahle njengoko ibhaliwe. Ukuba omabini amagumbi ayamkela ingxelo yenkomfa, ityala liqhubekela kumongameli. Ukuba inxalenye yegumbi lomthetho isenokubuyela kwinkomfa okanye ife.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa ityala lifika kumongameli, iindlela ezininzi ziyafumaneka. Umongameli angasayina ityala, alenze umthetho. Umongameli angalibuyisela kwiKhonkxa ephikisa. IBhunga linokuzama ukukhupha iveto nge mithathu yokuvota kuzo zombini iigumbi. Ukuba umongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi (ekudluleni kweeCawa) xa ingqungquthela isekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kotyikityo.

Ukuba iKhomishini ebambeneyo phambi kokuba kuphele iintsuku ezilishumi kwaye umongameli akasayisayinanga ityala, ifa nge-"pocket trato". Olu hlobo lwe-veto alunakungaboniswa ngenxa yokuba iBhunga alikabikho kwintlanganiso ukuzama ukugqitha. Maxa wambi oomongameli bakhupha iingxelo zokutyikitya iindleko xa betyikitya amatyala, bechaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho okanye inkxalabo ngamalungiselelo, nangona la mazwi engenawo amandla asemthethweni.

Isenzo

Xa umthetho usiba ngumthetho, abameli abalawulayo bayawusebenzisa baze bawunyanzelise. Ngokufuthi iKhomishini ithumela igunya elibalulekileyo kwimimiselo echaza indlela imithetho eza kusebenza ngayo. Izikhululo zipapasha imimiselo ecetyisiweyo kwiFederal Register, zamkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, zandule ukukhupha imimiselo yokugqibela. Le migaqo inamandla omthetho kwaye inokucelw'elwa enkundleni ukuba ingaphaya kwegunya lombutho lomthetho okanye ichasene neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Yabo Ngabodwa

IBhili yamaLungelo, equka izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko, yagunyaziswa ngowe - 1791 ukuphendula inkxalabo yokuba umGaqo-siseko wokuqala awulukhuselanga ngokwaneleyo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ezi zindululo zimisela igunya likarhulumente kwaye ziqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko ayimfuneko kwibutho elikhululekileyo.

Inkululeko Yokuqala Yokwenziwa Kohlaziyo

UMthetho wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo. Amabinzana onqulo athintela urhulumente ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni aze akhusele amalungelo abantu okuqhelisela ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekileyo. Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko luquka intetho efuziselayo nentetho erhabaxa, nangona ezinye iindidi ezinjengezisongelo zokwenene, ukuphenjelelwa kwisenzo esisondeleyo sokuchas ’ umthetho, kunye nehlazo lungakhuselwa kangako.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba iqinisekisa ukuba amajelo eendaba anokunikela ingxelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente nangemicimbi yoluntu ngaphandle kokuthintelwa okanye ukuphengululwa. Amalungelo okuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo, anceda abemi ukuba balungelelanise, baqhankce, baxhase, bamele ukutshintsha. Le nkululeko yokuHlaziya Yokuqala isisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi kwaye ichazwa njengebeka "kwisikhundla esiphezulu" kumthetho wesiseko somthetho-siseko.

Ukukhuselwa Kwezobulungisa

Izindululo eziliqela zikhusela abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. UMthetho-mthetho wesine wokwalela ukuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni yaye ufuna imvume yokuxhaswa yisizathu esilindelekileyo. UMthetho-nkqubo wesihlanu unikela ukhuseleko oluninzi: ilungelo lokugwetywa ngetyala elikhulu, ukukhuselwa kwetyala elinzulu, ilungelo lokuchasene nobungozi obuphindwe kabini, nokuqinisekiswa kokuba akukho mntu uya kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.

ISithandathu SoHlaliso siqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banelungelo lokumangalelwa ngokukhawuleza nangetyala likawonke-wonke liququzelelwa ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethi-cala, ilungelo lokuziswa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ilungelo lokunyanzela amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina, nelungelo lokunceda ngesiluleko. ISindululo sesibhozo soMthetho-Mbengo asivumi ukugqithisa, ukuhliswa kwemali eninzi, intlawulo egqithisileyo nesohlwayo esingekho ngqiqweni.

