Ijaji ime njengendawo ephambili yokulawula okusesikweni kulo naliphi na ibutho ledemokhrasi. Lisebe likarhulumente elibekwe ityala lokutolika umthetho, lokucombulula iimpikiswano, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu nxamnye nesenzo sombuso sobuqu. Ngaphandle komthetho ozimeleyo nongakhethi buso, umthetho uyangabi nanto, kwaye ukhuseleko olukhuselweyo kwimithetho-siseko kunye nemithetho luphelelwa ngamandla. Eli nqaku linika ukuvavanywa okunzulu kwe-judiary-(iiiary", iintsinga ezingundoqo, imisebenzi engundoqo, iiyantlukwano, indima ebalulekileyo yabagwebi kunye nezigwebo, imingeni, kunye nendawo ebalulekileyo ekulawulo lwale mihla.

Indaleko Yembali Yencwadi Yomculo

Ingcamango yequmrhu elizimeleyo lejaji elinegunya lokugqiba iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni iqala kwimpucuko yamandulo. KumaRoma amandulo, abalawuli bakhupha imithetho baza balawula kwiimeko zabemi, bebeka isiseko sokuqala sokutolikwa okusemthethweni. Noko ke, iqhinga langoku njengesebe elizimeleyo likarhulumente lavela ngokucacileyo emva kweMagna Carta (1215), eyamisela umgaqo wokuba ukumkani ngokwakhe abe phantsi komthetho. Lo xwebhu wamisela iqosha elingengomthetho kodwa limiselwe ngemigaqo esemthethweni.

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, kwavela izithethe eziphambili ezimbini ezingokwasemthethweni: inkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, eyasungulwa eNgilani, apho abagwebi badala imizekelo ebotshelelweyo ngomthetho, kunye nenkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, esekelwe kumthetho wamaRoma kunye nemithetho egunyazisiweyo, apho abagwebi basebenzisa ngokuyintloko imithetho. Isithethe ngasinye sibumba indima yejaji ngokwahlukileyo. Kumazwe aqhelekileyo afana neUnited States kunye no-United Kingdom, iinkundla ziphethe amandla awomeleleyo okuhlola nokuyila nokuyila umthetho ngokwesithethe. Kumazwe amakhaya anjengeFransi neJamani, ijajikicariary ilawulwa ngemithetho ebanzi, sekunjalo isesebenza njengomtolikisi opheleleyo wemithetho.

Namhlanje, iinkqubo zokugweba ziyaqhubeka ziguquka, zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu nokusekwa kweenkundla zezizwe ngezizwe njengeNkundla Yezizwe Ngezizwe Yezobulungisa neNkundla Yetyala Yezizwe Ngezizwe, ebangela ukuba abantu nemithetho esemthethweni iphendule loo mithetho.

Imisebenzi yeCore neMithetho yeQuery

Ijudicary yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo esisiseko sebutho labantu abasesikweni. Kuwona mgangatho usisiseko, isombulula iimpikiswano ``ukungavisisani phakathi kwamaqela abantu, phakathi kommi kunye norhulumente, okanye phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente. Lo msebenzi, owaziwa ngokuba sisifungo, ufuna iinkundla ezingakhethi buso ezisebenzisa imithetho enxulumene nezibakala ezinikelweyo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zejaji luhlolo lwezomthetho, "igunya lokuhlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi, owenziwe ngodumo eUnited States ukutyhubela . Madison [1803]), uvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe umthetho ongqubana nemigaqo esisiseko.

Imfundiso Yokuqala Ukukhanyela (Iziphene)

Kwinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, umgaqo we- uqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zibotshelelwa zisigqibo seenkundla eziphakamileyo kwimibandela efanayo. Le mfundiso inika uzinzo kumthetho, ivumela abantu kunye namashishini ukuba baqonde iimfuno zabo ezisemthethweni namalungelo abo. Ikwavumela umthetho ukuba ukhule ngokuhluze njengokuba abagwebi becotha baze balungelelanise imigaqo kwiimeko ezintsha.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ijaji ye-jaji ingumgcini-sango ogqibeleleyo wamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko. Xa oorhulumente okanye abadlali abanamandla bephazamisa inkululeko efana nentetho, unqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukulingana, abantu banokufuna ukubuyiselwa enkundleni. Abagwebi abazimeleyo basebenzisa imiqathango nemithetho yokukhusela, bekhupha imiyalelo yokuphelisa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni okanye ukohlulwa. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumaqela aphantsi naphantsi amalungelo awo anokungahoywa ziinkqubo ezinkulu zezobupolitika.

