Table of Contents

Ayintoni Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente?

Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kubalulekile kumntu wonke, kuquka nabantwana. Urhulumente wase-United States wahlulahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linomsebenzi nembopheleleko zalo ezikhethekileyo. Eli candelo linceda urhulumente agcine ulungelelwano, ulungelelene, kwaye lithintela nawuphi na umntu omnye okanye iqela ukuba angakwazi ukulawula kakhulu. Amasebe amathathu asebenza kunye njengeqela, kodwa ajonge elinye elinye ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla kakhulu. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "zichebi nezilinganiselo," kwaye yenye yeengcamango ezibalulekileyo ezakhelwe nguBawo Abaseki abasungulayo kwiMigaqo-siseko wethu.

Xa iUnited States yaqala ukudalwa, abantu ababhala umGaqo-siseko babefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente omtsha uza kwahluka kulawulo lobukumkani ababelwe nalo kwimfazwe yendaleko. Abafunanga umntu omnye, njengokumkani, ukuba abe nalo lonke igunya. Baza necebo eliqaqambileyo: ukwahlula amandla karhulumente kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo. Isebe ngalinye lizakuba nomsebenzi walo oza kuwenza, kwaye ngalinye liza kukwazi ukulinganisela amandla abanye. Ngale ndlela, urhulumente unokuba namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuqhuba ilizwe, kodwa angomelelanga kangangokuba linokuthatha inkululeko yabantu.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho

Yintoni Eyenziwa Lisebe Elilawulayo?

Isebe lemithetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Eli sebe lenziwe yiBhunga, eliyiqumrhu lorhulumente waseUnited States elingumthetho. Ingqungquthela inamacala amabini: iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zooMongameli. Zimbini, ezi zahlulo zimbini zibizwa ngokuba yi-"bimeral componigration," okuthetha ukuba yindlu yowiso-mthetho enezindlu ezimbini. Amalungu eBhunga adala, athetha, aphikisana, aze adlulise imithetho emele ilandelwe ngumntu wonke eUnited States. Le mithetho ingagubungela yonke into ukusuka kwindlela abantu abahlawula ngayo irhafuthelo, ukuya ekukhuseleni okukhoyo ukukhusela okusingqongileyo.

IBhunga Leengqungquthela: Indlu Ephezulu

IBhunga leNtlanganiso maxa wambi libizwa ngokuba yi "indlu engaphezulu" yeBhunga. Linamalungu ali-100, abizwa ngokuba zii-senator. Ilizwe ngalinye, nokuba likhulu okanye lincinane kangakanani, lifumana ii-senator ezimbini ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Alaska, enabemi abancinane, linamanani afanayo njengabaquququzeleli be-litshana, abanokuphinda basebenze iminyaka emithandathu ngaphambi kokuba batshate kwakhona. IBhunga lineegunya elikhethekileyo, kuquka ukuvuma nezinye izizwe kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa koomongameli belinye iqela leBhunga, amalungu eeBhungani.

Indlu Yabameli: Indlu Esezantsi

Indlu yabameli maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba yi "ndlu esezantsi" yengqungquthela. Inamalungu angama-435, abizwa ngokuba ngabameli okanye abantu abaququzeli. Inani labameli borhulumente ngamnye lixhomekeke kubemi bawo. Amazwe anabantu abangakumbi afumana abameli abangakumbi, ngelixesha kukho abantu abambalwa abafumana abameli abambalwa. Lonke ilizwe liqinisekiswe ubuncinane ukuba ngummeli omnye, nokuba ngaba bancinane kangakanani abantu balo. Abameli basebenza amabinzana amabini eeminyaka, athetha ukuba bafanele baqhubele unyulo rhoqo kunabaqululeki. Oku kwenziwa ukugcina abameli benxulumene ngokusondeleyo nabantu abakhonzayo. Indlu yabameli inamagunya athile akhethekileyo, kuquka namandla okuqalisa zonke iindleko ezinxulumene nerhafu.

IBhili Iba Ngumthetho Njani?

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho intsonkothile, kwaye ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi. Okokuqala, kufuneka umntu aqalise uluvo lomthetho. Le ngcamango ibhalwe phantsi kuxwebhu olusesikweni olubizwa ngokuba yi "bill". Imali ingaqala kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso (ngaphandle kwamaphepha erhafu, afanele aqale eMndlwini). Xa kuziswa umthetho, usiya kwikomiti, eliqela elincinane lamalungu eBhunga angoooolwazi kulo mxholo. Ikomiti ifunda irekhoda, ibamba iimbono apho abantu banokuwunika khona, kwaye bangenza iinguqulelo kuwo.

Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, uya kwindlu epheleleyo okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Amalungu axubusha ngalo ityala, acebisa iinguqu, yaye ekugqibeleni avote kulo. Ukuba ityala lidlula kwindlu enye yeBhunga, liyaya kwenye indlu, apho yonke inkqubo iqala khona kwakhona. Ukuba iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeQela idlulisa ityala, kodwa iinguqulelo zayo zahlukile, ikomiti ekhethekileyo eyakhiwe ngamalungu asuka kuzo zombini izindlu isebenza ukwenza inguqulelo evumelanayo. Xa la makhaya mabini egqithela inguqulelo enye yemali, iya kuMongameli.

Amanye Amandla Abalulekileyo Engqungquthela

Ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho, iBhunga linamanye amagunya amaninzi abalulekileyo. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, okuthetha ukuba lugqiba indlela urhulumente ayisebenzisa ngayo imali. Ingqungquthela ingavakalisa imfazwe, nangona uMongameli enguMphathi kwiNtloko yomkhosi. IBhunga liyakwazi ukuphengulula iingxaki kurhulumente lize libambe iindlebe ukuze lifumanise oko kwenzekayo. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungawasebenzisi amagosa orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, okuthetha ukuba ubatyhola ngokusesikweni ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo. Ukuba iNdlulo i-Candelo isenza ityala lomntu othile, ukuba loo mntu ufanele asuswe eofisini.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Abanyanzeli Bomthetho

Yintoni Eyenziwa Lisebe Elilawulayo?

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho eyenziwa yiBhunga. Eli sebe likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, oyintloko yorhulumente noyintloko karhulumente. Umsebenzi kaMongameli kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphuziwe kwaye urhulumente uqhuba kakuhle. Isebe eliphetheyo likhulu, linezigidi zabaqeshwa abasebenza kumasebe ahlukeneyo, abameli, neeofisi. Bonke aba bantu basebenza kunye ukumisela imithetho kwimisebenzi nokunikela iinkonzo kubantu baseMerika.

UMongameli: Umlawuli Oyintloko

UMongameli ngulowo ubonwayo nonamandla kwisebe elilawulayo. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kwaye angasebenza ngobukhulu bemithetho emibini, okanye iminyaka esibhozo iphelele. Lo mqathango wongezwa kumGaqo-siseko emva koFranklin D. Roosevelt wanyulwa izihlandlo ezine. UMongameli uneembopheleleko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Njengomphathi-ntloko, uMongameli ujonge isebe eliphetheyo lonke kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente inyanzelekile. NjengoMphathi-Nkulu, uMongameli umongameli ukhokeli uphethe umkhosi. UMongameli ukwamela iUnited States ekuqhubaneni namanye amazwe, izivumelwano, kunye nee-antristrala.

UMongameli unamandla okusayina amatyala kumthetho okanye kuwo, nto leyo ethetha ukuwachasa. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, ubuyela kwiBhunga. Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umgaqo ukuba ii-3 ezimbini zendlu nendlu yendlu zivotelwe, kodwa oku kunzima ukukufeza. UMongameli unawo namandla okuxolela, nto leyo ethetha ukuxolela abantu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli unika iLizwe leminyaka leMbutho kwiNdlundlwane yeNdlukwano, echaza izinto eziza kuqala nezinjongo zelizwe.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Umsebenzi oyintloko woMongameli ongumongameli ongumongameli ngumsebenzi wobuKhosi wokukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi, nangona uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli kuphela ovotayo kwiNdlu yeQela xa kukho iqhina. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu kaMongameli ngukuba akulungele ukuthatha isikhundla njengoMongameli xa kwenzeka okuthile kuMongameli. Kwimbali yonke, ii-ofisi ezisithoba ziye zaba nguMongameli ngenxa yokuba uMongameli ohleliyo okanye orhoxiweyo. Umongameli ongumongameli ongumongameli uthatha izabe kwizabe ezahlukeneyo kuMongameli kwaye usoloko emele iUnited States kwiziganeko ezisemthethweni.

IKhabhinethi: Abameli boMongameli

IKhabhinethi liqela labalawuli abaphezulu boMongameli. Iquka uMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo kunye neentloko zamasebe anegunya elingu-15. La masebe aquka iSebe loRhulumente, elisingatha imicimbi yamanye amazwe; iSebe lokhuselo, elijonge umkhosi; iSebe lemfundo, eliqhuba izikolo kunye nenkqubo yemfundo; kunye neSebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu, eliqhuba iinkqubo zempilo ezifana neMedicare kunye ne-Medicaid. Amanye amasebe aquka iTrente, iPhondo, iPhondo, iPhondo, iHlamskom, iHlaba, iHlabasebenzi, iMicimbi yeMicimbi yezemfundo, iPhondo, iPromatersko, kunye noKhuseleko loKhuselo lwaseMhlali.

