Table of Contents

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngamaxwebhu asisiseko asisiseko amisela isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye neembopheleleko zoorhulumente borhulumente kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, osebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo phakathi kwelo zwe kwaye umisela isiseko sayo yonke imithetho nolawulo. La maxwebhu aqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi karhulumente ihambelana nemigaqo nemithetho emiselwe ngabahlali belizwe, lo gama kwakhona ekhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye emisela izicwangciso ezicacileyo zendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo.

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko weSizwe: Isiseko soLawulo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe luxwebhu olusemthethweni oludwelisa isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente kurhulumente othile okhethekileyo wase-U.S. Ngokungafaniyo nomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, omisela isiseko solawulo lwesizwe, umgaqo-siseko othetha ngeemfuno, amaxabiso, nezinto eziphambili kumazwe ngamanye. Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye umisela inkqubo yemisebenzi karhulumente, kuquka igunya lomthetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe ejaji, kwaye umisela amalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi bawo.

La maxwebhu akayoenguqulelo ezincinane zomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungowahlukileyo ("kumalungelo) kumalungelo awo, kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente eziwamiselayo, nendlela ezitshintsha ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Awayiyo imiqathango yesizwe encinane, kwaye kufuneka afundwe ngokweembono zawo. Ngeminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 yembali, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungahluka ngokuphawulekayo, ubonakalisa iinkalo ezikhethekileyo zezobupolitika, zenkcubeko, kunye nezobuntlalo zorhulumente ngamnye.

Ulwalamano Phakathi koRhulumente noMgaqo-siseko woManyano

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko emibini esecaleni komGaqo-siseko wesizwe. ISupremacy Claus yeMigaqo-siseko yaseUnited States (uArtle VI, uClaus 2) iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente yenziwe yaluxanduva kuyo, kwaye izivumelwano ezenziwe phantsi kwegunya le-United States, zibumba "Umthetho ongaphezulu wezwe", kwaye ngaloo ndlela zithatha indawo yokuqala kuyo nayiphi na imithetho ephikisanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngoxa imimiselo yorhulumente ibambe igunya eliphakamileyo kumazwe awo, ayinakuphikisana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko wowiso-mthetho.

Noko ke, olu lwalamano lwezilawuli alusileli ekuthetheni ukuba kukhuselwe ngomlinganiselo worhulumente. Abanakuwuphikisa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kodwa banokunikezela ngamalungelo awongezelelekileyo nokhuseleko olungaphaya koko kufunwa ngumthetho wesizwe. Oku kwenza amandla abalulekileyo apho amazwe anokusebenza njengeendlu zolawulo-melo, azama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo Namandla Agciniweyo

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinanye kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States (inxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo) sinikela ukuba "Amagunya awagunyaziswanga eUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinwe eUnited States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu." Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko lisisiseko ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba imigaqo-siseko ikho kwaye kutheni inokuba nenkcukacha nenkcukacha.

Amagunya eSibonelelo seshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe awanikwanga urhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuvumela ukuba kuveliswe amalungiselelo antsonkothileyo omgaqo-siseko athetha ngenkxalabo yezemfundo, ukusuka kwinkxaso-mali ukuya kwimithetho yomtshato, lo gama nje engangqubani nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. UMgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika urhulumente othile igunya elithile, ngoxa yonke enye into iwela kumazwe, ivumela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukuba ucombulule uludwe olubanzi lwemibandela kunoxwebhu lwaselurhulumente.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo eziwahlulayo umGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Ubude kunye nenkcukacha

Olunye umahluko omkhulu phakathi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe nowesizwe bubude bawo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe mde kakhulu kunomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, oqulathe amagama angama-4,543 kuphela. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wonke unde ngaphezu kwama-8,000 amagama kuba uninzi oluninzi olumalunga nolwalamano lwemini-na phakathi korhulumente nabantu.

Umahluko phakathi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe uphawuleka. UVermont unomgaqo-siseko omfutshane kumagama angaphezu nje kwe 8000, ngelixesha inzame yesithandathu nende kakhulu, yagunyaziswa ngo1901, iqhubekeka kumagama angaphezu kwama-350 000. U-Alabama unamagama amade kakhulu, ngamagama amalunga no-33,000 — amade kunamagama kaStephen King. Umgaqo-siseko weTexas ngumbal, ngamagama angama-92,345.

Kutheni umgaqo-siseko karhulumente unde kangaka? Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente utyekele ekungeneni kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ezimalunga nobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukugada kwimimandla apho umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usoloko uquka iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha eziza kulawulwa yimithetho karhulumente. Zithetha ngemiba ecacileyo enjengamalungelo amanzi kumazwe asentshona, imimiselo yokungcakaza, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko waseNew Mexico unikela icandelo lonke ekunkcenkcenkceshela namalungelo amanzi.

