Isiphumo Sophando Olubini Kuphando Lwamapolisa Nokuphinda Kubekho

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengesiseko sobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, ukhusela abamangalelwa ekuzanyweni kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Ngoxa le migaqo ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuqhatha nokukhathazwa ngurhulumente, idala iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kubasebenzi abasebenzayo abasemagunyeni abaqeqeshiweyo. Uphando lwamapolisa kunye noqheliselo lokuhlola kwakhona okuchaseneyo okanye amangqina luthintelwe ngqo ngemigaqo ephindwe kabini. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ezimvoteko eziphindwe kabini ngayo umsebenzi we-Accelnderve, lilinganisela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obutsha, kwaye linyanzelela amagosa ukuba asebenzise iindlela ezibukhaliphileyo ukusuka kwimibathwana yokuqala yetyala. Kwakhona lihlola ukubonakala ngaphandle komthetho, indima yolawulo olwahlukeneyo, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo zokulungisa izinto ezijonge ukulungelena ukufikelela ukulungelena nokugqibela kobulungisa.

Isiseko esisemthethweni sengozi ephindwe kabini

Imfundiso yale mihla yengozi ephindwe kabini ichazwa kwiSichibiyelo sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States: “Kungekho namnye umntu oya kubekwa esichengeni esifanayo ukuze abekwe kabini kwingozi yobomi okanye ilungu lomzimba.” Iinkuselo ezifanayo zikhona kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo zemithetho yeUnited Kingdom, Canada, eOstreliya, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi. Injongo engundoqo iphindwe kathathu: ukunqanda urhulumente ekunxibeni umntu ngengtshutshiso ephindaphindwayo, ukulondoloza isiphelo sesigwebo, nokukhusela abantu kwiimeko ezingokweemvakalelo nezemali ezininzi.

EUnited States, iingcebiso eziphindiweyo zincanyathiselwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zixhomekeke kwinkqubela. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi idityaniswa xa ijaji igqitywe. Kwityala lebhentshi, idibana xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe ngetyala. Xa ityala libotshelelwe ngetyala. Xa uxhulumaniso luthe lwadityaniswa kwaye ummangalelwa akagwetyelwa, akukho sibheno sinokwenzeka ngetyala. Ukubhenela kwinkundla esemthethweni, kodwa ukuba ukugwetywa kwetyala kuvulwe ngenxa yempazamo esemthethweni, ukuphinda-phindeka kweso solu tyala. Kodwa, ukuba umahluko usekelwe kwimiqathango ephindwe kabini, ukhutshelwe kwakhona. Lo mahluko ugxeko-mali esenziwa ngamapolisa kuba usoloko usenziwa ngoko kunokwenziwa ngamagosa nabatshutshisi abamangali.

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Kuphando Lwamapolisa

Kumthetho onyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ingozi ephindwe kabini ibeka ungqameko oluqinileyo lwexesha lokuhlanganisa nokunika ubungqina. Lo mgaqo ubadimazisa ngamandla abaphengululi ukuba bangaqhubeki ngetyala ngaphandle kokuba banobubungqina obubanzi. Ukubanjwa kwangethuba okanye ukutyholwa okukhokelela ekuvalweni okungathethekiyo kungakhawuleza kuvele naliphi na ityala elilandelayo, nokuba ubungqina obutsha obunamandla buvele kwiminyaka kamva. Oku kuvelisa intshukumisa enamandla “yokuqhubeka” okanye“ ukuthatha ityala elingaphaya” kwinqanaba lokuqala, njengoko amapolisa nabatshutshisi besazi ukuba ukuchotshelwa kokuqala kusenokuba lithuba lokuphela kwethuba lokukhusela ukuqiniseka.

Qwalasela uphando lokubulala apho umkroti othile etyholwa ngokusekelwe kubungqina obukhoyo, ngoko ekhululekileyo. Iinyanga kamva, ubungqina buza kuqukunjelwa ngokuthembekileyo ngokuxelwa izono okuvakalayo kummangalelwa. Kwimimandla engaphandle kwengozi ephindwe kabini, ubungqina bobungqina abunakusetyenziswa ukuvavanya lowo urhanelwayo. Isebe eliphandayo lishiywa linxunguphazelw'ukuyazi inyaniso kodwa lingenamandla asemthethweni ukuba lithathe amanyathelo. Le mikhosi yenene ifuna ukubeka ingqokelela epheleleyo yobungqina, ukuhlalutya-lwazi oluphindiweyo, kunye nobungqina obungakhangelwanga phambi kokuba inikeze ityala lokumangalelwa.

