Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States singaphezulu kakhulu kokuvulwa kwesithethe. Sisigama esingumxholo onamandla, esingumxholo wamaxabiso asisiseko esizwe kunye nentanda-bulumko ekhokelayo elawula iMelika. Kumagama angamashumi amahlanu anesibini, abalawuli bachaza iinjongo ezingundoqo abamisela ngazo umGaqo-siseko: ukuseka umanyano olugqibeleleyo, ukuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa uxolo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela intlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko. Phakathi kwezi njongo, ibinzana elithi “ichaza i-Welberg" kunye nengcamango ephantsi yokukhula komntu ifikelele kwingcamango yokusukela ulonwabo — olo sukelo, nangona lungabizwangabizwangachaziwe ngokucacileyo kwintanda-bulumko eyaziwa yile ngcamango entle.

Isiqalo: Ingqokelela Elulo Lolawulo

Isingeniso sifundeka ngolu hlobo:

]“ Thina bantu baseUnited States, silungele ukwenza i-Union egqibeleleyo, simisela uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bulungile basekhaya, ukunikezela ngokhuselo oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zeNtshukumo kuthi ngokwethu kunye nePostrity yethu, simisela kwaye siseke lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.”[FLT]

Esi sivakalisi sinye siphumeza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Simisa imvelaphi yegunya likarhulumente — “ Thina bantu” — sithabathela indawo iBritane engumlawuli. Sidwelisa iinjongo ezintandathu ezifanelekileyo zokusebenzisa igunya likarhulumente. kwaye ixwebhu lichaza i- “Constitution" — ibopha mithetho elawulayo edwelisa isakhiwo nemilinganiselo karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neMigaqo yeNkqulu, eqala ngoluhlu lwamabazwelo, iPreget iqinisekisa ukuma okumanyana okumanyeneyo kwelizwe ukususela ekuqaleni. Ulwimi luye lwenziwe ngobuchule yiKomiti yendlela, ekhokelwa nguGouverne Morris, obumba iipetropi zoko zombi eziphekelelwayo kwaye ezinentsingiselo esemthethweni. [FOR.[2]

Ukubaluleka ‘ Kwethu Abantu”: Ulongamo Oluthandwayo Njengelitye Elibi

Ibinzana lokuqala, “ Thina bantu,” sisona sininzi samagama aguqukayo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Sivakalisa ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ngokusemthethweni kwilungelo lobuthixo, kungekhona kwi-monarchy, kodwa ngokusuka kugunya lolawulo oluphezulu, kodwa ngokuvumelana nabemi abaqhelekileyo. Lo mgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo wawukukushiya okugqithisileyo kwimizekelo yolawulo lwaseYurophu lwenkulungwane ye-18. Abalawuli bakubona ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla obukumkani obungathintelwangalawulwayo kwaye babezimisele ukwakha inkqubo apho igunya lifumene khona kwigunya elilawulwayo.

Eli binzana lakwabonisa ulwahlulo kwiZigaba zeNkqutyana, ezadala umanyano olukhululekileyo lwamazwe alawulayo. Ngokuqala ngo- “Thina bantu,” umGaqo-siseko waseka ulwalamano oluthe ngqo phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye nabemi ngabanye. Ukudlula koorhulumente njenge-internameterries. Olu tshintsho lwalubalulekile ekuveliseni urhulumente wesizwe onamandla okwenza ngokufezekileyo. Ngeenkulungwane, “Thina bantu” siye sacelwa kwiingxoxo ezininzi ngamalungelo abantu, ukuvota, ukufikelela, nokuphendula kwetyala kukarhulumente. Ikhumbuza isizukulwana ngasinye ukuba umGaqo-siseko ululo lumanyano oluphindiweyo oluphindiweyo luhlaziswe ngabantu. Intetho ibingusembindini kwisigqibo seNkuNkundla ephakamileyo, ukusuka ku-'[FLDT] . [12]

Ukusukela Ulonwabo Njengosukelo LomGaqo-siseko

Nangona ibinzana elithi “ elifunxa ulonwabo” lingaveli kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo — lidume ngokuzichaza kwiSindululo senkululeko — umoya walo uphumele kwisibopho soPregator sokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle-ntle kunye nokukhusela inkululeko. Abaququzeleli bomGaqo-siseko babengene kwintanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa, ingakumbi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke, owayethi abantu banamalungelo okwemvelo obomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. UThomas Jefferson, efaka “ukusukela ulonwabo oluqhelekileyo” ngenxa“ yokufaneleka kweSindululo, ukuphakamisa ulwaneliseko lobuqu kwinyaniso yokuzilungisa.