UMongameli ukhetha abantu abakhokela la masebe, kodwa iNdlu yeQeqesha kufuneka ivume ezi zinto zikhethiweyo. Iintloko zala masebe zibizwa ngokuba "ziimfihlo," ngaphandle kwentloko yeSebe loBulungise, elibizwa ngokuba yiAttorney General. Amalungu eKhabhinethi acebisa uMongameli ngemiba ephathelele amasebe awo kwaye anceda ekuphumezeni iinkqubo zoMongameli. IKhabhinethi idibana rhoqo noMongameli ukuze ixubushe imicimbi ebalulekileyo ejongene nelizwe.

Inkqutyana zequmrhu elinolawulo oluphezulu kunye neZicwangciso ezizimeleyo

Ngaphandle kwamasebe eKhabhinethi, isebe elilawulayo liquka amanye amasebe nemibutho emininzi. Amanye awo ngamaziko alawulayo awela phantsi kwamasebe eKhabhinethi, ngoxa amanye engabameli abazimeleyo abasebenza ngokwahlukeneyo. Amasebe azimeleyo aquka imibutho enjenge-Ndebelo yoKhuselo (EPA), ekhusela imeko-bume; iNational Aeronautics kunye noLawulo lwe-Space (NASA), ahlola indawo; kunye ne-Agentry Ephakathi yobuntlola (CIA), eqokelela ubuchule obumalunga namanye amazwe. Aba bameli banemisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwaye banceda isebe eliphetheyo liphumele iimbopheleleko zalo ezininzi.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Izahlulo Zomthetho

Yintoni Eyenziwa Lisebe Eligwebayo?

Isebe lejaji linembopheleleko yokuchaza imithetho nokugqiba enoba imithetho ilandela umGaqo-siseko. Eli sebe libunjwa yinkqubo yenkundla yephondo, equka iNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi. Xa abantu bengavumelani ngoko kuthethwa ngumthetho, okanye xa umntu etyholwa ngokomthetho, iinkundla zingenela ukusombulula impikiswano. Isebe lezomthetho likwanamandla okuhlola i-"judist," nto leyo ethetha ukuba iinkundla zinokugqiba enoba imithetho edluliswa yiNkundla okanye zizenzo ezithatyathwa nguMongameli ingumfa. Ukuba inkundla igqiba kwelokuba umthetho uphule umGaqo-siseko, loo mthetho unokubethwa.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: Eyona Nkundla Iphakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona iphakamileyo eUnited States. Ineejaji ezisithoba, kuquka iJaji enye eyintloko kunye nezigwebi ezisibhozo ezinxulumeneyo. IiJaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zimiselwa nguMongameli kwaye kufuneka ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga elinguMphathi-mikhosi. Xa sele imisiwe, amatyala asebenza ubomi babo bonke, nto leyo ethetha ukuba banokuhlala enkundleni de bafe, bathathe umhlala phantsi, okanye basuswe ekuphumeleni umthetho. Olu wiso lwexesha lobomi bemihla yabo luyilelwe ukugcina abagwebi bezimeleyo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ngoko ke bangenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba benze oko kuthandwayo ngexesha.

INkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha ngamatyala abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngomGaqo-siseko okanye ngomthetho wesizwe. INkundla ifumana amawaka ezicelo nyaka ngamnye zokuva amatyala, kodwa iyasamkela kuphela ityala elimalunga nekhulu ukuya kuma-1050. INkundla ikhetha ukuva ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya imibuzo emikhulu engomthetho echaphazela abantu abaninzi okanye apho iinkundla ezincinci zingavumelani ngendlela yokuchaza umthetho. Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo yenza isigqibo, eso sigqibo siba ngumthetho welizwe, yaye zonke ezinye iinkundla kufuneka zisilandele. Amanye amatyala aziwayo eNkundla yaseMelika aphendule imbali, kuquka nezigwebo ezingo zamalungelo abantu abaninzi, ukuthetha ngenkululeko, kunye namandla karhulumente.

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kukho imigangatho emibini engundoqo yeenkundla zikarhulumente. Umgangatho wokuqala uqulethwe ziinkundla zesithili ezingama-94, eziziinkundla zamatyala zenkqubo karhulumente. Kulapho amatyala karhulumente aqala khona. Iinkundla zesithili ziva amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho omabini, apho ubani etyholwa ukwaphula umthetho, kunye namatyala karhulumente, apho abantu okanye imibutho ephakathi ixabana khona. Urhulumente ngamnye ubuncinane unenkundla yesithili elinye, kunye namaphondo amakhulu amaninzi.

