Ukuqonda amagama asemthethweni kubalulekile kumntu obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yenkundla, nokuba ungumfundi, umfundisi, okanye uthile ofuna ukuya kungena kwimicimbi yomthetho. Ulwimi lomthetho lungaziva njengolwimi lwasemzini, oluzaliswe ngamagama esiLatini, ulwakhiwo oludala, kunye namagama achazwe kakuhle ahluke kakhulu kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo yonke imihla. Kodwa ukukwazi olu lwimi akuyoyonto nje yemfundo yolwazi kuphela efundisayo, ngoko kunokukunika amandla okufunda izivumelwano, ukuqonda iinkcubeko zenkundla, ukunxibelelana namagqwetha, nokuthatha inxaxheba enyanisweni esemthethweni. Olu khokelo lunikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwamagama angundoqo aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa kwiinkundla, kunye nenkcazelo ngendlela inkqubo yokugweba esetyenziswa ngayo, ngoko ke uyakwazi ukufikelela kwiimeko ezisemthethweni ngentembelo enkulu necacileyo.

Yintoni Intsingiselo Yegama Elisemthethweni?

Amagama asemthethweni abhekisela kulwimi olukhethekileyo olusetyenziswa kumthetho. Luquka amagama kunye namabinzana anentsingiselo ekhethekileyo kumongo womthetho kunye nenkqubo yokugweba. Amaninzi ala mabinzana asuka kwisiLatini nesiFrentshi, ebonisa iingcambu zembali zomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Umzekelo, akhabas [[FLT:] corpus , [FLT], [FLT]], ingunxanxanxa-mbilini, [[FLT]] isetyenziswa kwiinkundla zanamhlanje. Ngenxa yokuba amagama aqhelekileyo anokumxinene, okanye aqhelekileyo afana "as' okanye "ult" anokuphatha ngokweentsingiselo yawo yomthetho.

Ukuqonda la mazwi kuphucula kakhulu amandla akho okubandakanyeka kumaxwebhu asemthethweni, alandele iimpikiswano zenkundla, yaye anxibelelane ngokunempumelelo namagqwetha nabagwebi. Kwakhona kunceda ekupheliseni inkqubo yokusesikweni, kunciphe ixhala kwabo bamele bavele enkundleni. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqhelana nolwimi olusemthethweni kumisela isiseko sokufundisisa ngokunzulu ngomthetho, ngokusesikweni, nangorhulumente.

Isiseko semithetho

La mabinzana alandelayo athetha ulwimi lwasenkundleni. Ukwazi loo ntetho kuya kukunceda uqonde iindima zabathathi-nxaxheba, iindidi zamaxwebhu abandakanyekileyo, nezenzo ezingundoqo ezenzeka ngexesha letyala.

Imibandela Ekwimithetho Efanelekileyo

  • Umthetho ocacileyo: Umntu okanye iqumrhu eliqalisa ukumangalelana ngokufaka isikhalazo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, i-paltiff ngurhulumente (ukutshutshiswa).
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Defanti: Iqumrhu elityholwe ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo okanye elikhankanywe etyalani. Ummangalelwa makaphendule kwizityholo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Petition / Partent: isetyenziswa ekubheleni nakwimibandela ethile yenkundla yentsapho. Umceli ucela inkundla ukuba ithathe inyathelo; umphenduli uphikisa eso sicelo.
  • Umnqumli: Igqwetha elimela urhulumente kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, elijongene nokungqina ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Igqwetha elimele ummangalelwa, liqeshwa ngokukhusela amalungelo omxhasi kwaye licel ’ umngeni ummangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umgwebi: Igosa elilawulayo kwimicimbi yasenkundleni, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iyalandelwa, kwaye lingagqiba iziphumo xa kuvavanywa ibhedringi.
  • [[NT.: 0] Iqela labemi lifunga ukuva ubungqina nokufikelela isigqibo. Iijaji ezinkulu zigqiba ukuba zizakukhupha ityala kusini na; ukuvavanywa kwejaji kugqiba ukuba unetyala okanye unetyala.