Isiqalo soMgaqo-siseko siyenza ibe luncedo le ndlela ifanelekileyo ngokudwelisa iimeko ezifunekayo ukuze abantu bafune ulonwabo: umanyano olomelele ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela kwiingozi zamanye amazwe kunye nokungavisisani, inkqubo yokusesikweni ekhusela amalungelo, ulungelelwaniso lwasekhaya oluvumela ubomi boxolo bemihla ngemihla, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe olukhusela ubukho bohlanga. “indawo yeSizinzo” ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, ichazwa ngokubanzi ukuze urhulumente wesizwe avumele ukuba amisele imigaqo evelisa amathuba ezoqoqosho, amanyathelo empilo kawonke, ungenelelo lwemfundo, kunye neminatha yokhuseleko enceda abemi baqhubeke bephila ubomi obunentsingiselo. Injongo yomthetho wolonwabo ayikuqinisekisa ulonwabo kodwa ukuphelisa imiqobo yokuzilungisa nokuzilungiselela iimeko ezinokuzichaza nokuzichaza ngokwabo.

Imvelaphi Yokukhanya: Intambo, IJefferson Namalungelo Emvelo

John Locke’s ITreases Ezibini zikaRhulumente zaphikisa ukuba urhulumente ukhona ukukhusela amalungelo emvelo, kwaye xa engaphumeleli ukwenza njalo, abantu banelungelo lokuyitshintsha okanye lokuyiphelisa. Abaseki baseMelika bamkela le ngcamango yesivumelwano soluntu ebanzi. Jefferson, ekuqulunqeni isindululo, esandisiweyo “ukusukela ulonwabo,” ukubonakalisa umbono omkhulu wokuchuma komntu okuquka ubulumko, ukuziphatha, kunye nolwaneliseko lokomoya. Lo mjikelezo waba ngabom: abakholelwa ukuba amalungelo empawulweni ayethetha isiphelo, hayi isiphelo ngokwaso. Isiphelo sorhulumente sokwenyaniso sibangela ukuba abemi baphile ngokukhululekile, besanempumelelo. [FLYPromeidamy] [2]

Imeko Engokwembali: Ukuphelisa Isiqalo Sentlekele

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yahlanganisana ePhiladelphia phantsi kwelifu leZihlomelo zeNkqutyana ezingaphumeleliyo. Shays’s Regivergion eMassachusetts (1786-1787) yabhenca ukungakwazi kukarhulumente wesizwe ukugcina ucwangco okanye ukusabela kwisiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi sezoqoqosho. Amazwe ayemisa imiqobo yezorhwebo, ashicilela imali engenaxabiso, kwaye azihoya izivumelwano. Abafaki-freyi babesazi ukuba ukuphinda kuhlaziywe kwamanqaku kwakungazukwane. Babefuna ukwakhiwa korhulumente omeleleyo ngelixa lilo.

James Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, wafika kwindibano ngeSicwangciso saseVirginia, esasifuna ukuba kubekho urhulumente wesizwe onomthetho, onegunya, kunye namasebe agwebayo. Ingxoxo yaqhubeka kangangeenyanga ezininzi ngenxa yokumelelwa, umgangatho wamandla karhulumente, kunye nomlinganiselo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane. ISihlomelo savela kule ngxelo idibaniseneyo njengenjongo enokuthi ilawule isivumelwano esibanzi. UGouverneur Morris, umbhali oyintloko wolwimi lokugqibela, waziwa ngentetho yakhe kunye nenkolelo yakhe kwimanyano eqinileyo yesizwe. Umsebenzi wakhe kwiSigqebaso somthetho uqinisekisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ungabiso ungayi kukhunjululwa njengoxwebhu olusemthethweni kodwa njengombutho othelwe ngumli - mbono phakathi kwabantu.

Iingxoxo zokudityaniswa kwemida zagxininisa ngakumbi ukubaluleka kwenqanaba. IAnti à Federaliss yayixhalabele ukuba “Thina bantu” sasiza kuginya ulawulo lukarhulumente; iiFederali zaziphikisa ukuba ibinzana limisele urhulumente olinganiselweyo, odwelisweyo. Iinguquko zokuqala ezilishumi — iBhili yamaLungelo — zongezwa ngokwenxenye ekukhuseleni oku, ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu kurhulumente omtsha. Iinjongo zikaPregeagey zaba sisici sokucacisa intsingiselo nemiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko.