Umgangatho wesibini uquka iinkundla ezili-13 zezibheno, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesiphaluka. Ezi nkundla zisiva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Isibheno sixa umntu ophulukana netyala kwinkundla yesithili ecela inkundla ephakamileyo ukuba ihlole isigqibo ngenxa yokuba ikholelwa ukuba kwenziwe impazamo. Iinkundla zezibheno aziwangeni amatyala amatsha; endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo evela kwinkundla esezantsi ukuze zibone ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo na. Ukuba umntu othile uphulukana nenkundla yetyala lesibheno, zinokucela inkundla ephakamileyo ukuba iphendule ityala layo, kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ayimele ivume.

Iinkundla Zomanyano Ezikhethekileyo

Kukwakho neenkundla ezininzi zephondo ezikhethekileyo ezisingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala. INkundla yeZizwe Ezihlukeneyo Yezorhwebo isingatha amatyala abandakanya urhwebo nezithethe zezizwe ngezizwe. INkundla yeMasipala isingatha amatyala apho abantu bamangalela urhulumente wesizwe ukuze bafumane imali. INkundla yezibheno zeFederal ithetha izibheno ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho ogunyazisa imvume. Kukho neenkundla ezincomela ukunyotywa kwamaphepha emalini, ezisingatha amatyala apho abantu okanye amashishini angenakuwahlawula amatyala abo, kunye neNkungalathisi yerhafuthelo yeUnited States, esingatha imbambano yerhafu karhulumente.

Indlela Abagwebi Abamanyeneyo Abanyulwa Ngayo

Bonke abagwebi benkundla yezopolitiko, hayi nje abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Njengezigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, abagwebi bequzelela ubomi. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukugcina abagwebi bezimele kwaye bekhululekile kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Xa kukho isithuba kwinkundla yesizwe, uMongameli ugweba umntu othile ukuba ayizalise. IKomiti yeNtlanga yamatyala ithetha ukubuza lo mphathi-mthetho nokuphengulula imvelaphi yakhe. Ngoko iNdluvote epheleleyo ivota enoba ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba ufanele amele asebenze njengomgwebi worhulumente kwaye asebenze ixesha elide njengoko befuna, lo gama nje beqhubeka benokusazisa "ukuziphatha okuhle"."

Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana: Indlela Amasebe Asebenza Ngayo Kunye

Ziziphi Iindlela Nolungelelwano?

Iingqiniba kunye nolungelelwano yinkqubo evumela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente ukuba lisike amandla amanye amasebe. Le nkqubo ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba libe namandla kakhulu kwaye inceda ukukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabemi baseMerika. OoTata Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuba amandla onakalisa, kwaye indlela engcono yokuthintela ukunganyaniseki nobuzwilakhe yayikukuhlula amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingahlola, okanye limise amanye. Le nkqubo isebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 ukugcina urhulumente waseMerika elungelelene yaye elungileyo.

Indlela Isebe Elilawulayo Eliwahlola Ngayo Amanye Amasebe

IBhunga lineendlela ezininzi zokuhlola amandla esebe eliphetheyo nelezahlulelo. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha umongameli ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini izindlu. IBhunga kufuneka livume ukumiswa koMongameli kubagwebi, amalungu eKhabhinethi, kunye nezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo, ezinika iBhunga ilizwi lokuba lisebenze kumasebe alawulayo nagwebayo. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, nto leyo ethetha ukuba lugqiba ukuba inxalenye nganye karhulumente isebenzisa mali engakanani. Oku kunika iBhunga elibalulekileyo ngoko linokukwenza kwisebe eliphetheyo.

IBhunga likwanokumjija uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, umongameli, abagwebi besizwe, namanye amagosa ukuba enza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu okanye asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo. Indlu yabameli ivota enoba iyamchasa na, kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yeQela ibamba. Ukuba ii-3 ezimbini kwikota zivota ukuba zivalelwe, igosa liyasuswa eofisini. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe izigqibo kumGaqo-siseko, ezinokubhukuqa izigqibo zeNkukhosi ePhakamileyo okanye zitshintshe isakhiwo sikarhulumente. Ekugqibeleni, iBhunga linegunya lokwakha okanye ukuphelisa iinkundla zephondo ngaphantsi kweNkundla ephakamileyo, linika ulawulo oluthile kwisebe lezomthetho.

Indlela Isebe Elilawulayo Eliwakhangela Ngayo Amanye Amasebe

UMongameli uneendlela ezininzi zokuhlola amandla amasebe owiso-mthetho nawogwebo. UMongameli angawakhupha amatyala adluliswe yiBhunga, awathintele ekubeni abe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba iNkqutyana iwise ityala. UMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, abanika uMongameli impembelelo kwisebe lezomthetho kangangeminyaka ezayo. UMongameli unokuphinda axolele amatyala karhulumente, anokubhukuqa amatyala enziwe lisebe lenkundla.