Ukwanda kokuHlolwa koMphetho-nkqubo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulungiswa rhoqo kakhulu kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ngowe-1788, uhlaliswe ngokuphawulekayo, uneziphene ezingama-77 kuphela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-30. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umgaqo-siseko weSizwe phantse wabhalwa kutshanje kwaye uguqulwa rhoqo kunoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.. Oko kuthetha ukuvumelana okutshintshayo ngokuthi ngubani onokuvota nokuthi ungakanani amandla anikwe irhuluneli okanye urhulumente onegunya elinokuboniswa kumgangatho wesizwe.

Umgaqo-siseko weKhalifoniya unezona zinguquko zininzi, ngo-552 njengomhla kaJanuwari 1, 2025. Ngo-2024, abamisi-mthetho novoti bagunyazisa ukutshintshwa kwemithetho-siseko engu-75 ukuya ku-499 — okuphela kombuso ongenayo inguquko entsha ngu-Ohio. Oku kulula kokulungisa kunezigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Umphengululi wezomgaqo-siseko wesizwe uJohn Dinan uphikisa ngokuthi ukulula kukarhulumente apho umgaqo-siseko ungenza khona utshintsho lwentlalo kwimicimbi yonqulo ukuya ekunene.

Imbali yobudala neyomGaqo-siseko

Imithetho yahluka kakhulu kuhlobo lwemithetho-siseko eyifumeneyo kuyo yonke imbali yayo. IMassachusetts isasebenza kumgaqo-siseko wayo omfutshane wombuso owapapashwa ngexesha imfazwe yendaleko isaqhubeka ngo1780. Kumthetho othi kusenjalo ukusebenzisa imimiselo yayo yantlandlolo, kaMassachusetts yeyona midala. Ithathwe ngo1780, ngumgaqo-siseko wehlabathi obhalwe phantsi.

Amanye amazwe aguqule umgaqo-siseko wawo kaninzi. Ngelixesha izininzi zorhulumente zibhaliwe kuphela umgaqo-siseko wombuso omnye, uninzi lwamazwe luvile ukuba kufuneka lubhale kwakhona umgaqo-siseko wazo amaxesha amaninzi. ULouisiana noGeorgia, umzekelo, nganye ikwisiseko sawo sesithoba.

Imisebenzi efunekayo yemiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya kokulungelelanisa urhulumente. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente umisela iinkqubo zokwenza inkqubo, ukuchaza isakhiwo sorhulumente kunye norhulumente wongingqi, ukumisela iimeko zokudibanisa imimandla ephakathi kunye nemimandla emininzi, ukumisela iimfuno zesikhundla sikarhulumente, ukuchaza iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente kubemi, ukumisela iimbopheleleko zolawulo, ukusungula amalungelo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nokumisela amalungelo okuvota nokugqiba indlela onyulo olumele luqhutywe ngayo, nokuchaza iinkqubo zokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko.

Ukuseka Izakhiwo Zorhulumente

Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo womgaqo-siseko wesizwe uninzi kukubonelela ngesiseko sokulawula urhulumente. Ngokufuthi zifuziselwa ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe, zichaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente wesizwe zize zimisele isebe elilawulayo elikhokelwa yirhuluneli (futhi elinye okanye ngaphezulu lamagosa, njengerhuluneli yegosa negqwetha-gosa lorhulumente), indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente, kuquka inkundla ephakamileyo yorhulumente (amazwe ambalwa anezigwebo eziphezulu, elinye lamatyala aphezulu, elinye lamatyala asekuhlaleni, elinye lamatyala asemthethweni, elinye elifuna amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho).

Kwakhona zinika ulawulo lukarhulumente jikelele ngoko isebe ngalinye lifanele ukukwenza nendlela ekufuneka likwenze ngayo. Oku kuquka ukwahlula amasebe amathathu karhulumente, ukudala iinkqubo zokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano, nokuchaza amandla akhethekileyo kunye nemiqathango yesebe ngalinye.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wenza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi ugqitha kukhuseleko olunikezelwa yiBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka iBhili yamaLungelo, eyongezelelweyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente. KwanamaMerika ambalwa awaziyo umgaqo-siseko udla ngokugqitha kuMgaqo-siseko wesizwe ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwimibandela enjengokumanyana, ukulingana kwamadoda nangokwesini nenkululeko yezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo-siseko weRhulumente ungenisa amalungelo asisiseko kunye nemigaqo-siseko ekhethekileyo. Isoloko inika amalungelo angaphezulu kakhulu kunomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kuquka ukuzimela, ukusebenza, kunye nokukhusela indalo. Amanye amazwe aye aquka ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olubonisa imilinganiselo yawo ekhethekileyo nezinto eziza kuqala, njengamalungelo okuzingela nokuloba, amalungelo acacileyo obuqu, okanye ukhuseleko lwemekobume.

