Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States sesinye sezicatshulwa ezibonakala nezinentsingiselo kubomi bezobupolitika baseMelika. Ibinzana laso lokuqala, " Thina bantu, sikhankanyiwe kwiiklasi, kwiinkundla, nakuwonke-wonke weendawo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kodwa isiqalo singaphezulu kakhulu kunesiqalo sesithethe sobupolitika. Sisibhengezo somsebenzi, isibhengezo senjongo, kunye nesikhumbuzi esiphilayo semiqathango esiqhubeka sibumba uhlanga. Ukuqonda amagama aso ngobunzulu bentsingiselo yakuqala, umxholo wembali, kunye nobukhulu obuhlala ixesha, ukuhlala komsebenzi.

Umbhalo Wesiqalo

Phambi kokuntywila kuhlalutyo, kubalulekile ukuba nombhalo opheleleyo wesiqalo engqondweni. Ibhalwe ngu Gouverneur Morris wase Pennsylvania ngexesha leConvention yomGaqo-siseko ka 1787, ifundeka ngolu hlobo:

" Thina bantu baseUnited States, ngokomyalelo wokwakha i-Union egqibeleleyo, ukuseka iJaji, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, ukunikezela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zeNtshukumo, simisela kwaye simisele lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.[FLT]

Eli binzana linye, eliyilwe ngamagama angama-52, liphumeza umlinganiselo ophawulekayo. Lichonga umthombo wegunya (" Thina bantu"), lidwelisa iinjongo ezintandathu ezikhethekileyo, kwaye lichaza injongo epheleleyo yesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko. Isiqalelo ngasinye sinokubaluleka okunzulu.

Ukuyaphula ibinzana [[UMTL]" Thina bantu"[[UMTL:1]

Ukusebenza Kolongamo Oluthandwayo

Eyona nkalo yemvukelo yePregnail ludaba lwayo lokuqala lokuba igunya likarhulumente lisuka ebantwini, kungekhona kukumkani, kudidi olulawulayo, okanye kwanakumazwe. Le ngcamango, eyaziwa njenge ulawulo oluthandwayo , yayiyeyona iphambili kwinkulungwane ye-18. Phambi kweNguquko yaseMelika, ulawulo lwalucingelwa ukuba luhlala kookumkani okanye kwiipalamente. Ngokubeka u-"We Thome" ekuqaleni, abalawuli benqanawa babonisa ukuba urhulumente omtsha urhulumente uyakuba sisidalwa sabemi.

Ngubani Obequkiwe (*kaye Ongazange Aqukwe

Kakade ke, ibinzana elithi " thina bantu asizange siqukiswe yimilinganiselo yale mihla. Ngo1787, abantu ababenokuvota okanye ukuba nesikhundla babemhlophe kakhulu, amadoda anikazi. Abafazi, amakhoboka ama-Afrika, amaMelika, kunye nabamhlophe abangengobasemthethweni bakhutshelwa kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Kodwa ke umgangatho wolwimi wabangela umlinganiselo onamandla. Kwiinkulungwane, imibutho yokucima, iimpahla zamabhinqa, amalungelo oluntu, nokuvota, zonke iimfuno zamalungelo omthetho ziye zabizwa thina abantu.[FOT:3] ukunyanzela ukuba isithembiso sokwenziwa komntu oqobo. [njengomphengululi: FFFFFOT] [5]

Usukelo Lwezintandathu

Udweliso lodweliso ludwelise iinjongo ezintandathu umGaqo-siseko owawucelelwe ukufikelela kuzo. Usukelo ngalunye lunomongo wembali kunye nesicelo sangoku. Ukuzihlolisisa nganye nganye kutyhila umbono obanzi wezikhewu.

1. [[UMTL:0]" ukulungiselela umanyano olugqibeleleyo kakhulu"[[UMQONDISO:1]

Phantsi kweNtobelo yeNkqutyana (1781-1789), la mazwana asebenza njengesivumelwano sorhulumente onamandla ombindi obuthathaka. Umanyano lwalukude nokufezeka .=irhafu elula, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho yezorhwebo. Ibinzana elithi "umanyano olugqibeleleyo" lavuma ukuba ilungiselelo elikhoyo lalibuthathaka kwaye lifuna uphuculo. Abaquququzeleli babefuna urhulumente onamandla onamandla ngelixa besamhlonela ulawulo. Namhlanje, usukelo lomanyano olufezekileyo luyaqhubeka lukhuthaza impikiswano ngomanyano lwesizwe, umanyano lwesizwe, nendlela yokuphelisa amacandelo ezobupolitika. Njengoko uMgaqo-siseko oPhakamileyo uAn Anthony Kenneth wabhala kuluvo lwangonyaka we-1995, uMgaqo-siseko "oklo ubonakalisa umanyano olugqibeleleyo lwe-Framenterrence lunokufezeka ngowo omabini kwaye ulawulo lwawo omabini."