Amanye amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

UMthetho wesiBini ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, nangona umlinganiselo walo lungelo usephantsi kwengxoxo eqhubekayo nowokubekwa kwetyala. IsiHlaliso sesithathu sithintela ukubekwa kwamajoni emakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume, sibonakalisa izityholo zamarhamente ngokuchasene nezenzo zaseBritani. UMthetho wokuHlayishelwa kweZigwebo ulondoloza ilungelo lokugweba kwiimeko zamakhaya ezibandakanya iidola ezingama-20.

ISichithi soLawulo seNinth sicacisa ukuba ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuthethi ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo akhankanywe ngokucacileyo. Amagunya oMthetho weSimemezelo seTenth awawaphathiswanga kumagunya karhulumente karhulumente okanye kubantu, ukuqinisekisa umgaqo wolawulo. Ezi zindululo, nangona zingasetyenziswa rhoqo kunabanye, zinegalelo kwisakhiwo siphela sikarhulumente olinganiselweyo nenkululeko ekhuselekileyo.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko Ngaphaya Kwamalungelo

Ukusukela kwiBhili yamaLungelo, iintlawulo ezongezelelekileyo ezilishumi elinesixhenxe eziye zagunyaziswa, zithetha ngemibandela esuka kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente ukuya kulwandiso lwamalungelo abantu. Ezi zindululo zibonisa ubuchule bomGaqo-siseko bokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo ngoxa zigcina imigaqo yayo esisiseko.

Ukuhlaziywa

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, sagunyaziswa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, saguqula ngokusisiseko umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu lwaphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine, mhlawumbi olona lubalulekileyo emva kokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo, luqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, banikwe amalungelo angeniswanga okanye ukukhuselwa kwabemi, kwaye lufuna ukuba kubekho inkqubo efanelekileyo nelinganayo nekhuselekileyo le mithetho.

ISibonelelo seSibonelelo se 14 seSibonelelo sika-Apremension se-Adves Claus sitolikiwe "kukhuseleko lwamalungelo akhoyo" iBhili-yoMphathi-mikhosi yamaLungelo, ibenza basebenze koorhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe. I-Unimeal Protection Claus ibisisiseko seesigqibo ezibalaseleyo ezingokobuhlanga, ucalucalucalulo lobufana, kunye nezinye iingxaki zamalungelo abantu. UMthetho-Phinda-mthetho weshumi elinesihlanu ukwalela ukukhankanywa ilungelo lokuvota olusekelwe eluntwini, kumbala, okanye kwimeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka, nangona isithembiso sawo singafezeki ngokupheleleyo de kube ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu oluntu owe-1960.

Ukwandisa Ulawulo - melo

Izindululo eziliqela ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. UHlaliso lweSeventeenth, olwagunyaziswa ngowe - 1913, lwaseka unyulo olungqalileyo lwabachongi abaphambili kunokuba lube yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. UHlaliso lweNdebetho, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1920, lwalela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwisondo, nto leyo eyaphumela ekugqibeleni kokulwa kwemizwa kwemibutho yamabhinqa.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithathu, lwagunyaziswa ngo1961, lwanikwa amavoti akhethiweyo kwiSithili saseColumbia, luvumela abemi baso ukuba bavote kunyulo lomongameli. Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithathu, lwagunyaziswa ngo1946, lwalelwe ukuba lungavumelekanga irhafu yonyulo kunyulo, ukususa umqobo owawusetyenziselwa ukukhulula amahlwempu kunye nokuvota abambalwa. Umphetho wesiXhombo, wagunyaziswa ngo-1971, ukuthoba iminyaka yokuvota ukususela kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18, kuqonda ukuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bamiselwe inkonzo yasemkhosini kufuneka babe nelungelo lokuvota.