Ukubonelela Ngesibonelelo Sasemthethweni

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela imithetho kunye nemigaqo yendlela enokwenziwa ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, netolikwayo. Bamisela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, bachaze amagunya alawulayo, bamisele inkqubo yokugweba, kwaye benze iindlela zokucombulula iimbambano. Ngokwesigxina imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente ithetha ngoludwe olubanzi lwemiba enconywa ngamazwana abaluleke ngokwaneleyo ukuba aqukwe kumgaqo-siseko kunokuba aqukwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo.

Esi siseko somthetho sinwenwela kwimimandla engabhekiswa kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udla ngokuquka amalungiselelo emibandela engabhekiswa kuyo kumgaqo-siseko wezwe, njengothi: Imfundo imisela imbopheleleko karhulumente yokunika imfundo kawonke-wonke i-· urhulumente wengingqi yoluntu uchaza umbutho namandla okubala, izixeko, needolophu i-·audio-presement for State Rights kunye nenkululeko zokwamkelela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya kweBhili-Lungelo lwamalungelo karhulumente (ekulungile ukuzingela nokuzingela intlanzi, ekunene kwimicimbi yezo zonke izilwanyana, njalo njalo.).

Amalungu omGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Ngoxa umgaqo - siseko karhulumente wahluka ngokuphawulekayo kulungiselelo lwawo olungqalileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo asabelana ngeminye imiqathango eyahlukahlukeneyo elungelelanisa izinto zawo aze amisele imigaqo yawo esisiseko.

Isaziso samalungelo abantu

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uqala ngesiqalo esimisela imigaqo esisiseko neenjongo zalo xwebhu. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente omninzi, ngokungafaniyo nomgaqo-siseko wezwe, uqala ngokucela uThixo. Oku kubonisa inkcazo eyahlukeneyo yenkcubeko nembali apho kwabhalwa khona imimiselo yesizwe eyahlukileyo.

Isindululo okanye irekhodi yamalungelo yenye yamacandelo okuqala angaphantsi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente. La malungiselelo akhusela inkululeko esisiseko enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, neyokuhlanganisa indibano. Kwakhona aquka ukukhusela abamangalelwa bezaphuli-mthetho, amalungelo empahla, kunye nezinye iinkululeko zasekuhlaleni. Amatyala karhulumente adla ngokunikezela ngokhuseleko olungaphezulu kunomthetho-Bhili yamaLungelo kwaye angaquka amalungelo angafunyanwanga kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Amalungiselelo esebe agunyazisiweyo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela isakhiwo namandla endlu yowiso-mthetho. Amazwe amaninzi alandela umzekelo we-badamal ofana neKhomishini yesizwe, enendlu yabameli nendlu ye-senate, nangona iNebraska inendlu yowiso-mthetho engekho mthethweni.

  • Inani labamisi-mthetho nendlela abahlulwa ngayo
  • Iimfaneleko zokusebenza njengommisi-mthetho
  • kunyaka olinganayo nomlinganiselo wexesha (apho kuyimfuneko)
  • Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yokumisela imithetho
  • Amandla akhethekileyo afana negunya
  • Imida kumandla owiso-mthetho

Amalungiselelo esebe eliphetheyo

Amalungiselelo esebe elilawulayo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente achaza amagunya neembopheleleko zerhuluneli namanye amagunya aphetheyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, omisela kuphela umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli njengamagosa aphezulu anyuliweyo, imimiselo emininzi yesizwe ilungiselela unyulo lwamagosa amaninzi aphetheyo, njengonobhala-mikhosi, umnini-mali, nabanye.

Imithetho-siseko yelizwe edla ngokunikwa idilesi:

  • Izakhono, unyulo, nexesha lesikhundla serhuluneli
  • Amandla erhuluneli, kuquka amandla kaveto, igunya lokumisa kunye namandla ongxamiseko
  • Ezinye izigqeba ezilawulayo ezinyuliweyo kunye nemisebenzi yazo
  • Ukuphumelela kwimeko yesithuba okanye yesiphene
  • Imilinganiselo yamandla okulawula

Amalungiselelo esebe eligwebayo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe kwaye uchaza amagunya etyala. Urhulumente ngamnye ukwanenkundla ephakamileyo, ngokufuthi — kodwa hayi rhoqo — ebizwa njengenkundla ephakamileyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo inegama lokugqibela kwimibuzo yomthetho-siseko karhulumente. EOklahoma naseTexas, kukho enye into ejijelwayo. Inye inkundla ephakamileyo — enye inikezelwe kumatyala asekuhlaleni, enye inikezelwe kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amalungiselelo eejaji aquka:

  • Isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla, ukususela kwiinkundla zamatyala ukuya kwiinkundla
  • Iindlela zokukhetha ikomiti yokuchonga (ukhetho, idinga, okanye ukhetho olufanelekileyo)
  • Iimfaneleko zabagwebi
  • Iinkqubo ze-step boreding
  • Amandla ogwebo
  • Amalungiselelo oqeqesho lomthetho nokususwa

Amalungiselelo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Ngokungafaniyo noMgaqo-siseko wengingqi, ongabhekisi ngqa kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uquka amalungiselelo amaninzi ngokuphathelele isiseko sikarhulumente wengingqi kunye namagunya. La malungiselelo amisela isiseko samandla, izixeko, izixeko, imimandla, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo, achaza amandla, imiqathango kunye nolwalamano norhulumente.

Amanye amazwe anika oorhulumente bengingqi igunya elibalulekileyo ngolawulo "lwekhaya", elivumela iindawo ukuba zizilawule kwiindawo ezithile ngaphandle kogunyaziso olukhethekileyo lwemithetho karhulumente. Amanye amazwe agcina ulawulo olusemgangathweni kwimisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Uhlaziyo Neenkqubo Zokuguqulelwa

Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe uquka amalungiselelo endlela enokulungiswa okanye ilungiswe ngayo. Ezi nkqubo ziqhele ukufikeleleka kunenkqubo yokulungisa yesizwe, encedayo kucaciswe isizathu sokuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulungiswe ngokuphinda-phindeke kakhulu.

Kwilizwe ngalinye, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukulungisa — kwaye ngaphandle kweDelaware, ezi kufuneka zibekwe kwivoti ukuze kuvunywe umvoti. Onke amaphondo ngaphandle kukaDelaware afuna ukuba izicelo zotshintsho lomthetho zinikwe abavoti besizwe ukuze bafumane imvume yabo epheleleyo ngovoti-ninzi.

Kumaphondo ali-17, abavoti bayakwazi ukubeka izindululo kwivoti ngokuthe ngqo, emva kokuqokelela usayino ukuxhasa umlinganiselo ngokwemithetho karhulumente nokufikelela ezinye iimfuno. Inyathelo lomgaqo-siseko, kwakhona laziwa njengenyathelo eliqhelekileyo, inyathelo lokuqala labemi, inyathelo elincinane, kunye ne "Oregon System," linika abemi amandla okucebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ngokuthe ngqo kubavoti ukuze baqwalasele ngokupheleleyo.

Ukubonelela Ngamalungelo namalungiselelo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye unika ilungelo lokuvota kubemi bawo. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe ufana ngokuphawulekayo ngokukhupha iliso ekunikeni ilungelo lokuvota; amazwe angama- 49 aquka lowo "uyakufanelekela ukuvota," ngu "omiselweyo ukuvota" okanye "umvotisi ofanelekileyo" kuphela kuMgaqo-siseko we-Arizona ugwetyelwe ulwimi, uchaza lowo ungenalo ilungelo lokuvota.

Lo mGaqo-siseko ucacileyo ubalulekile kuba awuliniki ngokungqalileyo ilungelo lokuvota. Kwindawo epheleleyo yamalungelo okuvota, ngokumangalisayo, umGaqo-siseko awuliniki ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuvota. Endaweni yoko, ilungelo liboniswa ngokulungisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ngendlela urhulumente angenakukukhanyela ngayo oko kunelungelo kumaqela ahlukahlukeneyo abemi.

Ngaphandle kokuseka ilungelo lokuvota, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uquka ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi ukwafuna unyulo ukuze ube "ukhululekile" kwaye uphazamiseke kwi-francose. Kwakhona uvumela idemokhrasi engqalileyo ngovoti (maphondo angama-24) kunye nee-assendum (amatyala 23).

Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko okhethekileyo weRhulumente

Enye yezona mpawu zinika umdla zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe yindlela ezibonisa ngayo izinto eziza kuqala, ucelomngeni, kunye namaxabiso mazwe ngamanye. La malungiselelo acacileyo karhulumente abonisa ukwahluka-hluka kolawulo lwaseMelika nendlela abantu abahlukeneyo abahlangabezana ngayo neemfuno zabo.

Amalungiselelo emfundo

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uquka amalungiselelo aphathelele imfundo, ngokufuthi emisela imfundo njengelungelo elisisiseko okanye umsebenzi welizwe. Amanye amaphondo aquka amanqaku ajolise ngqo kwimfundo, abonisa ukubaluleka kwemilinganiselo yesizwe nomgangatho kwimfundo kawonke-wonke. La malungiselelo angathetha ngenkqubo yemali, imigangatho yemfundo, indlela yolawulo lwemfundo, nembopheleleko karhulumente yokunikela imfundo kawonke-wonke.