Amaxwebhu Angundoqo Nobungqina

  • [[FLT: 0] Affidavit:[ Uxwebhu olubhaliweyo oluqinisekiswe ngesifungo okanye isingqiniso, olusetyenziswa ngokufuthi njengobungqina xa i-affiant ingenakuvela emoyeni. Iingxelo zobuxoki kwi-affidavit zingakhokelela kwityala.
  • Ikhompyutha: Uxwebhu lokuqala olugcinwa ngumphathi ochaza izibakala kunye nezityholo ezisemthethweni ngokuchasene nommangalelwa.
  • Impendulo: impendulo esemthethweni yommangalelwa kwisikhalazo, evuma okanye ekhanyela ityholo ngalinye kwaye ephakamisa naziphi na iindlela zokuzikhusela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Subpoena: Umyalelo osemthethweni oyalela umntu ukuba avele enkundleni ukuze anikele ubungqina okanye avelise amaxwebhu. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela kungaphumela ekudeleni kwenkundla.
  • Intsingiselo: Isigaba sangaphambili sovavanyo apho amaqela omabini etshintshisana khona ulwazi, amaxwebhu, kunye neenceba zamaNgqina. Izixhobo ziquka ii-axistes (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ii-odola (okanye ubungqina phantsi kokufungisa), kunye nezicelo zemveliso.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Exhibit: Nabuphina ubungqina obubonakalayo okanye obuyividiyo obunikelwe ngexesha lokuvavanywa, njengesivumelwano, umfanekiso, okanye isixhobo.

Izenzo zenkundla namaGama angokweNjongo

  • Ingxelo yokwahlula: Ingxelo okanye isiqinisekiso esenziwe kuqhubekeko olusemthethweni olungakaqinisekiswa.
  • Isicelo esisemthethweni kumgwebi ocebisa umgaqo othile. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka intshukumo yokurhoxa, ukushukuma ugwebo lwesishwankathelo, kunye nokuhamba kwi limine (ukungabufaki ubungqina).
  • Isigwebo esifikelelwa ngabachopheli-tyala (okanye ijaji kwityala lebhentshi) kwimiba enikelweyo. Izigwebo zinokuba “zilityala” okanye“ azinatyala” kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho;“ zifanele ukuthembeka” okanye“ azinatyala".
  • Isivumelwano senkundla esisemthethweni, esidla ngokuqukwa sisiphelo nenyanzelisayo. Umgwebo ungaquka umonakalo, imimiselo, okanye isibhengezo samalungelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appal:[ Isicelo kwinkundla ephakamileyo ukuhlola isigqibo senkundla esezantsi, ngokubhekiselele kwimpazamo engokwasemthethweni okanye ukungalungisi okuqhelekileyo.
  • Umgwebo oMiselweyo: Umgwebo wangena kumntu omangalelwayo ongakwaziyo ukuvela okanye ukuphendula ekumangalelweni ngexesha elifunekayo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Yenkundla

Iinkundla zilungelelaniswe kwisixokelelwano semigangatho elawulayo, nomgangatho ngamnye onegunya lokuphulaphula iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kukunceda wazi apho ityala liza kugcinwa khona nendlela elinokuhamba ngayo kwinkqubo.

Inkundla yeLizwe

I-United States iqhuba inkqubo yamatyala ababini: iinkundla zamatyala zikarhulumente ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, imiba enxulumene nomGaqo-siseko, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwamatyala; iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha imicimbi emininzi yolwaphulo-mthetho nemicimbi yabemi phantsi komthetho wephondo. Amatyala amaninzi aqala kwiinkundla zetyala zikarhulumente, ngokufuthi abizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphakamileyo okanye zesithili. Amatyala oManyano aqala kwiiNkundla zeSithili sase-U. Izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe lase-U.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zeenkundla

