Urhulumente waseUnited States umiselwe ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wesiseko: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, anegunya, kunye nezomthetho (ngomnye oneembopheleleko zakhe negunya. Le ndlela ayiyongozi; yiyo ngabom ukukhusela umntu omnye okanye iqela ukuba afumane amandla angathintelwanga. Ngokunyanzela amasebe ukuba asebenzisane ngoxa enikana izixhobo zokunqanda omnye, le nkqubo idala umlinganiselo onamandla oye wagcina ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo kwaye isizathu sokuba le micimbi yokwahlukana ibaluleke kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukuqhubana norhulumente wabo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu Ekubekeni Imithetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe kwiGatya I loMgaqo-siseko, linguqu lokwenza umthetho karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Lonto yaziwayo ngokuba liqela njengengqungquthela, ineegumbi ezimbini: Indlu yabameli kunye ne ye-SATE[[FLT]] . Lo mgaqo-bhiza wawungulwano phakathi kwamaphondo amakhulu namancinci ngexesha leMgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukwasebenza nzulu: ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wamkela ingxoxo epheleleyo kwaye ubonisa umgangatho obanzi wezilangazelelo.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufutshane nabantu. Amalungu ayo asebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emibini, ewenza aphendule ngqo kwiinkonzo zawo. Umelo lusekelwe kubemi, ngoko ke kukho abameli abaninzi abangakumbi. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi loninzi lithwale ubunzima obulinganayo. Indlu iphethe amandla apheleleyo okukhupha iindleko zemali (umthetho werhafu) nakumagosa angomnye akwisebe, kuquka umongameli.

IBhunga

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iCathenal imele amazwana ngokulinganayo .-imeko nganye ithumela ii-senetars ezimbini kungakhathaliseki ukuba zingaphi na inani labemi. Abaququzeli basebenzisa amagama eminyaka emithandathu, abenza bakhuseleke kumbono kawonke-wonke otshintshayo kwaye abavumela ukuba bajonge ixesha elide kwimibandela entsonkothileyo. Amagunya akhethekileyo eNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, abagwebi besizwe, abameli) kunye nezivumelwano zokuxhasa.

Kunye, la magumbi mabini kufuneka adlulisele iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumongameli. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuchongwa kweekomiti, ukuchongwa, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye neekomiti ezinokubakho kwingqungquthela ukuze kuxoxwene ukungqubana. Indima yesebe lemithetho asikokudlulisela imithetho nje kuphela; ikwajongela isebe eliphetheyo ngokuchonga, ngokuphanda, namandla engxowa-mali. Umzekelo, iBhunga lilawula yonke imali echithwayo, liyinika inkcitho ebalulekileyo phezu kwezinto eziphambili kumongameli.

Enye yezona ndlela zingcono zokubona indlela iiKhomko zisebenza ngayo kukulandela inkqubela-phambili yetyala .gov, indawo esemthethweni yokugcina ulwazi lowiso-mthetho. Apho ungalandela umthetho ukusuka kwintshayelelo ukuya ekumiseleni, ukuva kwekomiti ejongileyo, nokufunda iCongregation Record.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko linegunya elilawulayo kulawulo lomphathi weUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga, ukuphatha urhulumente, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokuyalela amajoni axhobileyo. Umongameli unyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine kwinkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral College yaye ulinganiselwe kwimiqathango emibini ngeGawulayo ye-22.

Amandla Neembopheleleko Zomongameli

Umongameli unamagunya amaninzi ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko: ukutyikitya amatyala kumthetho (okanye ukuwafaka), ukumisela amagosa karhulumente (ngokuqinisekisa ngeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukukhupha imiyalelo yegunya, ukuxolela, nokusebenza njengenkomfa yomkhosi. Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ivumela umongameli ukuba alawule imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente, kodwa kufuneka abekwe kwigunya elikhoyo okanye elisemthethweni. Amandla eveto angomnye wezona zihlolo zibalulekileyo ezibamba umphathi ophethe phezu kwendlu yowiso-mkhosi . //ngokwala i-mthetho, imikhosi yomongameli yeBhunga ukuba iphinde ihlole okanye izame ii-3-3 ze-.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

Umongameli uxhaswa yikhabhathi eyenziwe ngeentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, uTshayina, kunye noLuntu), kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu. La masebe kunye namasebe awo angaphantsi aphumeza umsebenzi wemini yonke karhulumente, ukusukela ekuqokeleleni irhafu ukuya kukhupha iipassport ukukhokela ukhuseleko lokutya. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa izigidi zabemi kunye namagosa asemkhosini, lilenza libe lisebe elikhulu ngokwemiqathango kunye noqingqo-mali.

Umba ongundoqo wesebe elilawulayo yindima yalo ekulolongeni inkqubo ngezenzo zolawulo. Abameli bomanyano bakhupha imithetho etolika kwaye izalisekisa imimiselo, kwaye le nkqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho. Le nkqubo ilawulwa nguMthetho woLawulo oluPhezulu, ofuna amaqumrhu ukupapasha imithetho ecetyisiweyo, ukwamkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kwaye unika ugwebo lwezigqibo zabo zokugqibela. Ungafunda okuninzi ngemimiselo yorhulumente kunye nenkqubo yomthetho ekwi .