2. [[UMGAQO-]" Ubulungisa be-Establish"

Okusesikweni yayingumsebenzi ophambili emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi baye babandezeleka phantsi koko babekugqala njengenkqubo yomthetho engekho sikweni yaseBritane. IGama eliyalela ukuba kubekho isigwebo esisesikweni nesingakhethi buso, umthetho, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. UmGaqo-siseko waseka inkqubo yenkundla yezorhulumente, kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye waqinisekisa amalungelo afana ne-habeas corpus kunye nokuvavanywa kwetyala ngabagwebi. Ngenkulungwane yama-21, ibinzana elithi "Comprificity" lisoloko libizwa kwingxoxo ngokuhlaziywa kokugwetywa kwetyala, ukunga, ukulingana, nokufikelela ekumelweni komthetho. Amagama akhumbuza amaMerika ukuba okusesikweni akuyiyo ukuphunyelelwa ngokusemthethweni kodwa ukulwisana nokucinezelwa.

3. [[UMTL:0]" I-Inice yenze i-Frames"[[UMTL]

Iminyaka yeewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo anesibhozo ayephawulwa yisiphithiphithi, kuquka iShays' Regivergion (1786-87), ukuvukelwa kwezixhobo zabalimi ababolekisa amatyala eMassachusetts. Urhulumente wengingqi phantsi kwala Manqaku akakwazanga ukuphakamisa umkhosi wokuphelisa imvukelo, owabangela ukuba iinkokeli ezininzi zesizwe ezinamandla zifuneke. Ikwaphakamisa imibuzo engoxolo nocwangco lwangaphakathi, kodwa kwanamandla okuthintela isiphithiphithiphithiphithi-phithi. Namhlanje, olu sukelo luboniswa kwindima karhulumente ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukuphendula kwiintlekele zendalo, kunye nokulawula ukuphazamisa kwemibutho yabemi.

4. [[UMTL:0]" Iprojekthi yokhuselo oluqhelekileyo"

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, i-United States yajamelana nezisongelo zangaphandle ezivela kumagunya aseYurophu kunye namazwe amaNdibano aseMerika. Umkhosi omanyeneyo wabonwa njengoyimfuneko ukuze uphile. UmGaqo-siseko wanika iNgqungquthela amandla okuphakamisa imikhosi, ukwakha imikhosi yamanzi, nokuvakalisa imfazwe. "Ukhuselo lokhuselo" lubonisa ukuba lonke uhlanga luza kulwabelana ngoxanduva lokhuseleko, kunokuba lulushiyele kumazwe athile. Namhlanje, olu sukelo lusekelwe kuqingqo-mali lwe-U.S. Uxanduva lwe-NATO, kunye nesakhiwo semikhosi exhobileyo. Ibinzana lidla ngokucatshulwa kwiingxoxo zokhuseleko nongenelelo lomkhosi womkhosi.

5. [[UMTL:0]" chaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele"[[UMQONDISO:1]

Eli binzana liye lachazwa ngokunzulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi livumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba aqhubeke neenkqubo zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho; abanye balifunda ngokumxinwa njengomda wamandla orhulumente. Kwimbali, ibinzana jikelele loncedo lwentlalo lisetyenzisiwe ukuthethelela iinkqubo ezifana nokhuseleko lweNtlalo, lweMedicare, kunye nenkcitho yesiseko sesiseko senkqubo. UJames Madison ubhale kwi uSocialist No. 41 [iintlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo" ithetha okulungileyo kohlanga lonke, hayi izilangazelelo zalo nawuphi na ummandla okanye iqela elithile. Ibinzana lihlala lisemgangatho wezo zezopolitiki malunga nendima karhulumente ekukhuthazeni intlalo yezoqoqosho nempilo kawonke.

