Amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo yenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika akha ibherick lolwakhiwo lwenkqubo esemthethweni, iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho. La malungelo asiyonjongo nje engaqhelekanga; azizinto eziluncedo ezikhuselayo kwisenzo solawulo lukarhulumente esizimeleyo. Kwiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumava ekwalathiselweni kwesikolo, inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlonela amalungelo asemthethweni abekwe kumntu ngaphambi kokuba amncame ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kukhokela kunika ukuqonda okunzulu kwamalungelo enkqubo ekufuneka ekhoyo, ukuhlola imvelaphi yawo engokwembali, iindidi ezimbini, iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo eziye zalenza intsingiselo yawo, kunye nokusebenza kwawo kwibutho labantu. Ukuba ungumfundi oqeqeshiweyo, ongochwepheshe, okanye ummi nje ofuna ukuqonda ukukhuselwa kwakho, ukuyiqonda kakuhle kwendlela yomthetho kunye nokusesikweni.

Yiyiphi Inkqubo Efanelekileyo?

Imothelela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko isiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezisesikweni nezimiselwe ngokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba enze izenzo ezichaphazela ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Eli gama livela kokubini kuMgqino-mda wesihlanu (ogunyazisa urhulumente) kunye noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine (ogunyazisela oorhulumente). Ulwimi olungundoqo luphantse lufane: akukho mntu uza kuba "ukhutshwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho."""

Kwinkqubo yayo elula, efanelekileyo ithetha ukuba urhulumente akanakwenza ngokuthanda. Kufuneka anike isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye noMenzi wesigqibo wobundilele. Kodwa inkqubo efanelekileyo ikwadibanisa ukhuseleko olunzulu − ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleni kukarhulumente naxa iinkqubo zilandelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuqonda le ndalo idibeneyo kungundoqo wokuqonda umthetho wesiseko wale mihla.

Imbali Ngenkqubo Eyayiza Kulandela

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ilandelela imvelaphi yayo ngaphambi kokuba kufike umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Owona mzekelo udumileyo wangaphambili nguMagna Carta, owatyikitywa nguKumkani uJohn waseNgilani. Isahluko 39 (kamva esibalelwa kuma-29) sithi: “Akukho mntu ukhululekileyo oya kubanjwa okanye asuswe entolongweni, okanye ahlulwe amalungelo akhe okanye impahla, okanye abhangiswe okanye agxothwe, okanye ahluthwe ukuma kwakhe nangayiphi na enye indlela, okanye siqhube ngokunyanzeleka, okanye sithumele abanye ukuba benze njalo, ngaphandle kokuba kugwetywe ngokusemthethweni abalingana naye okanye umthetho welizwe. Ibinzana elithi "umthetho welizwe" lingukhokhokhokho wenkqubo "enkqubo ephambili yomthetho omiselwe abantu, umgaqo othi ekuqaleni ulawulo olungenakwenza ngaphandle kwegunya elisemthethweni lomthetho wamaNgesi.

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo WesiNgesi Nobuthanga baseMerika

Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, iinkundla ze-Ngilani nePalamente zandisa imigaqo yokukhusela ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni nokuvavanywa ngokungekho mthethweni. UMthetho weSidlo sikaHabeas Corpus wowe-1679 waqinisa ilungelo lokuvavanya ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Abenzi bamakoloni baseMerika bafumana ezi zithethe ngokutsha baza bazifaka kwimiqathango yesizwe nakummiselo wamalungelo. Xa iBhili yamaLungelo yabhalelwa, uMphetho wesihlanu wawuquka ngokucacileyo ulwimi olufanelekileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Neengxubevange Zeshumi Elinane

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, uMphetho-Mdathi weshumi elinesine (1868) wanika ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwizenzo zoorhulumente belizwe. Oku kulungisa kwaba sisixhobo esinamandla kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo "ukuya kungqinelana" uninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namazwe, intsingiselo karhulumente kunye norhulumente kufuneka ahlonele amalungelo asisiseko afana nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ilungelo lokucebisa, kunye nokukhusela ekuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni.