IMithetho yoLawulo

Ezinye izindululo ziphucule ulwakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente. IsiHlanziso seTwelfth, esagunyaziswa ngo-1804, saguqula inkqubo ye-Electoral College ukuthintela iingxaki ezavela kunyulo lonyaka we-1800. Uhlaziyo lweSihlanu lweSihluzo, lwagunyaziswa ngo1913, iKhomishini egunyazisiweyo ukuba ihlawule irhafu yengeniso ngaphandle kokwabela amagunya. Uhlaziyo lwe-1970, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1933, lwaguqula umhla wokuqalisa kwe-crillion kunye nemimiselo yobumongameli, ukuphelisa ixesha elide "lame fea"

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine, olwagunyaziswa ngo1955, olona mongameli olusikelwe umda kwimiqathango emibini eofisini. Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu, lwagunyaziswa ngo1967, lwamiselwa iinkqubo zokulandelela umongameli kunye nokukhubazeka. UMthetho ongamashumi amabini anesithathu wokuHlaziya, wagunyaziswa ngo-1889, emva kokuba uthenjiswe ukuba ungenelele umbutho ekuthabatheni isiphumo de kube emva konyulo olulandelayo lwabameli.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa

Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko limisa inkqubo yokulungisa uxwebhu, ukwenza inkqubo enzima ngabom efuna ukuvumelana okubanzi. Izinyusi zingacetyiswa ngeendlela ezimbini: ngevoti yezindlu zombini zeBhunga, okanye ngendibano esemthethweni ebizwa ngeendlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizii-3. Zonke ii-projekthi ezingama-77 ezikhoyo zacetyiswa yiBhunga; akukho ngqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko ebibizwa ukususela kweyokuqala ngowe-1787.

Kuthe kwacetyiswa, ulungiso-zigqibo kufuneka luvunywe ziindibano ezintathu-sine zolawulo (ngokungu 38 ka-50). Ingqungquthela ingachaza ukuba ukwenziwa kwezixhobo kumele kube ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente okanye ngeendibano zikarhulumente zokungxengxeza. Kuphela nguMgqibo woQoqoso-Mqulu wokuqala, oye waphinda wavunywa ziindibano zephondo; zonke ezinye zagunyaziswa yimithetho yowiso-mthetho. Ingqungquthela ingamisela nommiselo wommiselo wokwenziwa kwemiqathango, oqhelekileyo iminyaka esixhenxe, nangona lo msebenzi ucelwe umngeni.

Ubunzinye benkqubo yokulungisa buye baphumela ekulungiseni okumbalwa kakhulu phezu kwazo nje iingcebiso eziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga. Esi sithintelo siphezulu sokulungisa sifak' isandla ekuzinzisweni komGaqo-siseko ngeli xesha sikhokelele kwezinye iindlela zokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko, kuquka ukucaciswa komthetho, imithetho, kunye nezenzo ezigqwethekileyo namasiko.

Umanyano: Ukwahlulwa Kwamandla

Umanyano, ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente, luphawu oluchaza inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Eli lungiselelo livumela umanyano lwesizwe nolwahluka-hlukeneyo lwamazwe, luvumela imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo ngoxa lugcina uhlanga olumanyeneyo.

Amandla Karhulumente Womanyano

UMgaqo-siseko unika urhulumente odweliswe ngokukhethekileyo odweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8. La mandla aquka ukulawula urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe nelasemzini, imali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukunika imvume kunye nokukhutshwa komqukumbelo, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa imikhosi, nokuwenza imithetho efunekayo nefanelekileyo yokuphumeza amagunya ayo. ISupremacy Claus kwiGatya lesi-8 iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho ongqubanayo norhulumente.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, igunya lorhulumente liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngokusetyenziswa kwengcaciso ebanzi yeChommerce Claus, i-Iafly and Theith Clause, kunye namandla okuchitha imali. Urhulumente wengingqi uye wasebenzisa la magunya ukulawula iindawo ezisenokubonakala zikho kwindawo ezingakumbi, njengamalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, xa ezo ndawo zichaphazela ezo ndawo ezorhwebo zamazwe okanye zibandakanya inkxaso-mali karhulumente.