6. [[UMTL:0]" Zigcinele iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi kunye nobukho bethu"

Usukelo lokugqibela luziinjongo zobuqu nezesizukulwana esilandelelanayo. "Izibonelelo zeNkululeko" zibhekisela kumalungelo nenkululeko ekhuselwa ngumGaqo-siseko, njengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukufakwa kwe "Inani lenqanawa" kubonisa ukuba abalayishi babecinga ngaphaya kwexesha labo. Babefuna ukuba umGaqo-siseko unyamezele izizukulwana ezizayo. Lo mbono wokujonga phambili uphembelele amaMerika ukukhusela nokwandisa inkululeko yabo bonke, kuquka nabo bangekazalwa. Ibinzana libonakala kwiimbono zomthetho, iintetho zomongameli, kwana nakwimibhiyo yendalo xa abemi abatsha befunga umGaqo-siseko.

Isigidimi Somanyano

Umanyano ludityaniswe kulo lonke ulwimi nolwakheko. Lona kanye umsebenzi wokuvakalisa "Thina bantu" kunokuba "Thina mazwe" sigxininisa igama elinye lohlanga. Iinjongo ezintandathu zidibene zonke: zithetha ngoko uhlanga luphela lufanele ukukufeza, hayi oko nayiphi na iminqweno yomntu okanye yengingqi. Oku kugxininisa kumanyano yayiyintsabelo engqalileyo kwixesha lobuqhetseba. Abaxhasi babesazi ukuba ngaphandle kwengqiqo yokwabelana ngenjongo, ilizwe laliza kudilika.

Umanyano alubalulekanga. UPresentery uyaqonda ukuba umanyano lwamazwe ahlukeneyo nabantu basenokusukela iziphelo ezifanayo. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ingcamango yomanyano iye yavavanywa yimfazwe yamakhaya, intsebenziswano yentlalo, kunye nokuthamba kwezobupolitika. Kodwa iPregeargency Abraham Lincoln ihlala ilisiqinisekiso. Xa uMongameli uAbraham wacela umGaqo-siseko kwiDaqo-siseko yakhe, waye ekhupha isibongozo sizwe esimanyeneyo "iLiberty in Liberty"" ngenkulungwane yama-20, uMartin Luther King Jr. wabhenela isithembiso sobulungisa nomanyano lwemizabala yakhe. [[FLT] uSiko loMgaqo-siseko [FLT] uchaza isikotholo sesizwe [FLT], iPregrowingstys proventians (ience) isebenzisa iinkoliso zolwimi zobuthothotho zobuzwe zobuzwe zobuzwe zoluntu eziqhelekileyo zaseMerikayo.

Isigidimi Sethemba

Ngapha koko, isiqalo sibonakalisa ithemba. Ibinzana elithi "umanyano olugqibeleleyo" libonisa ukuba ngoxa iManyano ingafezekanga, ingaphucuka. "Zigcinele thina iintsikelelo zenkululeko kunye neSikhuseli sethu" sivakalisa intembelo yokuba inkululeko ingalondolozwa ize idlule. Isiqalo sengcaciso asisoloko sicinga ngezikhalazo okanye iingozi ezikhoyo ngoku; sikhangele phambili koko kunokufezwa.

Eli themba lijonge phambili lixhase amaMelika ngexesha lobumnyama. Ngexesha lokwehla koMkhulu woLawulo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa ulwimi lweSihlomelo kwiinkqubo zakhe zeNew Debac, ephikisa ngelithi ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele efunekayo kurhulumente ukuze akhulule ukubandezeleka. Emva kohlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11 iinkokeli zomabini zacaphula isiqalo sokukhumbuza abemi besizwe ngozinziso kwaye babeneenjongo ezicathulo. Kwanakumaxesha okudumba kwezobupolitika, iPreget inikeza umbono wexesha elizayo elingcono elinokusebenza kunye namaMerika.

Ithemba elifakelwe kwiNgxelo asilothemba elingenangqiqo. Lithemba eliqinisekileyo elisekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba urhulumente angasebenza. Abafaki-freyida babekuqonda kakuhle ukungasebenzi komntu. Bayila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kuba babenolwazi lokuba namandla anokusetyenziswa kakubi. Kodwa babekholelwa ukuba ngokuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ubuqaqawuli, nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle yasekhaya, amaMelika angadala ibutho elihlonela inkululeko nethuba. Le nkolelo iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza abantu ehlabathini lonke abajonge kwi-U.S.

Intsingiselo Yembali: Isiqalo Esisekelwe Kwimo Engokwembali

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787

Xa abathunywa babehlanganisene ePhiladelphia ehlotyeni ngo1787, bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu. IManqaku eConfederation ayesilela, uqoqosho lwangaphumelelanga, kwaye iingxabano zombuso zasongela uzinzo lomanyano. UPregaget wabizelwa kwiKomiti yeNdlela, eyayikhokelwa nguGouverneur Morris, ngasekupheleni kwendibano. UMorris waye ligama elinobuchule elithetha ukuba abathunywa babe nosukelo olubanzi, isivakaliso esinamandla. UPregar akazange aqhutywe ngaphandle kwengxoxo.