Impembelelo Yobungqina

Isithunzi sengozi ephindwe kabini sichaphazela indlela obufunyanwa ngayo kwaye bugcinwe ngayo. Amapolisa akanakuthembela ekufumaneni uvavanyo kwakhona kamva lokulungisa izithuba zangaphambili. Ubungqina bamanani, umzekelo, kufuneka bubuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza, njengoko iinkundla zingafuni ukuyalela ukuvavanywa kwesibini xa ezokuqala zilahlekile ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kokuhlola. Oku kukhokelela ekufakeni imali ephambili kumandla obuchule, ukuvavanya kovavanyo, kunye nobuchule bokubuza kwinqanaba langaphambi kokuphuma kwemali, zonke ezona ndleko zandisa iindleko kunye nexesha. Kukwakhuthaza abatshutshisi ukuba bafune inkqubela phambili okanye ukulibazisela ukuvuma amatyala abo ukugqiba umsebenzi wabo, maxa wambi kwiindleko zokuvavanywa ngokukhawulezayo.

Uvavanyo kwi Miboniso

Ukuphinda ucinge ngamangqina kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye iyimfuneko kwizinto ezininzi zokuphanda eziqhubekayo. Ingqina lingakhumbula iinkcukacha ezingundoqo emva kodliwano-ndlebe lokuqala. Ibali lomntu okrokrelekileyo lisenokutshintsha xa lijongwa nobungqina obutsha obuphathekayo. Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo ezifana nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo okanye ubugrogrisi, abaphengululi badla ngokuqhuba iintlanganiso zodliwano-ndlebe oluninzi ukuvavanya ukungavumelani nokuyila. Noko ke, imiqathango ephindwe kabini isenokuyiguqula ngokuphawulekayo imeko engoko umntu athe waphinda waxolelwa okanye wagwetywa.

& Iimboniselo zomenzi

Ukuba ukrokreleka ukhululekile kwityala, nakuphi na ukuvunywa kwakhona okulandelayo kwamapolisa ngokuphathelele eso sono sinye kunyusa inkxalabo enzulu yomgaqo-siseko. Kwimimandla emininzi, umntu omsulwa akafuneki ukuba asebenzisane kwaye angalulekwa ngesiluleko sokungathethi. Kwanokuba uyavuma ngokuzithandela kudliwano-ndlebe, nakuphi na ukuvuma okunokwenziwa kungasetyenziswa kuphela kunxibelelwano lolwaphulo-mthetho, kungasetyenziswa naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olubini kuphela, kungahoxiswanga olunye. Oku kwenza amandla anzima: abaphengululi basenokuba banesizathu esilungileyo sokukholelwa ukuba umntu ongenatyala unetyala unecala elongezelelweyo ngaphandle kobungqina bokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olumsulwa. Amapolisa kufuneka anyathe chuku ukuphepha ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphindiweyo kuphela, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba naluphi na uhlobo lokubona luqwalathiswe ngokungqongqo kwihambo lolwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuba igosa liphinde lijonge umntu ongenatyala ngempazamo ngenjongo yokuqokelela ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho olunye, iingxelo ezichaphazelekayo zingacinywa. Oku kubeka abatshutshisi kubenza balumkele ukugunyazisa udliwano-ndlebe lwasemva kokukhulula ngaphandle kokuba injongo ipheleliselwe kuphando olwahlukileyo. Isiphumo esiluncedo kukuba ukhokelo oluninzi lulahlekile, kwaye abaphuli-mthetho abanotyala bezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho abanokuba baphendulwe kuba umphathi akanakuyikhulula imisonto ecacileyo.

Inkcazo emva kokukholelwa

Kwanasemva kokuqiniseka, iingozi eziphindiweyo zingenza kube nzima ukuphinda uluvo. Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo onomtsalane angamathidala ukuthetha, esoyika ukuba nawaphi na amazwi amatsha anokusetyenziswa ukuphazamisa isibheno sabo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba isiqinisekiso sirhoxisiwe kwaye ityala liphinda liyalelwe, amapolisa asenokufuna ukuqhuba udliwano-ndlebe olutsha namangqina afanayo ukuze ahlaziye iinkumbulo zawo. Udliwano-ndlebe lokuqala lusenobuvuvuvuvuvu, kodwa ukudlula kwexesha kusenokufuna ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ukuze kuhlale kuthembekile. Kodwa amangqina asenokuba akhaliphile okanye angasebenzisani emva kokubona iziphumo zokuqala zokuxolelwa (okanye ukugwetywa kwezityholo ezincinane). Oku kucelw'ucel'ucelo olunzima kusenzeka kakhulu kugonyamelo lwasekhaya kunye nohlaselo lwesinisini, apho amaxhoba asenokuvavanywa ngokutshazwa ngokungatyisekayo, angazithandi ukuvavanywa.

Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini Nemfundiso Yabalawuli Abahlukeneyo

Enye yezona zenzo zibalulekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni ezidibeneyo kwingozi ephindwe kabini yimfundiso “yolawulo olubini”, eqashelwe kakhulu eUnited States. Phantsi kwalo mgaqo, umntu angalingwa ukuba aphathe ngendlela efanayo ngorhulumente norhulumente, kuba ngamnye uthathwa njengomlawuli owahlukileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba ityala likarhulumente liphela ngokukhulula, urhulumente wesizwe ungazisa izityholo zesenzo esifanayo ukuba uphula umthetho worhulumente.

Le mfundiso ineziphumo ezinzulu kuphando lwamapolisa. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni anokubelana ngobungqina namaqumrhu karhulumente, esazi ukuba nokuba ityala likarhulumente liyesilela, ityala likarhulumente lihlala lisenokwenzeka. Oku kukhokelela ekuphandeni okufanayo apho amagosa karhulumente kunye norhulumente asebenza kwi-tanidem. Noko ke, imfundiso ithanda ukuphikisana. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ithoba umoya wokuzisola ngokuphindwe kabini nabamangalelwa kwisohlwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa abaphathi abahlukeneyo, kodwa amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho yokuvala izityholo zesibini ngamacandelo awo angaphantsi. Ngoko ke abamangali-mali-mali kufuneka bayazi indlela yokuzilungisa ezinokufumaneka kwimithetho engaphakathi kunye nokuceba kwabo.

Umda onqamlezayo kunye nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe

Ingozi ephindwe kabini intsonkothile yimithetho eyahlukeneyo. ITshata ye-European Union yamatyala angundoqo iyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini kumazwe angamalungu, ithetha ukugwetywa kwetyala eliqhelekileyo eFransi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Oku kukhusela okunamandla kodwa kunokuwaphazamisa amapolisa xa amazwe amaninzi ehamba-hamba. Ngokwahlukileyo, amanye amazwe afana neKhanada aneendleko ezimxinwa ezincinane kwityala elinzulu. Intsebenziswano yamapolisa yezizwe ngezizwe, njengakuyo i-Interpol, kufuneka iyazise le ngxaki. Uphando olunwela lufuna ukuba amazwe amaninzi aphengulule ngokucothayo ngokomthetho lufuna ukuphendulwa kwemigibe yokungayeki.

Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Neenguqu Ezisemthethweni

Kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo, imimandla emininzi iye yakhupha iingozi eziphindwe kabini ukusingatha amatyala apho ubungqina obutsha nobucacileyo buvela emva kokugwetywa. Obona bubalulekileyo nguMgaqo weSigwebo sobuChwebi woManyano loMbuso wamaZwe, ovumela ukuqulunqwa kwetyala elinzulu elingunomthetho, ukubulala, ukuqwenga, kunye netyala lesini (ukuba ubungqina obutsha nobunokuthenjwa bebukhona kwityala lantlandlolo. INkundla yokubhenela imele inike imvume, kwaye ilungelo lommangalelwa lokugweba ligcinwe lilungile.

EUnited States, amaphondo angama-35 kunye norhulumente wesizwe baye bamisela “ubungqina obutsha” obungachananga kulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile, kodwa obu bunqabileyo ukusetyenziswa nokujongwa njengohlolo lwezomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iColorado ivumela ukubekwa kwakhona komntu xa ekhululwe kwiklasi 1 okanye 2 ekhululekileyo kwaye kuvela ubungqina obutsha obucacileyo bokuba umntu unetyala. Noko ke, imithetho enjalo isoloko icelwwa njengokwaphula umthetho ophindiweyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo isenomthetho opheleleyo, ishiya ukugcinwa komthetho kwimo yokungaqiniseki. Abatshutshisi abaninzi bahlala belumkile, bekhetha ukuthembela kwizikhulu ezahlukeneyo kunokuba imigaqo ehlukeneyo.