Amandla Oorhulumente Borhulumente

Amazwe anamagunya agciniweyo phantsi koMphetho-mva, kuquka "amandla e-apolitiki" okulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nokuziphatha kwabemi bawo. Amazwe anembopheleleko eyintloko yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho weentsapho, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano, imfundo, kunye nemininzi yezoshishino. Amazwe aqhuba unyulo, kuquka nonyulo, olulawulwa ngurhulumente, oluphantsi kweemfuno zomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho.

UmGaqo-siseko uyawalela amanyathelo athile karhulumente, anjengokungenela kwizivumelwano, ukusungula imali, okanye ukuphazamisa imbopheleleko yezivumelwano. Amazwe akanakucalula abemi bamanye amazwe okanye aphazamisane norhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. IsiHlanzi se-145th soMyezo-Mda asivumi ukukhanyela inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kwaye ukupheliswa okulandelayo kuthintela amandla orhulumente ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo oluManyeneyo noloMbutho

Amanye amagunya ahambelana, okuthetha ukuba oorhulumente besizwe nabo barhulumente banokuwasebenzisa. Omabini amanqanaba angasebenzisa irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Xa ungquzulwano lomthetho karhulumente nokarhulumente kwimimandla enxulumeneyo, umthetho wesizwe ulawula phantsi kweSupremacy Claus.

Urhulumente wale mihla usoloko ubandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. Iinkqubo zoManyano zisoloko zinikela ngemali kumazwe aneemeko ezidibeneyo, zivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba aphembelele inkqubo karhulumente kwiindawo ezivunyelweyo ngokwesithethe kwimimandla. Le "compumentism" iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nemfundo, unyango, ezothutho, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume, nangona iye yabangela impikiswano malunga nobuqhetseba nolawulo lwesizwe.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungawakhankanyi amaqela ezobupolitika, aye aba yimfuneko ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente waseMerika. Abaseki ngokuqhelekileyo bachasa amaqela, bewajonga njengemithombo yolwahlulo nenkcubeko, kodwa amaqela avela ngokukhawuleza kwaye aye abumba ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika nolawulo ukususela ngoko.

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo: afumana nabathathi-nxaxheba, alungiselela amaphulo, aqokelela abavoti, anika izicelo kubavoti malunga nezikhundla zabahlohli, alungelelanise urhulumente wakha wanyulwa, kwaye anikele inkqubo yokuba abanyulwe ukuba baphendule amagosa. Le nkqubo yecandelo amabini iye yalawula zobupolitika zaseMerika phantse yonke imbali yayo, nangona amaqela athile kunye nezikhundla zawo zitshintshile ekuhambeni kwexesha.

KwiBhunga, amaqela alungelelanisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngeesikhundla zolawulo, izabelo zekomiti, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Uninzi lweqela ngalinye lilawula amacebiso, iikomiti zezihlalo, kwaye linamandla abalulekileyo okuqhubela phambili okanye ukuvala umthetho. Ingqeqesho yamaqela idla ngokuba buthathaka eUnited States kunakwinkqubo yepalamente, kodwa iye yanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengoko amaqela eye ahlukane ngokweengqiqo yaye ahambelana.

Ukhetho Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Unyulo luyindlela ephambili abemi abasebenzisa ngayo ulawulo oluthandwayo baze baphendule urhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko umisela imithetho esisiseko yonyulo lukarhulumente kodwa ushiyela iinkcukacha ezininzi kwiNgqungquthela nakumazwe.

Unyulo lobuMongameli

Unyulo lomongameli lwenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emine ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba. Le nkqubo iqala ngonyulo oluphambili kunye nokunyuswa apho amaqela akhetha khona oomatshini bawo. Olu khuphiswano lwahluka-hlukene ngokwesizwe, kunye nezinye zisebenzisa iprimiries (iintlanganiso zamalungu eqela). Ixesha lokuqala lenyanga liqala ukususela ngoFebruwari ukuya kuJuni wonyaka wonyulo.