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

Isebe eligwebayo, elimiselwe kwiGatya III, libekwa ityala lokutolika imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo ibandakanya iinkundla zephondo (iintendelezo), iinkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amasebe, abagwebi besizwe bamiselwe ubomi obunesimilo esifanelekileyo kuphela, esizikhuselayo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye esizivumela ukuba zenze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakumzekelo kunokuba zibe yimbono ethandwayo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kweli lizwe kwaye inento yokugqibela ethethwayo kwimibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. Esona sixhobo sinamandla singumvanzo , igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala lommiselo (1803] Marbury v. Madison[, apho iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wabhala khona ukuba “kugxininiswe iphondo nesebe lenkundla yezomthetho ukuchaza oko kungumthetho." Ngoko, iNkuNkundla ibethelele phantsi amakhulukhulu emithetho yorhulumente nemithetho echasene nemigaqo-siseko.

Le Nkundla iphulaphula inxalenye encinane yamatyala angeniswe kuyo qha qha phantse malunga nama-70 ukuya kuma-80 ngonyaka ngenxa yezibongozo ezingaphezu kwama-7000. Ityala likhethwa ngenkqubo “yesibeleko”, efuna amavoti amane ubuncinane kwabagwebi abasithoba. Izigqibo zeNkundla zimisela umgqaliselo onyanzelisayo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zingapheliswa kuphela sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye isilungiso somgaqo-siseko.

Ezinye zezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezilandela iMithetho-phambili zibubumbe ubomi bamaMelika: Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) iphele ikhethe lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke; imanda v. Arizona [196] yamisa imfuneko yamapolisa yokwazisa ukukrokraza amalungelo awo; CIIMIBS United v. FFEC[FLT:] (20)) u-20:0) uphinda ulwezo lwezehlolo lwemali.

Ukuphanda amatyala akhoyo nokufunda okungakumbi ngomsebenzi weNkundla, tyelela i-website yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana: Indlela Amasebe Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Inkcubeko yokwahlula amagunya ixhomekeke kukwahlula igunya, kodwa ekunikezeni isebe ngalinye iindlela zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Le nkqubo ye ikhangela kunye nomlinganiselo [ iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokulawula urhulumente. UMgaqo-siseko unika amandla agqithisiweyo amaninzi asebenzisana kwaye athintele ukuxhatshazwa.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • IBhunga lingayisusa iveto engumongameli kunye nenani elizii-3 kwigumbi lazo zombini.
  • INdlu yeeNtsimbi iyaqinisekisa okanye iyakwala ukumiselwa komongameli (amalungu ecabinet, abagwebi, iindumi).
  • Iingqungquthela zilawula uqingqo - mali lwamaqumrhu yaye zinokuyithoba imilinganiselo ephakamileyo.
  • Indlu inokumbhangisa umongameli, yaye iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga inokumsusa eofisini.
  • IBhunga linokuphanda lize libeke amatyala awongamele amanyathelo abalawuli.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • Umongameli unokwenza umthetho owiswe yiNgqungquthela.
  • Umongameli unokubiza iNgqungquthela ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo (nangona eli gunya lingafane lisetyenziswe).
  • Isekela lomongameli lisebenza njengomongameli weBhunga leNtlanganiso kwaye lingavota ukuqhekeza iqhina.
  • Umongameli unokunikela imiyalelo nemiyalelo elawulayo elawula indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo.

Ukukhangela Amanye Amasebe Okugweba

  • Iinkundla zisenokuvakalisa imithetho engekho mthethweni ngokuvavanywa kwesigwebo.
  • Iinkundla zisenokuwisa inyathelo elingaphezulu kwelo ligunya lomgaqo - siseko.
  • Abagwebi abamanyeneyo bamiselwa ubomi, bebenza bazimele geqe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Iitsheki Kwicudicary

  • Umongameli ukhupha iijaji zikarhulumente, yaye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyabaqinisekisa.
  • IBhunga linokuphazamisa lize lisuse abagwebi besizwe ngenxa yolwaphulo - mthetho oluphezulu nangenxa yokungachani.
  • IBhunga linokuguqula igunya leenkundla (kukho imiqathango).
  • IBhunga linokucebisa ngezindululo zomgaqo - siseko zokuphelisa izigqibo zokugweba.

La mandla adibanisayo adala inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye kufuneka lithethe kwaye lilalanise. Umzekelo, ukuba umongameli uthe wakhupha umthetho, iKhomishini ingazama ukuphelisa, kodwa ukuba ayinazo iivoti ezifanelekileyo, i-veto ime. Ngokufanayo, ukuba iinkundla ziyawubetha umthetho, iBhunga linokuwubhala kwakhona ukuphendula inkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko okanye, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, licebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukulungisa ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo.