Iindidi zenkqubela elindelekileyo

Umthetho wale mihla wokwahlula inkqubo eyahlukileyo kodwa enxulumeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo nefanelekileyo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Yiyiphi inkqubo efunekayo ebhekiselele ku ii-motets urhulumente kufuneka alandele xa ehlutha umntu othile ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ibuza: Ziziphi iinkqubo ezifunekayo ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni? Iimfuno ezithe ngqo zixhomekeke kumongo, kodwa iziqalelo ezithile ziyimfuneko ngokuqhelekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Inqaku lophawu: Umntu kufuneka axelelwe ngesenzo esicetyiweyo nesiseko saso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ithuba elibalulekileyo lokunikela ubungqina neempikiswano phambi komenzi ongakhethi buso.
  • [[UMTHLOKO: 0] Isibambi-mda esingathathi-nxaxheba: Umntu okanye umzimba owenza isigqibo kufuneka ungabi nakugwetywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwicebiso: Kwimicimbi emininzi, ingakumbi leyo ibandakanya ukuswela okunzulu, ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni liyimfuneko.
  • Isigqibo seWritten ngezizathu: Ingcaciso ecacileyo yesiphumo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo lokulinganisela ku uMathews v. Elditridge [1997] ukugqiba ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo efunekayo kwimeko enikiweyo. Iinkundla zivavanya oothunywashe abathathu: (1) inzala yabucala echaphazelekayo; (2) ubungozi bokungaphikiswa ngokuphosakeleyo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezikhoyo kunye nexabiso elilindelekileyo lemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo; kunye (3) nomdla karhulumente, kuquka i-fiscal kunye nemithwalo yolawulo. Le ndlela ithambile ithetha ukuba ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo kungafuneka kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukuva okuncinane okucwangcisiweyo kungazanelisa inkqubo efunekayo ukuze kungenelwe intlalo.

Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yenkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo iquka:

  • Ukuvavanywa kwezaphuli - mthetho ngamalungelo okucebisa, ukungqubana namangqina, kunye nenkundla yabachopheli - tyala.
  • Ityala lolawulo ngaphambi kokuphelisa iingenelo zoKhuseleko loLuntu.
  • Ingcebiso yesikolo equka isaziso kunye nethuba lokusabela.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esezantsi efunekayo igqitha kwiinkqubo. Ikhusela amalungelo esiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iinkqubo zilungile kangakanani. Nokuba urhulumente ulandela inyathelo ngalinye lengcambu, isenokungawasusi amalungelo athile ngaphandle kokuba inobulungisa obunamandla.

Le mfundiso inembali ephikiswayo. Ngexesha lasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yasebenzisa inkqubo encinci efunekayo ukubetha imimiselo yezoqoqosho, njengemithetho encinane ehlawulwayo, kwiimeko ezifana Lochner v. New York (1905). Elo xesha liphelileyo ngeminyaka yee1930, kwaye iNkundla ngoku iyazibeka phantsi kwemigaqo yezoqoqosho. Noko ke, inkqubo encinci efunekayo efunekayo ikhuliswe kwakhona kumongo wobuqu. Namhlanje, ikhusela amalungelo "ngokunzulu asekelwe kwimbali nesithethe sohlanga" kunye "ngendlela yokulawula inkululeko yomthetho."

Amalungelo angundoqo akhuselwe phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo aquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo lokufumana indawo yobuqu: Iquka izigqibo ezimalunga nomtshato, ukuzala, ukuthintela ukukhawula, ulwalamano lwentsapho, kunye nokukhulisa abantwana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ekunene ukutshata: Ukuqwalaselwa njengelungu elingundoqo Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela ekufumaneni unyango olungafunekiyo lomzimba:
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya kuhamba: ngaphakathi kweUnited States.
  • ekunene ukwala unyango lwezamayeza: Ukuquka ukhathalelo lobomi (namanye amadabi).

INkundla isebenzisa "uhlolisiso lwecandelo" xa umthetho uphazamisa inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko efunekayo. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise umthetho unika umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye ulungiselwe ngokumngcipheko ukufikelela loo mdla. Kumalungelo angengawo angokwezimo, umgangatho usezantsi (uhlolo lomgaqo).

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zachaza zaza zandisa imigaqo efunekayo yokukhusela.