Iingcaciso Zale Mihla: Ukusukela Ulonwabo Kumthetho Nakumgaqo - siseko

Namhlanje, ukusukela ulonwabo njengenjongo yomgaqo-siseko uxelela imimandla emininzi yemithetho-siseko yaseMerika kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngelixesha iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zithatha isiqalo njengomthombo ozimeleyo wamalungelo (iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula Jaconson] v. IMassachusetts[ [1950] [0] ukuba iSihlomelo asilogunya eligunyazisiweyo), sisebenza njengesikhokelo sokutolika imigaqo ye-Mgaqo-siseko engaphantsi. Umzekelo, ukuzinikela “ukuguqula i-Wele-egcwele" kusetyenziswe ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwemali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu njengeSiko soKhuselo, iMedicare, kunye neAfford Carence, phantsi kweCarence, phantsi kweCandelo loMgalelo-Afford

Ukukhulula Kwabemi Namalungelo Kwizinto Zobuqu

Ukusukela ulonwabo kukwanxulumene nelungelo lokuzilawula ngokwesiqu, kumbandela ofana nomtshato, ukuba ngumzali, kunye nokuphela kwezigqibo zobomi. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi . Obergefell v. Hodges[ (2011], eqonde ilungelo elisemthethweni lomtshato ofanayo, elifakelwe kakhulu kwingcamango yokuba abantu bamele bakhululeke ukwenza ukhetho olunzulu oluchaza ukuba bangubani nolonwabo lwabo. IJajini Anthony Kennedy, ibhalela abaninzi, bakhankanyele ukusukela ulonwabo njengomgaqo wesiseko, bechaza ukuba “ilungelo lomntu ngamnye ngokokhetho lomtshato ngobuqu.” Ngokufanayo, ukulawula kweNkulawula iNkulawula ([FLT]]] [2]]

Ithuba Lezoqoqosho Nentlalo - ntle Eqhelekileyo

Umyalelo weSihloko sokuzinzisa “ukuguqula iNkundla-ntle-wonke” ube sisiseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko worhulumente wezoqoqosho kunye nowentlalo. Iinkqubo zeNew Deaf zoo-1930, ngokomzekelo, zazigwetyelwe ngokuyimfuneko ukulungiselela uzinzo lwezoqoqosho kunye namathuba apho ukusukela ulonwabo kungenakwenzeka kuninzi lwabemi. INkundla ePhakamileyo i-Calmentine ne-Connecraticment kunye no-Calaus exhaswe ngokwexesha le-Dale, zivumele iBhunga loKhuselo loluntu ukuba limisele ukhuseleko lwezentlalo, i-inshorensive yemi, imigaqo encinane ehlawulwayo, kunye namalungelo amaqela alungeleyo. anokungahlaziswe. [[FLct1] [1937], iNkuvoluvolu lwamathelela ngokucacileyo uKhuselo lokhuseleko loluntu kwintlalo-ntle, lathi, lathi eyathi yathetha ukuba iluncedo kungene i-Endla lwesizwe, inceda ukungene, ngoko ke ngoko

Kutshanje, iingxoxo ezingokwasemgangathweni wonyango jikelele, ukuxolelwa kwabafundi, kunye nengeniso esisiseko efumaneka emhlabeni wonke zivumelana nesithembiso sikaPregedge. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo iyimfuneko ukususa imiqobo — njengokuphelisa amatyala empilo okanye ukungafundi — nto leyo ethintela abantu ukuba bafumane ulonwabo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukungenelela okungenamiqathango kukarhulumente, nokuba ukusukela ulonwabo kuxhomekeke kurhulumente olinganiselweyo nakwiimarike ezikhululekileyo.

Umlinganiselo Wolonwabo Ekulawuleni

Ngaphandle kwenkundla, ukusukela ulonwabo kuye kwaphembelela indlela oorhulumente abalinganisa ngayo inkqubela yoluntu. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, abenzi bezomthetho kunye nezoqoqosho baye bahamba ngaphaya kwemveliso enkulu yasekhaya (GDP) njengekuphela kwesibonisi sempumelelo yesizwe. Ingxelo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yolonwabo, i-Organization for Economic Copération and Development’s Beance Index, kunye nezenzo zobulali ezifana nesixeko saseSanta Monicanber’s Index zonke ezizama ukulandelela indlela ingeniso engokwesithethe yezoqoqosho. Nangona i-United Nations World Haply Haply Reports inikela ingxelo yolonwabo lwaminyaka le meko yenkululeko engokwesithethe. Nangona ezi zixhobo zingezo zomgalelo ngokwazodwa, ezi zibonisa inkxandumiso yezelo yobomi bani, ukuxhasa nokungaphili kweminyelelwa kwezenyuko. [[FLct:]