Ukutolikwa Ngokusemthethweni Nokwenza Ucalulo

Imithetho nemigaqo idla ngokubekwa ngokweengcamango jikelele, ishiya indawo ecacileyo. Abagwebi bayitolika le mithetho, becacisa indlela esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile. Lo msebenzi wokutolika asingomsebenzi ozenzekelayo; kufuneka abagwebi baqwalasele iinjongo zomthetho, imizekelo, nemigaqo yokusesikweni. Ngengqiqo, abagwebi bachaza ingqiqo yabo, nto leyo ethetha ngehambo yexesha elizayo kunye nokuqiqa komthetho kwabanye abadlali.

Icandelo kunye nolawulo lweenkqubo zomthetho

Izakhiwo zomthetho ziyahluka ngokwelizwe kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ziyabelana ngentlangano yezikhulu ezivumela izibheno kunye nesigqibo sokugqibela. Ukuqonda eli qela lezahlulelo kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela okusesikweni okulawulwa ngayo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya ezantsi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Uninzi lweenkqubo zogwebo zinethala leencwadi ezintathu:

  • IiNkundla zeQumrhu (amatyala emeko yokuqala): Ezi nkundla zisingatha isibakala sokuqala sokufumana nokusetyenziswa komthetho. Ziva ubungqina, zivavanya amangqina, zize zifumanise iziphumo zamatyala oluntu nowezaphuli-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla eziphakathi: Izivumelwano eziphulukana netyala zingabhena kwinkundla ejongene nokuvavanywa, ehlola ingxelo yetyala yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, hayi ukuphinda unyuse izibakala kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo.
  • Inkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo (okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoLwazi): Inkundla ephakamileyo kwelo lizwe, inegunya lokugqibela kwimibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, iimbambano ezinkulu zomthetho, kunye neenkcazelo ezingqubanayo phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Izigqibo zayo zibophelelekile kuzo zonke ezinye iinkundla.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zokusingatha iinkalo ezithile zomthetho apho ubuchule buyingenelo khona. Imizekelo iquka:

  • IiNkundla zoNtlalo: zisingatha uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nolwalamano lwasekhaya.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IiNkundla zeTax: Ukusombulula iimpikiswano ngokujongwa kwerhafu kunye nezigwebo.
  • IiNkundla zoLawulo: Izenzo zohlolo lwamaziko karhulumente oburhulumente zobuGcisa.
  • IiNkundla zoMgaqo-siseko: Kumazwe omthetho wamakhaya, iinkundla ezahlukeneyo ezifana neNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko eManyeneyo yaseJamani isingatha uhlolo lomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkundla zoMkhosi: iimbambano zoshishino olukhutshiweyo.
  • IiNkundla zeCyber: Ukudibanisa kwamanye amazwe ukuphatha ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene ne-intanethi.

Iinkqubo zomanyano

Kumazwe angorhulumente anjengeUnited States, iKhanada, neOstreliya, kukho iinkqubo ezibini zeenkundla: iinkundla zorhulumente zisingatha imithetho yesizwe neyomGaqo-siseko, ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha amatyala aqhelekileyo asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinemigangatho enye yeenkundla zesizwe.

Indima YaBagwebi Nemibhiyozo

Abagwebi bangoonogada abaphambili kwijaji. Bongamela iimvavanyo, benza imithetho ngobungqina, bayalela abachopheli-tyala (apho bakhoyo), yaye ekugqibeleni bagqiba ngeziphumo zemeko xa kungekho mgwebi. Izigqibo zabo zibumba umthetho yaye zichaphazela ubomi.

Iimbopheleleko ZaBagwebi

  • [[UMTL:0] Abaphathi bahlala ngokungakhethiyo: [ baqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhutywa kakuhle, zivumela omabini amacala ukuba azise amatyala awo.
  • Benza isigqibo kwintshukumo: bagqiba ngaphambi kwetyala nakwintshukumo zomcimbi malunga nobungqina, ulawulo, kunye nenkqubo.
  • Iingcinga ezicacisiweyo: Kwiimeko ezininzi", ngokwemo-menu / ngokukodwa kwimigangatho ye-apellate", amatyala avelisa iimbono ezibhaliweyo ezichaza isiseko esisemthethweni sezigqibo zabo. Ezi zimvo zicwangcisa umzekelo wemeko zexesha elizayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala lenkundla:[[[FT:1] ABagwebi bagcina isimilo kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi ihloniphekile kwaye ilungelelene.
  • Ipesenti: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi banyanzela izigwebo phakathi kwemigaqo, belinganisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo nezingalinganiyo.