IiNtloko eziPhambili zeNkqubo

  • [[NTLT:0] Miranda v. Arizona (16) imisiwe ukuba amapolisa kufuneka azise ukukrokreleka ngelungelo lawo lokuhlala athule nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha loncinwano lwegunya. Ezi "Miranda" zizilumkiso ezizinzileyo nxamnye nolwethulo lwawo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): wagqiba ukuba uLawulo lweSithandathu lweMiphetho- Amendu lusebenza kurhulumente owezigwebi, ofuna amajelo ukunikezela ngamagqwetha abamangalelwa kwiimeko zetyala.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): kufuna ukuba abamkeli bentlalo-ntle bafumane ukuva okucacileyo phambi kokuphelisa iinzuzo, ukuseka ukuba kwaneengenelo zikarhulumente zenza inzala yempahla ekhuselwe yinkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • IGos v. Lopez (1975): Ibali ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abajongene nokuthunyelwa banelungelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo, kuquka isaziso kunye nokuva ngokungacwangciswanga.
  • MATHEws v. Elditridge [7] (6): adale uvavanyo lwefekta ezintathu ezilungelelanisiweyo kwinkqubo efunekayo yokulungisa, echazwe ngasentla.

Iincopho ezisezantsi zenkqubela

  • . . [[FLT:]] Waqonda ilungelo elisisiseko lokufumana imfihlo yebhinqa, nangona kamva lilungiswe [[FLT:] u-'ATB'. [FLT:] [FLT]] [1992] kunye nomthetho owenziwe kwi .
  • ewell v. Hodges (2015) ( Ukwamkela umtshato wobunyani obufanayo njengosemgangathweni wasekunene phantsi kwazo zombini iNkqubo elindelekileyo uClaus noKhuselo olulinganayo luka Clause.
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas (2003): Ukudinwa phantsi kwemithetho ephazamisa ulwalamano olufanayo lobufanayo, ukuqinisekisa ilungelo kwimfihlo kulwalamano lobuqu.
  • Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997): yafumana ukuvalwa koncedo lokuzibulala, imisela uvavanyo lwamalungelo angundoqo: kufuneka "ngokunzulu asekelwe kwimbali nesithethe" kunye "nenkululeko yomyalelo"."

Imodeli ye CRL

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kuyahluka kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Imigaqo efunekayo yokhuseleko olunamandla kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Abameli banelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, abachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, inkqubo yokunyanzeleka ukufumana amangqina, nelungelo lokululeka. Urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wobungqina obungaphaya kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo. Amapolisa kufuneka alandele imithetho ephathelele ukuphengululwa, ukuxhuzula, nokuncinwa.

Imfundo

Abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke banamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo kwizenzo zoluleko. Umzekelo wephawu Gos v. Lopez kufuneka ukuba phambi kokumisa umfundi kangangeentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezingaphantsi, abaphathi besikolo mabanikezele ngomlomo okanye ngokubhaliweyo ngezityholo kunye nethuba lokuchaza icala labo. Kwiziphene ezide okanye ukugxothwa, iinkqubo ezininzi ezisesikweni zisenokufuneka. Noko ke, umgangatho wenkqubo ungaphantsi kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iingenelo Zomsebenzi Norhulumente

Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banemdla kwimisebenzi yabo ukuba banentsebenziswano okanye banentsebenziswano. Abakwazi ukugxothwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, kuquka isaziso kunye nokuphulaphulwa. Ngokufanayo, abantu abafumana iingenelo zikarhulumente ezifana noKhuselo loluntu, ukukhubazeka, okanye intlalo-ntle banomdla kwizinto eziqhubekayo. Urhulumente kufuneka anikele isaziso kunye nokuchotshelwa kakuhle ngaphambi kokuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa iinzuzo.

Uthutho

Abantu abangekhoyo eUnited States, kuquka abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga, banamalungelo athile enkqubo efunekayo. Banelungelo lokuchongwa phambi komgwebi ofudukayo, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, nelungelo lokubhena. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wala malungelo unciphile kunabemi. Umzekelo, ekupheliseni ityala, akukho lungelo lokutyunjwa kwesiluleko ngendleko karhulumente. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba i-USTAR Procession Claus esebenza ku-"mntu ngamnye" phakathi kwengingqi ye-U.S.