Amalungiselelo okusingqongileyo nawovimba wendalo

Amaphondo amaninzi aye adibanisa ukhuseleko lwemekobume kwimiGaqo-siseko yawo, ingakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. UmGaqo-siseko weSizwe saseMichigan, ngoku kwintsebenziswano yawo yesine, ubonisa isakhiwo esijikelezayo esihambelana nokutshintsha kweemfuno zoluntu. Siquka icandelo elininzi kukhuseleko lwemekobume, elibonisa ukuzimisela kukarhulumente ukulondolozwa.

Amazwe anemingeni ethile yendalo okanye abeka izinto eziza kuqala asoloko ethetha ngezi ziko kumgaqo-siseko wawo. Amalungelo amanzi axhaphakile kumaphondo asentshona, ngeli lixa amazwe aselunxwemeni asenokuquka amalungiselelo malunga nobuncwane bolwandle okanye ukhuseleko lonxweme.

Amalungiselelo Ezoqoqosho Nawokutya

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente uquka ummiselo oneenkcukacha malunga nerhafu, irhafu, kunye namatyala karhulumente. La malungiselelo asenokumisela imiqathango yerhafu, afune uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, athintele amandla karhulumente okungenisa amatyala, okanye athintele iimali ezithile ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile. Amalungiselelo anjalo abonisa inkxalabo karhulumente malunga nemali karhulumente kunye nobungakanani obufanelekileyo bemali echithwa ngurhulumente.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwemijelo

Ukuqonda indlela umgaqo-siseko wezwe olungiswa ngayo kunika ukuqonda indlela la maxwebhu aguquka ngayo ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno neemeko eziguqukayo. Indlela yokulungisa iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe kodwa ezinye iinkalo zicacile.

Izabelo zoMthetho

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kusetyenziswa izicelo zomthetho. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kufuna ivoti yomthetho omkhulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho − idla ngokuphinda iphinde ivote ii-"3-3-3" okanye ii-fisenti ezintathu zegumbi ngalinye(ilandele imvume yomvoti kwi-arhente. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ivume ukulungiswa kweentlanganiso ezimbini ezilandelelanayo phambi kokuba iye kwivoti.

Amanyathelo Okuthabatha Inyathelo Lommi

Ngokutsho kwengxelo ethi ivumela inyathelo lomgaqo-siseko, abemi bangawugqitha ngokupheleleyo umthetho-siseko wendlu yowiso-mthetho baze bacebise ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho ngqo kubavoti. I-United States efana neColorado inenkqubo ekhawulezileyo evumela abemi ukuba bacebise ukuqulunqwa kwemityikito echaziweyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokufuna ukuba kuqokelelwe inani elichaziweyo lemityikitya ebhalisweyo, emva koko eli cebiso liqulethwe livele kwivoti ukuze iqwalaselwe ivoti.

Iindibano zomGaqo-siseko

Ezinye iziko lomgaqo-siseko zikarhulumente zilungiselela iindibano zomgaqo-siseko ngamaxesha athile, apho abathunywa benyulwa ukuba baqwalasele uhlaziyo olubanzi kumgaqo-siseko. Ezi ndibano zingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe okanye kumiselwe imimiselo emitsha ngokupheleleyo, ekufuneka ivunywe ngabavoti. Iindibano zomGaqo-siseko zinqabile kodwa zinokuba neziphumo zokutshintsha okuphawulekayo komgaqo-siseko.

Yintoni Epheleleyo?

Ngokwahlukileyo koko kucetyiswa yingxelo yamajelo eendaba, ulungiso oluninzi lomgaqo-siseko alubandakanyeki kwimibandela yentlalo. Ukupapashwa kwezopolitiko zezopolitiko zezopolitiko zezopolitiko kusenokukwenza kubonakale ukuba utshintsho oluninzi olumiselwe yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko lubangele inkxalabo kawonke-wonke kunye nemibandela ephikisayo (umz., amalungelo oonofanasini), kodwa ngokuchasene nokubonakala kokuzinziswa kwemeko yorhulumente, ukurhoxiswa kwemiqathango yorhulumente, imisebenzi yezomthetho, nenkcitho yerhafu kawonke. Enyanisweni, ngokwengxelo equlukileyo eqululwe nguAlbert Strum, malunga nee-3 ezimbini zemeko zombuso zonke eziphicothotho lwezo mpikiswano zezo mbambano zakutshanje kuxoxwa ngemibandela ekwayiyo, imicimbi yephondo norhulumente kunye neyongangezo zemali karhulumente, imisebenzi yezorhulumente, kunye neyokurhulumente, kwaye inkcithothotho yorhulumente.

IMigaqo-siseko kaRhulumente nokuKhuselwa kwaMalungelo

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usebenza njengokhuselo olubalulekileyo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, ngokufuthi unikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Le ndima iye yaba yeyona ibalulekileyo njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States iye yavala imiqathango ethile yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente okanye yala ukuqaphela entsha.