Ukuhlala Kusemdla Kwinkulungwane Ye - 21

Isiqalo sihlala siyinxalenye ephilayo yempucuko yezopolitiko zaseMerika, ikhutshwa ziinkokeli kulo lonke ulwandla lwamagcisa. Abameli basoloko bebhekisa kuMphathiswa esithi “Thina bantu” ngokuqalisa iidilesi kunye nemeko yokuququzelela ukumanyanisa uhlanga ngeenjongo ezingafaniyo. Abenzi bomthetho bayisebenzisa ukucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo abakholelwa ukuba ziyawuchasa umoya woMgaqo-siseko, njengokungavumelani namalungelo okuvota okanye iinkqubo zokuhlola eziphazamisa inkululeko. Ngo-2020, i-Pregailget yaba lilungu eliyintloko leengxoxo zamandla karhulumente angxamisekileyo ngexesha lobhubhanic. Ngelixa lokuhlasela i-COVId.[19] Imfumba ephambili: yahlala imiyalelo ye-hohoma, imiqatha, kunye nemiqathango yemichiza ekhuthaza “iGenelvell, okanye i-ejanti"

Izifundo zemfundo zeli lizwe kufuneka abafundi bacengceleze baze bahlolisise isiqalo, beqinisekisa ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye sizama ukumelana nentsingiselo yaso. Ibinzana elithi “imanyano egqibeleleyo” liyavuma ukuba iprojekthi yedemokhrasi yaseMelika ayikagqibi; yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuphucula, efuna umgudu oqhubekayo wokufikelela kwiinjongo zokusekwa. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko ilizwe lijamelene neengxaki zokungalingani kwenkqubo, okusesikweni kobuhlanga, kunye nokungalingani kwezobupolitika. Ukusukela ulonwabo, kokukhanyiselwa koku, akuyiyo into elungileyo kodwa kusukelo sukelo olunamandla olufuna ingqalelo engapheliyo enoba bonke abemi — kungakhathaliseki oko kuvela ngasemva — ngokwenene linethuba lokufuna impumelelo.

Isiphelo: Ulonwabo njengesithembiso somGaqo-siseko esingagqitywanga

Usukelo oluthandathu oludwelisweyo lwePregedge lungaphezulu kunezinto zembali. Lumela umnqophiso phakathi kwabantu norhulumente wabo, idinga lokuba urhulumente ukho ekuncedeni abantu abachumayo kubemi bakhe. Ngoxa ibinzana elithi “ukufumana ulonwabo” likwiSindululo senkululeko, iingcamango zayo zidityaniswe kwimithetho esemthethweni ngokuzibophelelela esesikweni, ubumposiso, intlalo, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko. Abasunguli babeqonda ukuba ulonwabo alunakuyalelwa ngumthetho, kodwa babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente olungileyo uyakwazi ukuyila iimeko apho abantu ngabanye benokwenza umgaqo oza kuzalisekiswabo.

Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva, elo dinga lihlala lingumsebenzi okhuthazayo kwaye lilucelomngeni. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zichaza umGaqo-siseko ngokuqwalasela iinjongo zawo ezigqithisileyo, ukukhuselwa okukhulayo kwemigaqo yokuzilawula nokuzikhusela ngokwezoqoqosho. Abaphathi-nkqubo baphikisana ngemigaqo ekhuthaza intlalo-ntle yabantu ngokubanzi. Abami baphakamisa urhulumente wabo ukuba ngaba ngokwenene ubenza bakwazi ukuphila ngesidima, ithuba, nenkululeko. Ukuqalisa kwawo, ekululameni kwawo, kuphelisa umgaqo wokuzama kwawo okugqithisileyo: uhlanga olungasungulwanga kwimi okanye kwimimandla exhobileyo, kodwa olunesabelo sokwabelana kwintlalo olulungileyo lwabantu balo bonke. Njengokuba kuqhubeka, ngokufanayo nentsingiselo yamazwi alothulwayo. Ukusukela ulonwabo njengosukelo oluhlala kulo lonke uhambo lumele lungahlali uhambo oluhlala luhleli.