Unyulo oluqhelekileyo lusebenzisa inkqubo ye-Electoral College, apho abavoti kwilizwe ngalinye bevota abanyulwa abaqinisekiswe ukuxhasa abanyulwa abathile. Urhulumente ngamnye wamkela ivoti zokhetho ezilingana nomelo lwawo lonke. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa inkqubo ephumeleleyo apho umvoti afumanayo uninzi lwevoti zikarhulumente. IMaine neNebraska zisebenzisa inkqubo yesithili apho iivoti zonyulo zingahlulwa khona.

Ukuphumelela kumongameli, umvotelwa kufuneka afumane uninzi lweevoti zonyulo (270 ukusuka ku 538). Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi, iNdlu yabameli ikhetha umongameli, kunye nentsebenziswano nganye yesizwe ivota enye. Oku kwenzeke kabini, ngo1800 nango1824. Inkqubo yeElectoral College iye yaphikisana, ingakumbi xa umfumani wevoti wovoti engowahlukileyo kulowo uthandwayo, njengoko kwenzeka ngo- 2000 nango-2016.

Unyulo lweBhunga

Zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingama-435 ziphakanyiselwe unyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, nabameli abanyulwe kwisithili esinye kwiphondo ngalinye. Imida yesithili iyatsalwa kwakhona emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kokubhalwa kwabantu ukuze kuboniswe iinguqu zabemi. Le nkqubo yokuhlaziya iye yaba yeyezobupolitika kakhulu, neqela elilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho lidla ngokutsala iziphakamiso zokuxhasa abatshati bayo, uqheliso olubizwa ngokuba yigerrymaning.

Unyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMimandla yeNtshona Koloni luyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithandathu, kumalunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo eziphezulu zonyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Abaququzeleli banyulwa ngokubanzi, benza iintlanga zeNtlanga-macana zikhuphisana kwaye zibe nexabiso elininzi kunemijaho yeNdlu. La magama adidekileyo aqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi zekontine yaye athintela ukuguquka ngokupheleleyo kobulungu.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba namalungelo

Unyulo loonontlalo-ntle eUnited States luphantsi kakhulu kunakweminye imimandla ephucukileyo, nangona lwahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngohlobo lonyulo nangamanani abantu. Unyulo lomongameli lubona ukujika okuphezulu kunonyulo lwaphakathi kwesigaba sombutho, kwaye umdala, ufunde kakhulu, kwaye abemi abazizityebi bevota ngokwemigangatho ephezulu kunabemi abancinane, abangafundilenga, nabangamahlwempu.

Amalungelo okuncoma aye akhula ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, umthetho, kunye nezigwebo zenkundla. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-665 wawubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekususeni imiqobo yokuvota ama-Afrika eMzantsi. Noko ke, iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka kwiimfuno zomvoti, iinkqubo zokubhalisa, uvotelo lwangaphambili, ukuvota, neminye imiba yolawulo echaphazela ukufikelela kwi-bhasoti.

Inxaxheba Kumsebenzi Ongumqondiso Ngaphandle Komsebenzi

Ngoxa ukuvota kulolona hlobo lubonakalayo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo, abemi banokubandakanyeka kurhulumente nakwinkqubo enempembelelo ngezinye iindlela ezininzi.

Ukunxibelelana Namagosa Amiselweyo

Abami bangabaqhagamshelana nabameli kunye namaqumrhu abo ukuze bachaze izimvo zabo ngomthetho, bacele uncedo kumaqumrhu karhulumente, okanye baphakamise inkxalabo ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente. Amalungu eKhomishini agcina iiofisi eWashington, D.C., nakwisithili okanye kumaphondo abo, kwaye basebenzisa abasebenzi ukuphendula kwiingxoxo ezi-Generics. Unxibelelwano olunempembelelo namagosa anyuliweyo lubandakanya ukucacisa indlela imbambano echaphazela ngayo wena okanye ibutho lakho, nokucela isenzo esithile.

Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolo, xa abameli bedibana nabantu abakwizithili zabo, banika amathuba okuthembisana ngokungqalileyo. Abahlali banokuba nenxaxheba nakumaxesha okuphendula esidlangalaleni xa amaziko echaza imithetho emitsha, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni, okanye ukukhonza kwiibhodi zokhuthuzo

Ubuchule nomthetho

Ukungenelela imibutho yobugqwirha kuvumela abemi ukuba bandise amazwi abo baze basebenze kunye ukuze batshintshe. Amaqela anomdla abandakanyeka ekufuneni intsebenziswano, kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, kwimibutho ekhuthaza ukuphembelela ukuphembelela.

Izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezisebenzisa ubugcisa nezobugcisa zivule iindlela ezintsha zokuququzelela ibutho labantu, zincede ukuqokelela ngokukhawuleza, ukwabelana ngenkcazelo nokusebenzisana kwemigudu yokusebenzisana. Izibongozo ze-intanethi, amaphulo e-imeyili, kunye nenkqubo yobugcisa yezentlalo-ntle ingenza abantu baqonde kwaye benze izigqibo zengcinezelo, nangona impumelelo yabo ingafani.

Inkcitho yoluntu

UKUBA nenxaxheba kwe-CUBIC kudlulela ngaphaya kwezobupolitika zesizwe ukuya kurhulumente wesizwe nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, apho kwenziwa izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zequmrhu lesikolo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuvaleni iindlebe, ukukhonza kwingingqi zobume, nokusebenza ngokuzithandela kwimibutho yoluntu konke kuba negalelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nakwintlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Inkonzo kaJury imela olunye uhlobo olubalulekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo, ivumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokungqalileyo ekuphatheni okusesikweni. Ngoxa ngokufuthi bejongwa njengomthwalo, umsebenzi wokuchophela ityala lingumsebenzi ongundoqo oqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni zibonakalisa imilinganiselo nemilinganiselo yoluntu.

Iimbambano zomgaqo-siseko wexesha elizayo

UmGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka uchazwa kwaye usetyenziswa ukucombulula iingxaki abaQaphi boMgaqo-siseko ababengenakuzilindela.

Amandla oLawulo oluPhezulu nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla obungameli kunye negunya lombutho-mikhosi lusaphikiswa, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele isenzo somkhosi, ukhangelo, kunye namagunya ongxamiseko. Oomongameli baye benza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokwahlukana kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe, maxa wambi besithi banegunya elingokwesiseko somGaqo-siseko elibuzwe ukuba iBhunga kunye neenkundla zithandabuze. Iingxoxo ngeSigqibo seMfazwe, iinkqubo zokuhlola, ukuvalelwa kwabanqolobi abarhanelwayo, nokusetyenziswa komkhosi ngaphandle kogunya-mbutho kuyaqhubeka kuvavanya imida yesiseko.

Ukuthetha Kakhululekileyo Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sijongene neengxaki ezintsha kwi-intanethi. Imibuzo ivela malunga nomgaqo wemigangatho yezentlalo, ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo ekhululekileyo kunye nezinye imigangatho ezifana nokuzimela nokuzimela. Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yesithethe yokuGqibela koLuhlu loLuhlu kunxibelelwano lwezibonelelo-mali, umlinganiselo wemithetho-algoric, kunye netyala leqonga akupheliswanga.

Imfihlo kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungawachazi ngokuphandle amalungelo obuqu, iinkundla ziye zawamkela amalungelo obuqu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ekuphengululweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni kusebenza kwizixhobo nothungelwano lwamanani, kodwa umgangatho wokukhuselwa uhlala ungaziwa. Iimpikiswano ezifana nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ukwazi indawo, ukulandelela, kunye nokukhowuda kucelwna iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zemfihlo kunye nemithetho-siseko ukuze kuvumelaniswe imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwizixhobo ezintsha zobugcisa.

Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Nengqibelelo Yokhetho

Iingxoxo ngamalungelo okuvota, ukhuseleko lonyulo, kunye nolawulo lonyulo ziye zakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iingxoxo ziquka iimfuno zomvoti, iinkqubo zokubhalisa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, ukurhoxa kweposi, inkxaso yezephulo, kunye nokugxabhagxabha-xhana kwemibutho yamazwe angaphandle. Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa ukungavisisani okungundoqo phakathi kokuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yonyulo nokukhuthaza ukufikelela komvoti, phakathi kolawulo lonyulo nokhuseleko lorhulumente lwamalungelo okuvota.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente kuyinto enokwenziwa ubomi bonke. Izinto ezininzi ezibonelelwayo zinokubanceda abemi balapho bakhulise ulwazi lwabo baze bahlale bewazi ngenkqubela-phambili yomgaqo-siseko.