Ingcaciso yomGaqo-siseko weSizwe esizimeleyo

Iinkundla zelizwe zinegunya lokuchaza umgaqo-siseko wazo wesizwe ngokuzimeleyo kumthetho-siseko worhulumente. Nangona umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ungenakunikela ukhuseleko oluncinane kunoko kufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe, zinganika kwaye ngokufuthi zinika okungakumbi. Lo mgaqo, maxa wambi obizwa ngokuba "ngumgaqo-siseko ozimeleyo wesizwe," uvumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zikhusele amalungelo awomelele ngakumbi kunaleyo iinkundla zesizwe zinokuwakhusela ngaphantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika oovimba abaninzi bokulwa ukupheliswa konyulo kunomgaqo-siseko wesizwe njengoko uchazwa ngoku. Oku kubonisa indlela umthetho womgaqo-siseko wesizwe onokuthi uzalise ngayo izikhewu ezishiywe lutoliko lomgaqo-siseko.

Imigaqo yedemokhrasi kwimiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wezwe uqinisekiso lolawulo oluqhelekileyo, ukulingana kwezobupolitika, kunye nomthetho omninzi, abawubiza ngokuba ngumgaqo "wedemocracy"".

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa KomGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Ngoxa umgaqo - siseko karhulumente usebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ukwajamelana neengxubusho nocelomngeni oluthile olufanelekileyo.

Ubude kunye noBuntsonkothileyo

Ubude obugqithisileyo beminye imimiselo yorhulumente bunyusa inkxalabo ngokufumaneka nokungaguquguquki. Xa umgaqo-siseko uhambela kumakhulu amawaka amagama, kuba nzima kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukuqonda umthetho wabo osisiseko. Ababukeli abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi umgaqo-siseko omde obonisa imiyalelo emininzi ekhethekileyo yesizwe yenza umgaqo-siseko wobunzima obugqithisileyo kunye nogqunywe lixesha, kwaye ngenxa yoko kulula ukuba uhlale ixesha elide.

Noko ke, uphando lungakucel ’ umngeni oku kulumko oluqhelekileyo. Uphando lukaHammons kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe lufumene "... ukuba ixesha elide nangaphezulu ukuyila umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uphucula kunokuba unciphise ubude bobomi babo. Ngexa uHammons engazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kutheni umgaqo-siseko othe waqonononga kakhulu nomde ungaboniswa njengoqinile ngakumbi, uqikelelela ukuba oku kungenzeka kuba la maxwebhu anika ubuchule obungcono bokucombulula ingxabano ngokuchaza ngenyameko imithetho yomdlalo eza kulandelwa ngamaqela aphikisana.

Ukuzinzisa Ngokuthe rhoqo

Ulungiso olulula lwemithetho-siseko karhulumente enokuthi ilungiswe ngalo zombini amandla kunye nobuthathaka obunokwenzeka. Ngexa ivumela umgaqo-siseko ulungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshileyo, ungakhokelela ekuququzelelweni kwamalungiselelo anokubhekiswa ngcono ngomthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kungaphumela kwimithetho-siseko edibanisa imigaqo esisiseko kunye namacebiso achaza iinkcukacha anokuthi aphelelwe lixesha ngokukhawuleza.

Umahluko Phakathi Kwamazwe

Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente unokubangela iingxaki kubemi abahlala phakathi kwemimandla, amashishini asebenza kwiingingqi ezininzi, kunye neengcali zomthetho ezisebenza kwiingingqi zelizwe elinye. Ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko kwelinye ilizwe lingangakhuselwa kwelinye, kuveliswe umsebenzi wesizibaso sokhuseleko kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukubaluleka Okusebenzisekayo KomGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Nangona ingaziwa kakuhle kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMelika. Bambalwa kakhulu kunaleyo ingaphantsi kwesiqingatha samaMelika abayaziyo ukuba urhulumente wabo unomgaqo-siseko wayo, ukanti la maxwebhu alawula imibandela emininzi echaphazela ubomi babantu ngokuthe ngqo.

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente ulawula iinkqubo zemfundo, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, umthetho weentsapho, amalungelo empahla, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kunye nezinye iindawo ezingenakubalwa ezichukumisa amava emihla ngemihla abemi. Zimisela imithetho karhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, zichaza amagunya karhulumente, zize zikhusele amalungelo abantu ngendlela umGaqo-siseko wesizwe ongawachaziyo.

Xa abantu bebhekisa ingqalelo kwimiba yesizwe, kutyekele ngokwemvelo ukukhangela kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe okanye kwimithetho karhulumente. Kodwa ukucinga ngomgaqo-siseko okanye imithetho karhulumente njengokuthetha kuphela ngemibandela yenkxalabo karhulumente. Kufuneka sicinge ngemithetho-siseko karhulumente naxa sicinga ngemibandela yesizwe.