UMongameli unobubhetyebhetye kwindlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo, enokuchaphazela indlela imithetho yeBhunga esetyenziswa ngayo. UMongameli angabiza kwakhona intlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga xa kufuneka kucelwe imicimbi engxamisekileyo. Ngemiyalelo yegunya, uMongameli angalathisa indlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenza ngayo, nangona le miyalelo kufuneka ihambelane nemithetho ekhoyo kunye nomGaqo-siseko.

Indlela Isebe Eligwebayo Eliwakhangela Ngayo Amanye Amasebe

Isebe eligwebayo lihlola amanye amasebe ngokuyintloko ngamandla okuhlola isigwebo. Iinkundla zoManyano zingavakalisa imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga ukuba ayiyiyo imithetho esemthethweni, nto leyo ethetha ukuba loo mithetho ayisasebenzi. Iinkundla zinokulawula ukuba izenzo ezithatyathwe nguMongameli okanye amasebe aphetheyo azihambelani nasemthethweni okanye azikho semthethweni. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala elidumileyo le-Marbury v. Madison, nangona lingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

Abagwebi bamafakelani basebenza ubomi bonke, nto leyo ebenza bazimele kwiingcinezelo zobupolitika kuMongameli okanye kwiNgqungquthela. Le nkululeko ivumela abagwebi ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakumGaqo-siseko, kunokuba benze oko kuthandwa kwezobupolitika. Isebe lezomthetho likwachaza imithetho, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inkundla ichaphazela indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo nokuba abathathi nxaxheba ngayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Amasebe Amathathu Abalulekile

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Nolawulo - melo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente asebenza kunye ukukhusela inkululeko nedemokhrasi exabiseke kumaMelika. Ngokwahlula-hlula amandla kumasebe amathathu, umGaqo-siseko wenza kube nzima ukuba nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela lilawule urhulumente lize lisebenzise kakubi igunya lalo. Le nkqubo iye yanceda iUnited States ihlala ingulawulo-demokhrasi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, kwanangexesha elinzima njengeemfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye neziphithiphithiphithiphithiphithi-ntlalo.

Isebe ngalinye linommandla walo wobuchule noxanduva. IBhunga, namalungu alo amaninzi amela iindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe, liyakwazi ukuphikisana ngeembambano kwaye limela iimbono ezahlukeneyo. UMongameli, njengesigqeba esinye esinegunya, ungenza ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo xa kuyimfuneko. Iinkundla, ngokuzimele kwazo nangobuchule bazo kumthetho, zinokuqwalasela ngenyameko enoba izenzo zikarhulumente zilandela umGaqo-siseko. Zombini, la masebe mathathu adala urhulumente osebenzayo nolinganiselweyo kumandla awo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukulalanisa Nentsebenziswano

Inkqubo yamasebe amathathu ikhuthaza ukulalanisa kunye nentsebenziswano. Ngenxa yokuba kungekho sebe linye elinokusebenza lilodwa kwimibandela ebalulekileyo, amasebe kufuneka asebenze kunye. IBhunga kunye noMongameli kufuneka basebenzisane ukudlulisa nokuzalisekisa imithetho. UMongameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu. Oku kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisana kungenza izinto zibene kancinci, kodwa kwakhona kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingundoqo zixhaswa ngokubanzi kwaye ziqwalaselwe ngocoselelo olusuka kwiimbono ezininzi.

Xa amasebe engavumelani, kungakhokelela kwiingxoxo ezibalulekileyo malunga nolwalathiso lwelizwe. Le ngxoxo iyinxalenye elungileyo yedemokhrasi. Ivumela iingcamango ezahlukeneyo ukuba ziviwe kwaye ziqwalaselwe. Ngoxa ukungavumelani kusenokuba yinto edimazayo, kusoloko kungcono kunokufumana elinye isebe lenza zonke izigqibo ngaphandle kwegalelo lamanye. Imikhosi yenkqubo ichaza iindawo zalo, iphulaphule iimbono eziphikisanayo, kwaye ifumane indawo enye.

Ukuqhelana Namaxesha Aguqukayo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente aye angqineka ebhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuba alungelelanise namaxesha aguqukayo ngexesha lolwakhiwo lwawo olusisiseko. Ukuhamba kweminyaka, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe luye lwatshintsha ngandlel ’ ithile. Isebe elilawulayo liye lakhula laya lisiba namandla njengoko urhulumente wesebe elilawulayo eye wathatha iimbopheleleko ezingakumbi. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yenza indima enkulu ekulungiseni inkqubo yentlalo ngezigqibo zayo kwimibandela efana namalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabo. Ingqungquthela iye yavelisa iindlela ezintsha zokulawula isebe eliphetheyo nokuhlola iingxaki.