Iziko loMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMhlathi ePhiladelphia linikela iinkqubo zokufundisa, imiboniso, kunye nezinto ze-intanethi malunga nemibandela yomGaqo-siseko kunye ne-mGaqo-siseko. I-website yabo inika ukufikelela kumGaqo-siseko, amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nezinto zokufundisa zobudala bazo bonke ubudala. Ungazihlola izinto zabo i-constianioncenter.org

I-' igcina ingqokelela ebanzi yamaxwebhu embali, izixhobo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nezibonelelo zemfundo. I-website yabo inikezela ngonikezelo kwiCongregational Recorrence, iingxelo ze-operal, iingxelo zekomiti, namaxwebhu embali. Ukutyelela umgaqo-siseko.gov ukulandelela umthetho nokufunda ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

I-website ye- inika unikezelo kwiimbono, iimpikiswano zomlomo, nolwazi malunga neenkqubo zeNkundla. Abahlali bangafunda izigqibo zakutshanje, baphulaphule iingxoxo ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, bafunde ngembali nezithethe zeNkundla .

Iiyunivesithi nemibutho emininzi inikela izifundo zesisa kwi - Internet ngokuphathelele umGaqo-siseko, urhulumente waseMerika, kunye nomnqophiso wezentlalo.

Isiphelo: UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

UmGaqo-siseko uye wanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ngenxa yokuba waseka imigaqo esisiseko ngoxa uhlala uvisisana neemeko eziguqukayo. Ulungiselelo lwamagunya ahlukeneyo, ukuhlolwa nolwahlulo, urhulumente, kunye namalungelo akhuselweyo luye lwangqineka luqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana notshintsho olukhulu lwentlalo, lwezoqoqosho, kunye nolbugcisa ngoxa lugcina ukuzinza koorhulumente kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente asiyonkqubo yemfundo nje kuphela kodwa yimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokuba ngummi wesizwe ophumelelayo. UmGaqo-siseko ngowamaMelika onke, yaye imigaqo yawo ithetha kuphela xa abemi bewuqonda, bewucela, bewukhusela. Enoba ngovota, ngokukhetha, ngokuxhasa imicimbi yoluntu, okanye ngokuhlala nje benolwazi, ummi ngamnye unendima ephambili ekusekeleni ulawulo-demokhrasi.

Imingeni ejongene nedemokhrasi yaseMerika namhlanje ``ukuthand ’ iliso, ukuxolelwa, ukuncipha kokuthembana kwamaziko, ukusongela amalungelo okuvota, nokuphikisana ngobungakanani begunya likarhulumente(-/i-arhente). Ngokuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, oko kufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ngokunempumelelo, abantu banokufak' isandla ekucombululeni ezi ngxaki nasekuqiniseni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Amazwi okuvula omGaqo-siseko, "Thina bantu," asikhumbuza ukuba urhulumente ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo nokuba abemi banembopheleleko epheleleyo yokulondoloza urhulumente womGaqo-siseko. Le mbopheleleko ifuna ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo, ukucingela, intetho yoluntu, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Njengoko isizukulwana ngasinye sijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kunye namathuba, umGaqo-siseko unika isiseko sokuhlala sihleli kwimigaqo kunye nesiseko sokwenza izigqibo solawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ngokubandakanyeka kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, ukuqonda iinkqubo zikarhulumente, nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle, abemi bayawuhlonela umbono wabaseki ngeli xesha bevisisanisa loo mbono neemfuno zale mihla. UmGaqo-siseko asiluxwebhu olumanyeneyo ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kodwa sisakhiwo esiphilayo esiqhubeka sibumba idemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ikamva labo lixhomekeke kubemi abaqonda imigaqo yayo, abaxabisa ukubaluleka kwayo, kwaye bazinikele ekusekeleni urhulumente wezo siseko wexesha elizayo.