UmGaqo-siseko weSizwe Kwinkqubo yoManyano

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko karhulumente kufuna uxabiso ngendima yawo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika. I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yolongamo lwamabini, apho urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe basebenzisa amandla aphakamileyo kwimimandla yabo.

Umanyano nokwahlukahlukana komGaqo-siseko

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika ivumela ulwahluka-hluka olubalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwana ngendlela alwakhe ngayo uorhulumente bawo kwaye akhusele amalungelo awo. Olu mahluko lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Ivumela ukuba amazwe azame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula, avumele iinkqubo zilungelelaniswe kwiimeko kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye anikezele iindawo ezininzi zokukhusela amalungelo kunye neenjongo zenkqubo eziqhubekekayo.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wahluka ngenxa yokwahluka kwabemi bawo kunye nembali. Zikwahluka ngokusekelwe kumandla karhulumente wesizwe, nendlela awasebenzisa ngayo loo magunya. Olu mahluko lubonakalisa umgaqo osisiseko wokuba uluntu olwahlukileyo lunokuba namaxabiso ahlukeneyo nezinto eziza kuqala, nokuba indlela enye elungele ulawulo ingaba engafanelekanga kuhlanga olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo.

Umlinganiselo kaClaus ophambili kunye nemida yoMgaqo-siseko

Ngoxa oorhulumente benegunya eliphangaleleyo lokulawula ngomgaqo-siseko wabo, eli gunya alingommiselo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zibotshelelwe ngumgaqo-siseko, kwaye zithotyelwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo omiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungqubana nomGaqo-siseko worhulumente okanye umthetho osemthethweni osebenzayo, umthetho karhulumente uyawulawula.

Noko ke, lo mqathango usebenza njengomgangatho kuphela, hayi isilingi. Ama-United States akanako ukunikela ukhuseleko oluncinci kunolufunekayo umGaqo-siseko wesizwe, kodwa anganikezela ngaphezulu. Oku kusingisele kubaluleke ekuqondeni indima yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ekukhuseleni amalungelo.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Umgaqo - siseko karhulumente uye waguquka ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika, nto leyo ebonakalisa ukuguquka kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho nezezobupolitika.

UmGaqo-siseko weSizwe Wokuqala

Uninzi lwamazwana okuqala ali-13 athatyathwe njengomgaqo-siseko phambi kokuba kubhalwe umGaqo-siseko wezwe. Lo mgaqo-siseko wangaphambili waphembelela ukuqulunqwa komGaqo-siseko wezwe kwaye wamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Balinga ngezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zorhulumente, iindlela zokumela, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Uphuhliso Lwenkulungwane Yeshumi Elithoba

Njengoko amazwe amatsha ayengenelela kwiUnion kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, athanga umgaqo-siseko owawubonakalisa impembelelo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente wangaphambili neemeko zawo ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe aseNtshona ayedla ngokuquka amalungiselelo amalunga namalungelo amanzi kunye neemigodi ezazibonisa iimeko zawo ezithile zezoqoqosho nezobume bemekobume.

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nayo yabona ukusetyenziswa kwamalungiselelo amaninzi omgaqo-siseko emisela igunya likarhulumente ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa okucingwayo. Oku kuquka imiqathango yetyala likarhulumente, imiqathango yomthetho okhethekileyo, kunye neemfuno zikawonke-wonke kwirhafu nenkcitho.

Utshintsho Lwenkulungwane Yamashumi Amabini

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yazisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi. Abahlaziyi bexesha leNkqubela-phambili bavelisa amalungiselelo edemokhrasi engqalileyo, kuquka inyathelo lokuqala, i-astendium, kunye nenkumbulo. Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya yakhokelela ekususweni kwamalungiselelo okukhetha nokudityaniswa kwamalungelo amatsha. Imibutho yokusingqongileyo yaphumela ekufakweni kokhuseleko lwemekobume kumgaqo-siseko welizwe.

Imikhwa Yangaphambili

Indaleko yembali yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente idla ngokubonisa iinguqu zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Iingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko wesigqeba zisuka kwimibandela efana nomtshato osisini ukuya kutsho ekuhlaziyweni komjumba ngokomthetho, ukukhusela indalo nokuvota. Ukuzinziswa kwemithetho-siseko yesizwe kuvumela umgaqo-siseko ukuba uphendule ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha ukuvumelana kwentlalo kwiimbambano ezibalulekileyo.