Inkcitho

Ukuphulukana nempahla yabemi kuvumela urhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla erhanelwa ukuba ibandakanyeke kulwaphulo-mthetho, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkxalabo eqhubekayo ivela xa abanini-mali benganikwanga isaziso esaneleyo okanye ithuba elifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokukhuphisana nokuxhuzula. Olunye utshintsho luye lwaphunyezwa, kodwa lo msebenzi uyaqhubeka uthandabuza.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Amalungelo Afanelekileyo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yalo esisiseko, amalungelo afanelekileyo ajamelana neengcinezelo eziphawulekayo kule mihla.

Ukuxilonga nokuxilonga okugqithiseleyo

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho axazululwa ngokucetyiswa, hayi ngokuvavanywa. Abamangalelwa abaninzi, ingakumbi abo bangenazo iinkonzo, basenokuziva benyanzelekile ukuba bamkele ukwenziwa kweengxelo nokuba ngaba abamsulwa. Ilungelo lokuchotshelwa linokupheliswa ngokunempumelelo ukuba inkqubo ifaka izicelo kuvavanyo lobungqina.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Nezoqoqosho

Ukungalingani kwenkqubo kuthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abanako ukukwazi ukufikelela umgangatho wokumela umthetho. Ngelixesha iqinisekisa ngesiluleko, iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke zisoloko ziphantsi kwaye zithwaliswe kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwe-dvocation. Ikhethe lobuhlanga lingaphembelela izigqibo zomtshutshisi, ukhetho lwabagwebi, kwaye lisekwethule, lidele idinga lobulungisa obulinganayo.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Iposi-9/11 yeenyathelo, ezifana noMthetho we-USA PTRIOT kunye noMthetho wobuNcutshe beMasipala obuPhambili, ukwandisa amandla olawulo lukarhulumente. Abanqolobi abajongwa njengeentshaba banokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokufikelela kwiinkundla okanye kwisiluleko. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kufuneka uhlale uphikisana ngokushushu, njengoko kuboniswa kwiimeko ezifana . RUMSfeld [2004], apho inkundla ePhakamileyo yayibambe ukuba abahlali bafanele bafumane ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuvavanyelisa ukuvalelwa kwabo.

Imfihlo yamanani kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Ubugcisa obutsha buphakamisa imibuzo eyintlola efunekayo. Ukuphengulula iifowuni neekhompyutha, ukufikelela kurhulumente kwimida yemida, nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-manani kwi-polish kunye nokugweba zonke iindawo zemfihleko kunye nenkqubo elungileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iphendule kwiimeko ezifana Karpater v. United States [2088], ifuna isiqinisekiso se-data yendawo yeselfowuni. Kodwa imiba emininzi ayiphenduli, njengokusetyenziswa kolwazi lwe-omatilogi.

Ukuthatyathwa komthetho

Ezinye izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ziye zamisela imithetho ethintela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, njengemiqathango kwi-habeas corpus, izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo, okanye ukupheliswa kwemiqathango. Imithetho yowiso-mthetho yamakhaya yabaphuli-mthetho abakwisini ivumela ukuvalelwa okungagqibekiyo emva kwesigwebo sentolongo, ukuphakamisa inkxalabo encinane yenkqubo efunekayo. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zizama ukuxhathisa enoba loo mithetho iyawaphula kusini na amalungelo asisiseko.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo enkqubo awahlali ehleli ekhompyutheni; yimigaqo ephilayo ehambelana neemeko ezintsha. Ukusukela kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sangoku, ingcamango engundoqo ihlala ihleli: urhulumente kufuneka abaphathe abantu ngokusesikweni nangentlonelo inkululeko yabo esisiseko. Nokuba ujongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeleka kwesikolo, okanye ukulahlekelwa yinzuzo, ukuqonda amalungelo akho afunekayo kukuxhobisa ukuba ufune okusesikweni. Njengokuba ibutho labantu liguquka, ngoko ke nathi kufuneka sizimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana oko kuthenjiswa ngumthetho.

Ukuphinda ufunde, uphando lwezibonelelo kwi ` Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho , hlola umba ushwankathela ityala Oyez, okanye hlola izinto ze-advocation kwi- izibonelelo ze-Dominican Liberties Union[].