Naphezu kwezi nguqulelo, inkqubo esisiseko yokuhlola nokulinganisela ihlala ihleli. Isebe ngalinye liseneembopheleleko zalo ezingundoqo, kwaye ngalinye liyakwazi ukuxilonga ezinye. Olu manyano luye lwanceda urhulumente wase-United States ukuba asebenze kakuhle njengoko ilizwe likhula lisuka kumazwe ali-13 ukuya kuma-50, kwaye ukusuka kwizigidi ezimbalwa zabantu ukuya kutsho kwizigidi ezingaphezulu kwe-330. Le nkqubo iphumelele kwiimfazwe, ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, imibutho yentlalo, kunye neempikiswano zezobupolitika.

Indlela Abantwana Abanokufunda Ngayo Okungakumbi Ngorhulumente

Atyelela Izakhiwo Zorhulumente Nemizi Yogcino - lwazi

Enye yeendlela ezingcono kubantwana ukufunda ngorhulumente kukuyibona isebenza. Izakhiwo ezininzi zikarhulumente zinika iindwendwe ukhenketho apho iindwendwe zinokufunda khona ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo. EWashington, D.C., ungakhenketha isakhiwo seCapitol, apho iBhunga lidibana khona, kwaye ujonge iKhomishini kwingingqi yabakhenkethi. Ungatyelela iWhite House, nangona ukhenketho lumele lucwangciswe kwangaphambili ngelungu lakho leBhunga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo inika intengiso kwaye ivumela abakhenkethi ukuba babuke iimpikiswano zomlomo xa iNkundla ikho.

Iimyuziyam ezininzi eWashington, D.C., zijolise ingqalelo kwimbali norhulumente waseMerika. Amakomkhulu amaninzi esizwe abonisa umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo, iSindululo senkululeko, kunye neSibhengezo samaLungelo. Iimyuziyam zeSmithsonian zinika imiboniso ngembali yaseMerika, kuquka iNational Museum of American History. Nokuba ngaba awukwazi ukutyelela iWashington, D.C., amakomkhulu amaninzi ephondo anikela ukhenketho lwezakhiwo zawo zecawa kwaye aneimfamfamfa ngembali yembali norhulumente. Maxa wambi izindlu zenkundla zivumela iindwendwe ukuba zibukele amava okufundisa.

Funda Iincwadi Neevidiyo Zemfundo

Zininzi iincwadi ezintle ezibhalelwe abantwana ngorhulumente waseMerika. Ezi ncwadi zichaza indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo ngolwimi olulula ukuyiqonda, ngokufuthi ngemifanekiso emibalabala nezibakala ezibangel ’ umdla. Amathala eencwadi kunye neencwadi ezinezahlulo ezinikezelwa kwiincwadi ezithetha ngorhulumente nangamaqela asekuhlaleni abafundi abaselula. Iividiyo kunye neencwadi zemfundo zinokubanceda abantwana baqonde urhulumente. Ezininzi kuzo zifumaneka kwi-intanethi okanye kwiinkonzo eziqukuqela leenkonzo.

Ii-website ezifana ne [USA.gov[FLT]] inikezela ngolwazi malunga namasebe amathathu karhulumente kubume obufikelelekayo kubafundi babo bonke ubudala. [[FLT]][FLT]] .gov[FLT]] [FLT]] ikuvumela ukuba ufunde iindleko zomkhondo, ufunde ngamalungu ekhompra, kwaye ufunde ngenkqubo yomthetho. Ezi zinto zingaphakathi zinceda abantwana bahlole imixholo enomdla kuyo kwaye bafunde kwisantya sabo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kurhulumente Wesikolo

Izikolo ezininzi zinemibutho yabafundi efana norhulumente wokwenene. Ukuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente wabafundi kuyindlela enkulu yokuba abantwana bafunde ngedemokhrasi, ukhokelo nendlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente. Abafundi banokubalekela isikhundla, bavote kwimiba yokuvota, basebenzele kwimisebenzi eyingenelo esikolweni.

Ezinye izikolo zikwanikela iinkqubo zokuvavanya amatyala okugculela, apho abafundi benza amatyala enkundla baze bafunde ngenkqubo yokugweba. Iinkqubo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zifundisa abafundi ngolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye noxolelwano. La mava aphathelele intsebenziswano abangela ukufunda ngolonwabo nokhunjulo lukarhulumente. Zikwanceda abafundi bahlakulele ubuchule obufana nokuthetha esidlangalaleni, ukugxeka, kunye neqela eliya kubanceda kakuhle kubo bonke ubomi babo.

Thetha Namalungu entsapho Ngeziganeko Zanamhlanje

Ukuxoxa ngeziganeko zangoku namalungu entsapho yenye indlela enkulu yokuba abantwana bafunde ngorhulumente. Xa into ebalulekileyo yenzeka kurhulumente, abazali bangayichazela abantwana babo ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo. Ezi ncoko zinceda abantwana baqonde indlela urhulumente abuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla kwaye kutheni kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo koko kwenziwa ngurhulumente. Iintsapho zingabukela kunye zincokola ngezinto ezizibonayo, okanye zifunde amanqaku eendaba kwaye zithethe ngazo.