Uphando Nokuqonda UmGaqo-siseko Wesizwe Sakho

Kubemi abanomdla wokuqonda umgaqo-siseko wabo wesizwe, kukho oovimba abaninzi. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zikarhulumente zinika unikezelo kwi-intanethi kumgaqo-siseko worhulumente, ngokufuthi zinenkcazelo ebonisa indlela iinkundla eziwatolike ngayo amalungiselelo ahlukahlukeneyo. Ii-database zemithetho zinika unikezelo kwiintlobo zomgaqo-siseko wangoku nezembali, kunye noluvo lwamatyala.

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho kungaba luncedo ngezizathu ezininzi. Kukunceda uqonde amalungelo akho phantsi komthetho karhulumente, asenokuba ngaphangaleleyo kunamalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko. Ichaza indlela urhulumente wakho olungelelaniswe ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo. Inika imeko-mongo yokuqonda iingxoxo zezopolitiko kunye nezinyulo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Yaye ikunika amandla okuba uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kulawulo lorhulumente, kuquka ngokuvota kwiinguquko zomgaqo-siseko.

Ikamva LemiGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko welizwe uza kuqhubeka uguquka ujongene neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye nemilinganiselo. Izimo ezininzi zibonakala zibumba inkqubela phambili yazo yexesha elizayo.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo

Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ithe yawaqonda ngakumbi amalungelo ayo omgaqo-siseko wesizwe, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usenokuba nendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisenokuyichaza imigaqo-siseko yazo ukuze zinikezele ukhuseleko iinkundla zikarhulumente ezingaluqondiyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo ayimfihlo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, namalungelo okuvota.

Ukuhlangabezana Neengxaki Ezintsha

Umgaqo-siseko wezoburhulumente kuza kufuneka ucombulule iingxaki ezintsha ebezingakhange zicetywe xa zibhalwa. Ezi ziquka iimbambano ezinxulumene nobugcisa kunye nokuzimela kwezinto, ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokukhuselwa kwemekobume, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokutshintsha kwamanani abantu. Inkqubo yokulungisa iza kuvumela amazwe ukuba avumelane nezi zinto zitsha zikhoyo.

Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nokulungelelana

Amazwe aza kuqhubeka ezama ukumelana noxinzeleleko phakathi kozinzo lomgaqo-siseko nokutshintsha. Ngoxa ukusoloko kulungiswa kuvumela umgaqo-siseko ukuba uhlale ufanelekile, kwakhona kungenza buthathaka ingqiqo yokuba imimiselo ehlala ihleli kwimigaqo egqitha kwizinto ezinkulu zezobupolitika zokwexeshana. Ukufumana umlinganiselo olungileyo kuya kuhlala kungumngeni oqhubekayo.

Isiphelo: Indima ebalulekileyo yemiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungundoqo kulawulo lwamaMelika, kodwa asoloko efumana ingqalelo encinci kunaleyo afanele ayifumane. La maxwebhu amisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente, akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, anika isiseko sokwenza umthetho kunye nolawulo, kunye nemibandela ebaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kubemi borhulumente ngamnye.

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente ungowona ubalulekileyo kakhulu kurhulumente waseMerika nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuba umisela umthetho ophakamileyo wesizwe, kuphela uthotyelwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. apho kukho igunya elithe ngqo lorhulumente ukuba asebenze. Le yimisebenzi ebalulekileyo nangaliphi na ixesha, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu ngexesha apho ucelomngeni lokulondolozwa luza kujamelana neenkokeli zikarhulumente wethu noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko karhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo i-odolo kunye nomthetho waseMelika. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela isiseko sokulawula kwesizwe, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ulawula imibandela emininzi echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babantu. Isebenza njengeeklabhu zedemokhrasi, ivumela amazwe ahlukeneyo ukuba azame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ulawulo kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo. Yaye anika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Njengoko urhulumente waseMerika uqhubeka uguquka, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uza kuhlala usebenza ngamandla okulawula namalungelo. Enoba uthetha ngenkxalabo yesithethe efana nobume borhulumente kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye, okanye uvela ucelomngeni olufana nokhuseleko lwemekobume kunye notshintsho lobugcisa, imimiselo yorhulumente iza kuqhubeka ibumba ubomi babantu baseMerika ngeendlela ezinzulu. Abahlali abazinika ixesha lokuqonda umgaqo-siseko wabo baya kuxhotyiswa bhetele ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhusela amalungelo abo kunye nezilangazelelo zabo.

Ulwazi olungakumbi ngomthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo, ungafumana ubuncwane obuvela kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko weSizwe. Amaziko anika ulwazi olubanzi ngorhulumente kunye nomgaqo-siseko. [ anikela uphando olubalulekileyo kwimiba yezomGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ malunga neziko lomthetho-mGaqo-siseko zombini. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] anikezela unikezelo olubalulekileyo lwezibonelelo lwemithetho elungele ukudibana nomthetho-siseko. [[FLT]