Ubungqina BeDNA Nokungavumelani Nomthetho

Ukufika kovavanyo lwe-DNA kuye kwayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo ingxubusho ephindwe kabini. Kwiimeko apho ummangalelwa wagwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo, ubungqina be-DNA bungasibhukuqa isigqibo kwiinkundla zetyala ezichaphazelekayo. Kodwa ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe, kwaye kamva ubungqina be-DNA bubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba unetyala, ubungozi obuphindwe kabini budla ngokuvala ityala. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kufuneke utshintsho, ingakumbi ekuhlaseleni ngokwesini nakumatyala okungokwasemzimbeni apho ubungqina bebhayoloji bunokugcinwa khona kangangamashumi eminyaka. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho evumela ukuqulungelana kwetyala kwezo meko, kodwa ahlala ephikisana ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwawo. Kuba amapolisa, isifundo sikukuba iDNA imele ihlanganiswe ize ivavanywe phambi kokuvavanywa, hayi.

Impembelelo kwiqhinga lophando noqeqesho

Ukunikwa kwemiqathango ethintelweyo ebangela iingozi eziphindiweyo, amagosa amapolisa kufuneka afake imigaqo yawo kwiinkqubo zawo ezisesikweni zokusebenza. Oku kuqalisa ngoqeqesho. Amagosa afundiswa ukuqaphela xa iingozi eziphindwe kabini zinokudibanisa nokubuzana nabatshutshisi ngaphambi kokuba babophe. Kumagunya angaphandle, abaphengululi kufuneka bazi imigaqo echanekileyo esemthethweni yokufumana ityala kwakhona. Kwakhona kufuneka babhale itsheyina lokugcina intolongo kuzo zonke iingxelo ngocoselelo, njengoko ukusilela ukugcina ubungqina bunokuthintela naluphi na ukhetho lovavanyo lwexesha elizayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweqela leqela lenjongo ethile

Iiyunithi zetyala elibandayo kufuneka zicofwe ngokukhethekileyo. Iimeko ezininzi ezibandayo zibandakanya ukuvalwa okanye ukugwetywa ngaphambi kokuba kubonwe, okuthetha ukuba ingozi ephindiweyo ingaphinda ihlaselwe ngokusekelwe kwiincam ezintsha. Abacuphi basoloko besebenza kunye nabacuphi abasemthethweni ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iimeko ezisebenzayo ngokusemthethweni. Kwamanye amaqumrhu, nayiphi na imeko apho ukrokrela okuqala wakhululwayo uvalelwe ityala liphawulwe njengeliselwa ukuba “akukho ukubethwa komthetho othe nangakumbi osebenzayo” ngaphandle kokuba umahluko ovunyiweyo. Oku kunokudimaza xa ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwale mihla, obunjengohlalutya ubuchule bokuhlola iminwe okanye ukuphendla iDNAyi-DNA, buvelisa ukukrokrela okunamandla kodwa bungenakusetyenziswa ngenxa ye-agrac.

Ukulungelelanisa Okusesikweni Nokugqibela: Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

Uxinezeleko phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke luyaqhubeka lubangela iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni nezenkqubo. Abaxhasi beengozi eziphindiweyo baphikisa ngelithi umthetho uthintela ubuzwilakhe bukarhulumente, uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanabo ubuncwane obungenasiphelo bokuhlasela umntu othile, kwaye unika isiphelo kwisigqibo, esibalulekileyo ekuvalweni. Bakhomba kumngcipheko wokukholelwa okuphosakeleyo okuye kwasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukuqulutya, bengathethi ukuba umthetho owehlisayo umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungakhokelela ekumangaleleni okungapheliyo okungekho tyala okusekelwe kwintelekelelo ezintsha ezingekho ngqiqwele.

Kwelinye icala, abaxhasi bamaxhoba kunye namaqela okunyanzelisa umthetho baphikisa ngelithi umthetho ungqongqo kakhulu kulwa nophuhliso lobugcisa. Bathi ukugwetywa okusekelwe kwinzululwazi ephelelwe lixesha akumele kubeke ityala xa iindlela zale mihla zinokungqina ukuba unetyala. Amatyala aphezulu afana nokubulawa kukaMeredith Kercher (Itali) okanye i-O.J.Simpson imeko (California) ibonisa indlela ingozi ephindwe kabini enokuthi ishiye ngayo ibala elikwityala kwimithetho esesikweni. Abaxhasi boTshintsho badla ngokuxhasa ngenyameko ukuvalwa kwetyala elinzulu, ngokujongelwa kwetyala kunye nomthwalo ophezulu wobungqina obutsha.