  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho:[ isingatha amatyala apho urhulumente etyhola umntu ophula imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Inyathelo liquka ukubekwa ityala, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokugwetywa.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] IiNkundla zeCivil:[ Ukusombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwabantu okanye imibutho, njengokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, iintelekelelo zokonzakalisa kobuqu, okanye iimpikiswano zempahla. Iinkqubo zidla ngokuba zezomonakalo wemali okanye imiqathango.
  • IiNkundla zoNtlalo: Zibalula ngokukhethekileyo kuqhawulo-mtshato, ekugcineni umntwana, ekukhuliseni umntwana, ekusebenziseni abantwana, ekusebenziseni ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, nakwimicimbi yabantwana.
  • IiNkundla zeTraffic: isingatha ukwaphulwa okuncinane kwemithetho yendlela, njengokubaleka kwamatikiti okanye ukubaleka isibane esibomvu. Amatyala anzulu kakhulu empatho-mbini angavakala enkundleni yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • IiNkundla eziNcinci: Icelelwe ukukhawuleza, isisombululo esicwangcisiweyo sengxubusho ebandakanya iimali ezincinane (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwe $10 000). Iintlanganiso zidla ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwamagqwetha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla edityanisiweyo: Izigqibo zohlolo lweenkundla ezincinci ukwenzela iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Azigcini iityala ezintsha kodwa endaweni yoko ziqwalasela iingxoxo ezibhalwe kafutshane nezibhaliweyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo elawulayo kwinkqubo yequmrhu yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.

Ukuntywilisela nzulu kwisakhiwo senkundla, tyelela i U.S. inkundla yenxuwa elisemthethweni.

Ityala Lenkundla Lisingisa Ekuphileni

Ukwazi la manyathelo kukunceda uqonde into eza kwenzeka kwaye uqonde injongo yesigaba ngasinye.

Umgangatho ophambili

  1. Ukufaka i-Scoart: Ummangali uqalisa ngokusesikweni isenzo ngokunikezela isikhalazo kwinkundla nangokusikhonza kummangalelwa. Isikhalazo masichaze isiseko esisemthethweni sesuti nesothulo esifunwayo.
  2. Impendulo neNtshukumo: Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo, evuma okanye akhanyele ityholo ngalinye. Ummangalelwa angakwakhupha intshukumo zefayile ngokusekelwe ekungabini nagunyazo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ityala.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Icebo:[ omabini amacala aqokelela ubungqina ngokuvavanya, ukufaka, izicelo zamaxwebhu, kunye neengxelo zolwazi. Ukutyhilwa kungathatha iinyanga kwaye kusoloko kuyinxalenye eninzi yexesha elithatha ixesha elifutshane yetyala.
  4. [[UMTHETHO:0] Ingqungquthela yeProfial-Trial: Ijaji idibana namagqwetha kwimibandela emincinane, ixubusha izinto ezinokwenzeka ekuhlaziyweni, kwaye icwangcise umhla wokuvavanywa. Iimeko ezininzi zihlala ngexesha eliphakathi kwesigaba.

Ityala

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (Indawo yeVoir): IAttorney ukubuza ukuba abacholacholi bochola ucalulo kwaye bakhethe iqela elingakhethiyo. Icala ngalinye lingakhupha inani elisikelweyo leejaji ngaphandle kwesizathu.
  2. IiNgxelo eziVulayo: ichaza oko baceba ukukungqina, benika igqiza eligwebayo imaphu yendlela yobungqina.
  3. Ukunikezelwa kobuBonelelo: I-paltiff (okanye ingtshutshiso) inikela imeko yayo kuqala, ilandelwa yi-ukhuselo. AmaNgqina ayavavanywa (eyangasese), ukunqamleza, kunye nokuphinda-phinda kufakwe. Imiboniso iyaveliswa.
  4. Impikiswano ezichazayo: IAttorney ishwankathela ubungqina kwaye iphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho balawule bebaxhasa.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Imfundo neSindululo: Ijaji ifundisa abachopheli-mthetho ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ijaji ibhalisa ngasese ngasese ukuze ifikelele isigqibo.
  6. Isigwebo nogwebo: Ijaji ikhupha isigqibo sayo; ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwe enetyala okanye enetyala, ijaji ingena kugwebo kwaye kamva icwangcisa ukugwetywa okanye ukonakaliswa kwendlebe.