Ukwenziwa komgangatho kunye namaPhepha oLuntu

Ngexesha lengxoxo yokudityaniswa, abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko (iFederalist) badla ngokucaphula isaziso sokuphikisa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla. Umlawuli woBukhosi uNo. , uAlexander Hamilton wabongoza amaMerika ukuba agqibe ukuba "iingingqi zabantu ziyakwazi okanye azimiselanga urhulumente olungileyo ekubonakaliseni nokukhetha." I-Pregiondiation yafaka loo moya wokubonakalisa nokukhetha. [Anti (Anti-Fledist)] Ixhalathe ukuba ulwimi olubanzi lungasetyenziswa ukwandisa igunya lorhulumente. Inkathalo yawo yakhokelela ekunikezelweni urhulumente owe-1791, owabeka imidabalwa ekhethekileyo kwigunya likarhulumente.

Isiqalo SeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ngoxa isiqalo ngokwaso singawaniki amagunya okanye sidala amalungelo, ngoku Sekukudala iNkundla Ephakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ayingomthombo wegunya elingaphantsi elikwindawo ephantsi, (1819), kusoloko kukhankanywa uGaqo-siseko. ] Mcloch v. Maryland[FLT][FLT][FLT][12] [1819] [18], iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall ubhekisa kuMquluko loMgaqo-siseko ukuphikisa ukuba ucelele ukunyamezela iminyaka emininzi, kwaye urhulumente ucelele ukuba ulawulo lwelizwe lubonise ukuba luthwale iimbopheleleko zalo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLD:] kunyaka-Wp.[5]

Ukunyamezela Ukuphefumlelwa: Ukuqalisa Kobomi BaseMerika

Impembelelo yeGatyathiso idlulela kude ngaphaya kwenkundla. Ivela kwizithethe ezininzi zezentlalo: abantwana besikolo bayicengceleza, imibhiyozo yendalo iyenza ibekho, kwaye banyulwe ngamagosa ayicaphula kwidilesi zokuvula. Ibinzana elithi thina bantu"[ [ii-PFLT] singumbutho okhuthaza intsebenziswano yentlalo. [[FLT] [FLT]]] Singabantu , umzekelo, sisebenzisa iPreggtion ukuxhasa amalungelo abaphambukeli kunye nedemokhrasi. Izithethe zibhekisa kuMkhosi weSikolo seRock.[FLT] [iiiii

Mhlawumbi amandla amakhulu engcaciso axhomekeke ekukwazi ukuvumelana nayo. Ayiyaleli imigaqo ethile okanye ilungise iingcamango ezithile. Endaweni yoko, inika isiseko sengxoxo. IiNkqutyana kunye nezibonelelo ezifanayo zingabhenela "kukodwa kweJaji" okanye "ukwenza iNkqubela-ntle jikelele" ukuphikisana ngemibono yayo yelizwe. Isiqalo simema amaMerika ukuba aphikisane ngokona kunjani umanyano olugqibeleleyo olukhangeleka, nendlela engcono yokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko. Le ngxoxo iqhubekayo ingumnqophiso wokusebenza komGaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: Umanyano Nethemba Lanamhlanje

Isigidimi sokuqala somanyano nethemba sihlala sifanelekile ngokungxamisekileyo. Kwixesha lecandelo elinzulu lezobupolitika, amagama " Thina bantu" sikhumbuza amaMerika ukuba ayabelana ngobumi obufanayo kunye nesiphelo esiqhelekileyo. Iinjongo ezintandathu , ulwamkelo, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, intlalo-ntle, ukunikela iplani yokulungisa iingxaki zexesha, ukusuka ekungalinganini kwezoqoqosho ukuya ekukhuselekeni kwesizwe. UPreging ayithembisi ukugqibelela, kodwa ithembisa ukuba inkqubela phambili ingenzeka. Ibiza isizukulwana ngasinye ukuba sithathe umsebenzi wokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo. Njengoko abantu baseMerika bekhumbula ukuba urhulumente wabo ukulungele ukuvumelana, kwaye ithemba ngenxa yekamva liyaqhubeka, ukuzama ukuzama ukuphumelela, ukuqulungela ngegunya.