Utyekelo lwangoku Kumthetho

Amaphondo aliqela ase-U.S. aye aqwalasela okanye agqithisa “ingozi ephindwe kabini yetyala”. Ngo-2019, iColorado yandisa ukwahlukana kwayo ukuvumela ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kwetyala ukuba kufunyanwe ubungqina obutsha betyala. Amanye amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya aye anciphisa ukungaboni kakuhle ukubulawa apho ummangalelwa avumile okanye apho ubungqina beDNA. Kumgangatho worhulumente, iJaji ye-All Act kunye nezinye izicelo iye yaveliswa kodwa ayimiswa. IKomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yamalungelo Abantu ibonise inkxalabo malunga nokungavumelani okuninzi, ikhuthaza ukuba kukhuselwe ingozi ephindwe kabini.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo Kwiziphakamiso Zamapolisa

Amagosa amapolisa anokuthatha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokusebenzisa iingozi eziphinda-phindiweyo ngokunempumelelo:

  • Intsebenziswano ye-Preplace kunye nabatshutshisi: iqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sokuphendula senziwa kuphela emva kohlolo olunzulu olusemthethweni lobungqina kunye nokuba mayela nokuphumelela kweziphumo eziphindwe kabini zomngcipheko.
  • Uxwebhu lwawo onke amanyathelo ophando: Gcina iingxelo ezinenkcukacha zodliwano-ndlebe, iimvavanyo ze-antensic, kunye nobungqina bokuphatha. Oku kungabaluleka ukuba umahluko woshicilelo kwakhona ubizwa kamva.
  • Iqwalasela uphando oluhambelanayo: Xa kufanelekile, nxibelelana namaqumrhu kazwelonke okanye ezinye iinkosi ukugcina indlela yesibini yetyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kobuntlola bobupolisa: Ukujolisa kwimeko zokwakha kwezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisenokuba zikrokrelelwe, ezingabekwanga phantsi kwebhanti enye ephindwe kabini.
  • Ukuqeqesha kwinkqubela-phambili ezintsha zomthetho: rhoqo abaphathi bohlaziyo kutshintsho kwimithetho ephindwe kabini yomngcipheko, ingakumbi kumazwe angaphandle amatsha.

Isiphelo

Isiphumo sobungozi obuphindwe kabini kuphando lwamapolisa kunye nokuhlola okutsha kunzulu kwaye kuphindwa ngeendawo ezininzi. Ngoxa umgaqo ubalulekile ekukhuseleni abamangalelwa ekuhlungwini nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba kugqibele, ubeka imida ebalulekileyo kubuchule bomthetho bokuqinisekisa iimpazamo eziphicotho-zincwadi okanye ukwenza izinto kubungqina obutsha. Amapolitiki kufuneka asebenze ngenkathalo ekhethekileyo ngexesha lophando lokuqala, azi ukuba ukugwetywa komntu akunakuguquki. Ukucingela ukuchanabeka okuphindiweyo kuyaqhubeka, kwaye amapolisa amele aqhubeke ezama ukuzama ukulungiselela iindlela zawo zokulungisa, ngokufuthi efuna ukumiselwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Imithetho efuna ukumiselwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Imfundiso engokwayo inika uncedo oluthile, kodwa ayifumaneki yonke indawo kwaye iza ngobuchule bawo obusemthethweni. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye nokuzivelela kwabantu, ingxoxo ephakathi kweziphakade iyaqhubeka, kwaye amapolisa kufuneka aqhubeke ekulungiseni iinguquke, kwaye amapolisa aqhubeke ekulungiseni imigaqo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwesiseko somthetho, bona uhlalutyo lweNkonzo yophando loMgaqo-nkqubo weNhlanu . Kwimbono yezizwe ngezizwe, iNkundla yamaLungelo oluntu e- inika ukhokelo oluphindiweyo oluluncedo kwingozi ephindwe kabini luzibonelelo oluxabisekileyo. Indlela yoBukumkani obuyalela ngayo ichazwe kuMthetho [[FLT:]4] weSigwebo sobulungisa sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, . Ekugqibeleni, iSiko seSizwe seJalathi seJanu leMimiselo sinikela ukhokelo olusebenzayo kwingozi esebenzayo ityala kunye neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni[FLT].[FLT]]