I-Post-Teral Phase

  • Izicelo zovavanyo olutsha okanye umgwebo njengeMali yoMthetho: Iqela lingacela ijaji ukuba igqithe isigqibo okanye iwise ityala elitsha ukuba bekukho iimpazamo ezinzulu.
  • [[NTLA:0] Appal:[ Iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokubhena kwinkundla ephakamileyo, liphikisa ngelithi inkundla yamatyala yenza iimpazamo ezisemthethweni. Izibheno zijolise kwiziphoso zomthetho, hayi ukuphinda unyuse izibakala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unyanzeliso lomgwebo: Ukuba iqela eliphumeleleyo alikufumani oko likwetyala, bangafuna umvuzo wegarnishi, bebeka ii-fish kwipropati, okanye bathathe ezinye izenzo zoqokelelo.

Ukuze ubone amanyathelo ajongwayo akwityala loluntu, bona Isikhokelo se-Cornell Greek Information Institute kwinkqubo yasekuhlaleni.

Imigaqo Ekhethekileyo Engokwasemthethweni Kwiinxalenye Ezahlukeneyo Zomthetho

Ngaphandle kwamagama aqhelekileyo, indawo nganye yomthetho inesigama sayo. Ukuqhelana nala magama akhethekileyo kubalulekile xa kuthethwa ngeentlobo ezithile zemibandela yomthetho.

Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

  • Misdemeor: Abukho bolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, isohlwayo sonyaka omnye entolongweni, ityala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu (umz., ubusela obuncinane, ihambo engalungelelananga).
  • Ityala elinzulu, Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu (umz., ukubulala, ukuphanga, ukurhweba ngeziyobisi) elithwele isigwebo sonyaka ongaphezulu komnye entolongweni, okanye ukufa kwamanye amazwe.
  • Isityholo: Isityholo esisemthethweni esikhutshwe liqumrhu elikhulu lejaji, sichaza ukuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Sithatha indawo yesikhalazo kumatyala anzulu karhulumente.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Plea Bargain: Isivumelwano phakathi komtshutshisi nommangalelwa, apho ummangalelwa ecela ityala elingaphantsi xa etshintshisa isigwebo esincitshisiweyo okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo.
  • Ibhedi yesiqinisekiso: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi kufuneka angqine ukuba unetyala “ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni”"-owona mgangatho uphezulu kumthetho.

Umthetho Wamakhaya

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Tort: A okungalungiyo kwemiphakathi (umz., ukungakhathali, ukunyenyisa, ibhetri) ebangela umonakalo komnye, nto leyo ebangela ukumangalelwa kwetyala lomonakalo.
  • Isivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo esisemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela. I-Brach yenzeka xa omnye umntu engaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa iimfanelo zakhe.
  • Ukungagqibeki: Imbuyiselo ye-monetary inikwa umniki-mali ngenxa yelahleko okanye ingozi. Iintlobo ziquka i-compation, isohlwayo, kunye nezono zegama.
  • I-Injin: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza isenzo esithile (umz., misa, susa iposi engcolisayo).
  • [[NTL: 0] Isenzo somsebenzi: Ukumangalelwa okuziswa lityala elinye okanye ngaphezulu ngenxa yeqela elikhulu labantu abathetha into efanayo (umz., iimveliso ezinesiphene, ukuqhatha ngeefashoni).