Inkqubo Ye Jury

Kumazwe aqhelekileyo, ijaji liphawu lenkqubo yokugweba. Abachopheli-tyala abaqhelekileyo bagqiba izibakala zetyala, yaye kwiinkundla zamatyala, bagqiba kwelokuba babe netyala okanye babe msulwa. Abachopheli-mthetho basebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lejaji, bazisa imilinganiselo yoluntu enkundleni. Noko ke, amajaji akwajongene nokugxekwa: asenokuphenjelelwa yikhethe, angabi nabuchule, okanye asetyenziswe ngabameli abanobuchule. Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho abenzi bomthetho azisebenzisi komiti yetyala ngendlela efanayo; endaweni yoko, amacandelo abagwebi abanobuchule agqiba imibandela kunye nomthetho.

Iimpawu ZaBagwebi Abanempumelelo

Iijaji eziphambili zidibanisa imigaqo-siseko nengqibelelo yobuqu. Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ziquka:

  • Ikhethe: Ubuchule bokubeka bucala ikhethe lobuqu kwaye ugqibele kuphela kumthetho nobungqina.
  • Ubunzulu obungaguquguqukiyo: Ukungalandeli kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukuphepha iimfazwe zomdla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingcali yobuchule: ulwazi olunzulu lwemimiselo, imizekelo, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni.
  • [[Ubuchule bokuququzelela:[[FT:1] Ubuchule bokucacisa uqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo olungokwasemthethweni kumatheko, kumaqumrhu agwebayo, nakuwonke-wonke.
  • Isimilo kunye nesimo: Ukuhlala uzolile kwaye uqalwe phantsi koxinzelelo lwempikiswano.

Ukutyunjwa nokuphendula

Indlela abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo iphembelela kakhulu inkululeko yokugweba nokuthembana kwabantu. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zilungelelanisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi kunye nemfuneko yokungakhethi buso.

Iindlela Zokudibana

  • Ukumiselwa ngokweempumelelo: okanye abameli abaphambili bamisela abagwebi, ngokufuthi beqinisekiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kubagwebi bequmrhu leNkundla ePhakamileyo kumazwe amaninzi.
  • Iikhomishini zokhetho lwe-Merit: ikhomishini ye-endex incomela abaza kubhaptizwa ngokusekelwe kwiimfaneleko, icutha impembelelo yezobupolitika. Iimeko ezininzi kwi U.S. kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu asebenzisa le modeli.
  • Unyulo lwabagwebi: Amanye amatyala akhethiweyo e-U.S. abagwebi abavoti ethandwayo. Ngoxa oku kuqinisekisa ukuphendula, kwakhona kufaka ucalulo kwibhedri kwaye kusenokunyanzela abagwebi ukuba baxhase uluvo oluqhelekileyo kunokuqiqa okungqongqo okungomthetho.
  • Ijaji yejaji: Kumazwe omthetho wamakhaya anjengeFransi neJapan, abagwebi baqala njengabasebenzi belizwe, baqeqeshelwe kwizikolo ezikhethekileyo kwaye baphakanyiswe ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi.

Ukuziphendulela Ngaphandle Kwenkululeko

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya kufuna ukukhuselwa ekususweni kwezigqibo ezingathandwayo. Imithetho-siseko emininzi inika abagwebi ubomi obutofotofo okanye izindululo ezinde, ezinokususwa kuphela ngenkqubo yokungathobeli ngenxa yehambo enzulu. Kwangaxeshanye, abagwebi banokuphendula ngokuvavanywa kwasekuhlaleni, ngokuhlola iimbono zabo, ukuqulunqwa, kunye nokuqeqesha iziqu ezisingatha ukuphulwa kwemithetho. Umlinganiselo ungonakala kakhulu: ukuziphendulela komntu ngelixanduva; okuncinane kakhulu kunokukhokelela ekuzikhukhumeleni okanye ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya.

Ijaji Kwibutho Ledemokhrasi

Kwidemokhrasi yedemokhrasi, imisebenzi yenkundla yezomthetho-siseko, njengesebe elilinganayo ecaleni kwendlu yowiso-mthetho. Inika imvume yokucel ’ umngeni urhulumente oqhathayo nokhusela inkululeko esisiseko. Iinkundla ziye zadlala indima embalini ekuqhubeni phambili kobulungisa bentlalo-ntle (ngokomzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwi- Brown v. iBroad of Education [1954]]) iphelisa ukwahlukana kohlanga, okanye izenzo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIntwale Indiya exhasa ukukhuselwa nokutya.