Imvelaphi Yembali: Ummiselo Omfutshane Karhulumente Olungeleleneyo

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente inemvelaphi kwintanda-bulumko yamandulo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kwale mihla kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwisithandi sobulumko saseFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu, oncwadi yakhe uMoya woMthetho[[ (1748]) waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke kakhulu xa umthetho, umphathi wempatho, kunye nemisebenzi yezahlulelo igcinwa yimizimba eyahlukene. Umba othelekelelayo ufunda ngokusondeleyo iMontesquieu kwaye wafaka iingcamango zakhe kumGaqo-siseko. [[FLT.4] Fideralist.[FOLD] uYakobi u-Madisonda] odumileyo, u-Macdaydson umele akhuselwe inzala yemfuno yemfutho."Umthetho-"Umthetho-"Uqulu ."Uqulu ."Uqulu ."Ulwa urhulumente-ulu .

Ungafunda umbhalo opheleleyo Uluhlu lweFederali No. 51 kwi Ithala leencwadi leMaphu yoLungelo loManyano-Masipala [.

Isizathu Sokuba Amasebe Amathathu Abaluleke Namhlanje

Kwixesha lolwahlulo olukhulu lwezobupolitika kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuhlala kubaluleke njengakuqala. Ngamanye amaxesha abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukhangelo nolwahlulo lukhokelele kwiqhina eliphambili kwaye lungasebenzi. Ngoxa kuyinyaniso ukuba inkqubo ingacotha ekwenzeni izigqibo, ukuba ukulibaziseka kuyenzeka ngempazamo: inyanzelisa ukucinga, ibangela uvumelwano, ikhusele amalungelo amancinane. Amandla anganqandwanga, kwanaxa esetyenziswa eneenjongo ezilungileyo, angatyibilika kwi-deliki. Amasebe amathathu anika igophelo lokwakha ngokuchasene notyibiliko.

Qwalasela umzekelo wakutshanje: xa umongameli enikela umyalelo ongaphezulu kwegunya lomthetho, amaqela achaphazelekayo angawucel ’ umngeni enkundleni. Isebe lezomthetho liza kuhlola ukuba lo myalelo uhambelana namGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho okhoyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho ophazamisayo kwintetho ekhululekileyo okanye kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, iinkundla zinokuwubetha. Le nkqubo ikwaqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakusuka azityeshele izigqibo zemali ezigunyaziweyo.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokwahlulwa kwamagunya ngu uqikelelo. Ngenxa yokuba isebe ngalinye linoxanduva olwahlukileyo, abemi bangabona ukuba liliphi icandelo likarhulumente elinoxanduva lwesenzo okanye lokungaphumeleli. Ukuba umthetho awubhalwanga kakuhle, abavoti bangagcina abameli babo benobungqina. Ukuba umbutho unyanzelisa umthetho ngokungekho mthethweni, umgwebi uyakwazi ukungenelela. Ukuba umongameli uxambuliso, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuphengulula okanye ukukhankanya.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Le nkqubo ikho ngaphandle kokuxinezeleka. Ukwanda kwegunya lolawulo kuphakamise imibuzo malunga nemida efanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo nelowiso-mthetho. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi iBhunga linike abameli bephondo igunya elininzi kakhulu, lifinyeza imigca yokuziphendulela. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi isebe elilawulayo liqokelele amandla ngokusebenzisa imiyalelo nemiyalelo yezomthetho. Ijaji iye yajongana nohlolo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukupheliswa nokuqinisekiswa kwemigaqo yenkundla ephakamileyo, ekwaya isiba yi-Rhosalthi.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, isakhiwo esisisiseko sihlala sihleli. UmGaqo-siseko unika iinkqubo zokuziqhelanisa: utshintsho, iinguqu ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuchazwa kweenkundla. Amasebe amathathu, nangona maxa wambi ephikisana, ayaqhubeka esebenza ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo esingqineke siqinile ngokuphawulekayo.

Isiphelo: Indima Yabantu Ekulondolozeni Ulungelelwano

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asingomatshini ozinqumlelayo; kufuneka ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubemi. Unyulo olunolwazi oluqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo, kwaye indlela elihlolana ngayo (ukuzikhusela okunamandla nxamnye noorhulumente abachukumiseki.) Ukuncoma kunyulo, ukuqhagamshelana nabameli, ukulandela izigqibo zenkundla, nokubandakanyeka kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abafak ’ isandla kuzo kwimpilo yenkqubo.

Amasebe amathathu abalulekile kuba equka umgaqo wokuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho . Ngokuhlula amandla kunye nokunyanzela intsebenziswano, umGaqo-siseko udala urhulumente owomelele ngokwaneleyo kwaye olinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela inkululeko. Kwihlabathi apho amaziko edemokhrasi asoloko ejongene nengcinezelo, oko kulungele ukuqonda, ukukhusela, nokunyamekela.

Abo banqwenela ukuntywila nzulu, iCustitution Anenoted inikela uhlalutyo olubanzi, olubanzi, olusetyenziswayo lomGaqo-siseko, kuquka amanqaku aseka isebe ngalinye kunye namandla awo.