Umthetho wentsapho

  • Ukusombulula umtshato: Ligama elisemthethweni elithetha uqhawulo-mtshato, ukuphelisa umtshato nokucombulula imiba yokwahlulwa kwempahla, inkxaso yomtshato, kunye nelungelo lokugcina umntwana.
  • I- I-Custtudy:[ imbopheleleko esemthethweni neyomzimba yomntwana. Ukugcina umntwana ngokusemthethweni kubandakanya ukwenza izigqibo; ukugcina umntwana ngokwasemzimbeni kumisela indawo ahlala kuyo.
  • [[Uhambo:0] Utyelelo: Ilungelo lomzali ongenalungelo lokugcina umntwana lokuchitha ixesha kunye nomntwana wakhe, elisoloko licwangciswe yinkundla.
  • Inkxaso yabantwana: intlawulo eqhelekileyo evela kumzali omnye ukuya omnye kwiindleko zomntwana, esekelwe kwingeniso namalungiselelo olawulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkqubo esemthethweni apho umntu omdala eba ngumzali womntwana ongengowabo, ephelisa amalungelo abazali bebhayoloji.

Amatyala Amancinane Nezorhwebo

  • Ukwaphulwa komthetho: Ukwaphulwa okuncinane, okusoloko kugwetywa ngentlawulo (umz., itikiti lokupaka imoto). Akukho xesha lentolongo libandakanyekileyo.
  • Imida Emincinci: Ubuninzi bemali e-dola encinane efunwa yinkundla encinane enokwahlula, eyahluka-hluka ngorhulumente (idla ngokuba ngu $50,000/10-10).
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] iProject: ukuzichaza enkundleni ngaphandle kwegqwetha, okuxhaphakileyo kwizinto ezincinci nakumatyala endlela.

Amacebiso Okufunda Ukusebenzisa Umthetho

Ukwazi ulwimi olusemthethweni yinto eyenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa ngamacebo obuchule unokuzakha isiseko esiqinileyo. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa ii Tables: Yenza amakhadi akwigama kwelinye icala kunye nenkcazelo yawo kwelinye. Gxininisa kumabinzana esiLatini anjenge curiam, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] i-sua sponte, kunye mes rea.
  • [[FLT: 0] Funda i Phofumsethi ye Case: Iiwebhsayithi ezininzi ezisemthethweni zipapasha ushwankatho lwezigqibo zakutshanje ezisetyenziswa kulwimi olucacileyo. Ukuzifunda kukunceda ubone amagama ngomxholo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isalathisi seNkundla ePhambiliyo: Ihlala ivavanyiwe okanye ividiyo egcinwe egciniweyo (umz., ukusuka U.S. iiNkundla)) zikuvumela ukuba uphulaphule amabinzana athethwayo kwimeko yokwenene.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubhekisa kwi symbolies ye-Online Gloss: I ICornell Wex Lgin Dictionary[[FLT: 3] kunye iDialot symbolicary yeMelikan Bar's[ inyanisekile, icebo elikhululekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isenzo ne meck Scenages: bhala isikhalazo kwaye uphendule usebenzisa amagama alungileyo, okanye tyhida intshukumo ukucinezela ubungqina. Ukusebenzisa amagama kuqinisa ukugcinwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaqela okufunda ajongileyo okanye i-Online Forums: Ukuxoxa ngezimvo noontanga kunceda ukucacisa amagama adidayo kwaye kukuchanabelela kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Ukwazi amagama asemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zenkundla kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Enoba ungumfundi olungiselela isikolo somthetho, umfundisi- ntsapho ophuhlisa izifundo zoluntu, okanye umntu ojamelene nenkundla, oqonda la mabinzana kunye nendlela yokuqhuba imicimbi esemthethweni kukunceda kakhulu. Kuyayinciphisa ingxubevange, kuphucula unxibelelwano noogqirha abanolwazi olusemthethweni, kwaye kukunika amandla okuxhasa amalungelo akho okanye ufundise abanye. Ulwimi lomthetho lusenokubonakala lunzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokufunda ngokuqhubekayo nokuchanabeka kwehlabathi, kuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokuhambisa ukuqina kokusesikweni. Inqaku lovimba okhankanywe ngasentla, kwaye khumbula ukuba zonke iingcali zomthetho ziqale ngolwimi olunye.