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya okulawula kukwaxhasa umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho, kuquka amagosa aphezulu abekwe izigxina. Iinkundla zingahlola imiyalelo yegunya, zivakalise umthetho ongekho mgaqweni, zize ziyalele urhulumente ukuba athobele iimfuno zawo. Oku kwenza ukuba ijaji ibe nguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe, ithintele ukuxilongwa kwamandla anokukhokelela kubuzwilakhe.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Nangona ibalulekile, abagwebi bajamelana neengcinezelo ezininzi kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Imithetho yomthetho echaseneyo

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo lulawulo olufanelekileyo lwamandla omthetho. Abagwebi abalawulayo bakulungele ukutolika umthetho ngokubanzi ukusingatha ukungalungisi okanye izithuba ezicingelwayo, ngeli xesha abaxhasi bokuthintela bephikisa ngelithi abagwebi bafanele bathabathe amacawa owiso-mthetho baze babhukuqe kuphela imithetho engqubana ngokucacileyo nomgaqo-siseko. Zombini ezi ndlela zinamandla nomngcipheko. I-Activivism ingawakhusela amalungelo xa imigaqo-siseko ingenamdla, kodwa ikwanokusongela ukwenza isigqibo sedemokhrasi. Ulungelelwaniso lumele lungahluka ngokwamaqela namaxesha.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwezobupolitika Nezisongelo Zokukhululeka

Kumazwe amaninzi, ingcinezelo yezomthetho egqithiseleyo yezopolitiko ivela kwiinkokeli ezijonga iinkundla ezizimeleyo njengemiqobo. Ukugatywa kwenkundla, ukunqandwa koqingqo-mali, ukoyikwa kweejaji, nokutyunjwa kwee-arhente ezingafanelekanga kululaza umthetho. Umzekelo, iimpikiswano zakutshanje ePoland, eHungary, naseUnited States ziye zakhupha izilumkiso malunga nokupheliswa kozimele kwemithetho. Ukukhusela iinkundla ezichasene nohlaselo olunjalo kufuna imigaqo-siseko engqongqo, ukuqwalaselwa kwebutho labantu, kunye nengcinezelo yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Ubuxhakaxhaka nokufikelela kokusesikweni

Izigqibo zengxoxo kwikhompyutha, iinkundla zenyani, kunye nezixhobo zobuchule ezingeyonyani ziguqula indlela okunikelwa ngayo okusesikweni. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, iinkundla ezininzi ezamkelwe ngokukhawuleza, uphuhliso lwevidiyo, ukuphumelela nokucotha. Noko ke, ubugcisa bunyusa amaxhala: amanani ahlula abo bangangeni kwi-intanethi; amanani e-AIAlgoriths anokuphazamisana nokungalingani; kwaye iziphumo ezikude zinganciphisa isidima nokuthoba kwenkundla. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise ubugcisa ngobuchule ukukhusela ukulingana okukhula.

Iindidi Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zendawo Yokuhlala

Ijudicary ebonisa ibutho labantu enandipha ukufaneleka okuninzi. Noko ke, izihlalo ezininzi zihlala zimhlophe, ziyindoda, kwaye zifundile ngokungenakulinganiswa. Izabelo zokudibanisa amadinga okulawula ngokugqithisileyo (ngokufumana imvume yokufumana, uqeqesho, kunye nokulunga kokukhetha-kubonakalisa ngaphaya, ngokufumana igalelo-mali. Abagwebi abagqwethekileyo bazisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo ekutolikeni okusemthethweni nakokuphuhlisa ukuthembana kwabantu phakathi kwabo bonke abantu.

Isiphelo

Ijudiary asiyondlela yokuphikisana; sisakhiwo esiphefumlela ubomi kumthetho. Ngokutolika imimiselo, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokuphatha igunya, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni asiyonjongo engaqhelekanga kodwa yinto ephilayo. Kodwa ijaji yomelele kuphela njengebutho eliyixhasayo. Ukukholosa kukawonke-wonke, inkululeko, ukuxhasa imali, kunye nokulungisa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zehlabathi elitshintshayo. Njengabemi, ukuqonda nokukhusela indima yejaji ayiyo kunganyanzelekanga.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngomthetho kunye nenkululeko yokugweba, jonga ulawulo lweZizwe ezimanyeneyo loMthetho ubuncwane kunye neKhomishoni yezizwe ngezizwe ye-Jurts kwiingxelo ezingezisongelo kwinkululeko yokugweba ehlabathini lonke.