Kubalulekile ukuba ezi ncoko zibe ngolungeleleneyo kwaye zibe nentlonelo. Abazali kufuneka bakhuthaze abantwana ukuba bacinge kakuhle ngoko bakuvayo baze baqwalasele iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Ukufundisa abantwana ukuba abantu bangaphikisana ngezobupolitika ngoxa besahlonelana kusifundisa isifundo esibalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi. Ezi ngxoxo zentsapho zinceda abantwana ukuba bavelise iimbono zabo baze bafunde indlela yokuzichaza ngentlonelo.

Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Iintlanganiso zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, njengebhunga lesixeko okanye iintlanganiso zesikolo, zidla ngokunikwa uwonke-wonke. Ukubakho kwezi ntlanganiso kunceda abantwana babone idemokhrasi isebenza kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Banokubukela amagosa anyuliweyo engxoxo, baphulaphule abahlali bechaza iimbono zabo, baze babone indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usoloko esingatha imicimbi echaphazela abantwana neentsapho zabo, njengezikolo, iipaki, kunye nokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni.

Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baneenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokukhuthaza ulutsha ukuba luthabathe inxaxheba. Basenokuba neebhunga zolutsha okanye bameme abafundi ukuba babonise amagunya karhulumente usuku olunye. Ezi nkqubo zinika abantwana ukujonga emva kwe-odoli indlela abasebenza ngayo urhulumente kwaye zibavumele ukuba banikele ngeengcamango zabo. Ukubandakanyeka kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunceda abantwana baqonde ukuba bangenza umahluko kwingingqi yabo, kwanangaphambi kokuba bakhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yesityalo

Isizathu Sokuba Abantwana Bafune Ukufunda Ngorhulumente

Ukufunda ngorhulumente kubalulekile kubantwana kuba bengabahlali bexesha elizayo, abavoti, neenkokeli zelizwe lethu. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kunceda abantwana babe nolwazi baze batshate nabanokukwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Xa abantwana befunda ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente, iingqino nolungelelwano, namalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi, bakhulisa ulwazi nobuchule abamele bazenze ngoluntu lwabo nangamazwe abo.

Imfundo ye-CUBIC ikwanceda abantwana baqonde amalungelo abo nendlela yokuwakhusela. Ukwazi ngomGaqo-siseko nangeBhili yamaLungelo kunika abantwana amandla okuzimela ngokwabo nangamanye amalungelo xa besongelwa. Ifundisa ukuba banelizwi kwaye banembono efuna. Olu lwazi lukhuthaza abantwana ukuba babe nentembelo kwaye lubakhuthaze ukuba basebenzele utshintsho olufanelekileyo.

Ukwakha Ubuchule Bokucinga Oburhabaxa

Ukufundisisa urhulumente kunceda abantwana bahlakulele ubuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo. Xa befunda ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, indlela iinkundla eziyitolika ngayo imithetho, nendlela uMongameli amisela ngayo imithetho, bafunda ukucinga ngemibandela entsonkothileyo ngeembono ezininzi. Bafunda ukuhlolisisa iimpikiswano, ukuhlolisisa ubungqina, nokuyila iimbono zabo ezisekelwe kwizibakala nakwingqiqo. Obu buchule abunamsebenzi nje ekuqondeni urhulumente, kodwa kwimpumelelo esikolweni, kwimisebenzi, nakubomi obuqhelekileyo.

Urhulumente nezobupolitika zibandakanya imibandela emininzi ephikisanayo apho abantu abanolwazelelelo bephikisana khona. Ukufunda ngale mibandela kufundisa abantwana ukuba ihlabathi lintsonkothile yaye ngokufuthi kukho iimbono ezininzi ezifanelekileyo kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo. Oku kuqonda kukhuthaza ukunyamezelana, uvelwano, namandla okukwazi ukubonakalisa intlonelo. Obu bubuchule obubalulekileyo ekuphileni kwidemokhrasi eyahlukeneyo apho abantu baneemvelaphi, iinkolelo, nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo.

Ukulungiselela Iinkokeli Zexesha Elizayo

Namhlanje abantwana bangabalawuli bengomso. Bambi kubo bazakukhula bekhonza kurhulumente njengamagosa anyuliweyo, abagwebi, okanye abasebenzi bakarhulumente. Abanye bazakuba ziinkokeli kwingingqi zabo, kumashishini, okanye kwimibutho yabo. Bonke bazakuba ngabavoti abancedayo ekukhetheni abantu abalawula urhulumente wethu. Ngokufunda ngorhulumente ngoku, abantwana bazilungiselela ezi misebenzi kwixesha elizayo.

Kwanabantwana abangacebi ukusebenza kurhulumente baza kungenelwa ngokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo. Njengabantu abadala, kuza kufuneka basebenzisane norhulumente ngeendlela ezininzi: ukuhlawula irhafu, ukulandela imithetho, ukukhonza kwiijaji, nokukhuthaza imiba abayikhathalelayo. Okukhona beqonda ngakumbi ngorhulumente, ukuxhotyiswa okungcono bazakuba bayakwazi ukulawula ezi ntlalo kunye nokuba ngabemi abaphumelelayo. Isiseko esiqinileyo kwimfundo yoluntu siqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziza kuqhubeka zixabisa kwaye zikhusele ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelika.

Apho Apha Aphaya Ngamasebe Amathathu

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente .(legisivative, iqumrhu eliphetheyo, nelokugweba) asebenza kunye ukuqhuba urhulumente waseUnited States. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi walo obalulekileyo: iBhunga lenza imithetho, uMongameli unyanzelisa imithetho, yaye iinkundla zichaza imithetho. Olu lwahlulo-gunya luthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu kwaye lincede ukukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu baseMerika.

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ivumela isebe ngalinye lisikelwe umda amandla amanye amasebe. IBhunga linokuwaphazamisa ama-vetoes angomongameli kwaye kufuneka livume ukumiswa kwekomiti egwebayo. UMongameli angagunyazisa imithetho aze amisele abagwebi. Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza intsebenziswano nokulalanisa ngoxa ithintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.

Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kubalulekile kubo bonke, ingakumbi abantwana abaza kuba ngabavoti naziinkokeli zangomso. Ngokufunda ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente, abantwana bahlakulela ulwazi nobuchule abafuna ukubufundiswa, bathembise abemi. Bafunda ukucingela ngokunzulu ngemibandela entsonkothileyo, ukuhlonela iimbono ezahlukeneyo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Olu lwazi lubanika amandla okwenza umahluko kwingingqi nakumazwe abo.

Isishwankathelo sendima yesebe ngalinye

  • [[NTL:0] Isebe elinomthetho: Ibeka imithetho kwiBhunga, eliquke iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi neNdlu yabameli. Lilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, lungawugqitha umongameli, ukumiselwa okuvunyiweyo, kwaye lungawadibanisela amagosa karhulumente.
  • Isebe eliphumeleyo: Imithetho enyanzelisayo kwaye ikhokelwa nguMongameli. Iquka uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabinethi, kunye namaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente. UMongameli angakhupha ityala, amisele abagwebi namalungu eKhabhinethi, ayalela umkhosi, kwaye aqhube inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Isebe le-Judicial: litolika imithetho kwaye ligqibe ukuba ilandela umGaqo-siseko. Amaqumrhu eNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Abagwebi boManyano bakhonza ubomi kwaye bangavakalisa imithetho nezenzo zempatho-siseko ezingangqinelaniyo.

OoTata Abasunguliweyo badala le nkqubo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo, kwaye iyaqhubeka isebenza namhlanje. Ngoxa urhulumente eye wakhula waza watshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha, isakhiwo esisisiseko samasebe amathathu anee-check kunye nolungelelwaniso sisesona siseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngokuqonda le nkqubo, abantwana bangabuqonda ubulumko booTata Abafunyenweyo nokubaluleka kokukhusela umGaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko oziqinisekisa ngayo.

Ukufunda ngorhulumente akumele kudimaze. Kuninzi ulonwabo nokuthatha inxaxheba kubantwana ukuba bahlole indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ukusuka ekutyeleleni izakhiwo zikarhulumente kunye neemyuziyam ukuya kuthabatha inxaxheba kurhulumente wabafundi nokuxubusha iziganeko zangoku kunye nentsapho. Okukhona abantwana abaninzi befunda ngorhulumente, kokukhona beqonda indlela okuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babo nendlela abanokuthetha ngayo. Olu lwazi lusisiseko sobumi bobumi obusebenzayo kunye nesitshixo sokugcina idemokhrasi yaseMelika yomelele kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Kulwazi oluninzi olumalunga namasebe amathathu karhulumente, ungafumana ubuncwane [FLT]] House White House.gov, enika ulwazi olubanzi ngendlela urhulumente wezwe elilungelelanisiweyo nelisebenzayo ngayo. Iiwebhsayithi zemfundo ezifana [FLT]][5]] iSibanuctures[[FLT][FLT]] imidlalo edityaniweyo nezifundo ezenza ukufunda ngorhulumente nokudlala abafundi bazo zonke iinkathi. Ezi zinto zinokubanceda abantu baqondene.