Iingcamango zezobupolitika zingunobangela wezolawulo lwale mihla, zibumba yonke into ukusuka kwindlela imithetho ebhalelwe ngayo indlela abemi abawajonga ngayo amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo. Okungaphezulu kwegama elilula "elisekhohlo" okanye "elifanelekileyo" ezi nkcukacha zidityanisiweyo zeenkolelo zinika ilens ezithi ngayo sichaze iingxaki zentlalo nokubona ikamva. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuyiqonda ngokuqinileyo iingcinga zezobupolitika akuyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo nje kuphela ephambili, ukuthatha inxaxheba kubomi bezentlalo-ntle, nokubandakanye nengxoxo enzulu. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olunempembelelo, undoqokoliso olunempembelelo kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, iimvelaphi, iinguquko zangaphakathi, iindlela abaqhubeka bephembelela phambili kwinkqubo yezopolitiki nemicimbi yehlabathi namhlanje.

Yintoni Ingcamango Yezobupolitika?

Esona siseko saso, ingcamango yezobupolitika yinkqubo ebanzi nengaguquguqukiyo yeenkolelo malunga nendlela ibutho labantu elifanele lilungelelaniswe ngayo. Iphendula imibuzo esisiseko: Iyintoni indima efanelekileyo karhulumente? Ubuncwane bezoqoqosho bufanele buqale njani? Iyiphi isiphelo somntu ngamnye nembopheleleko yeqela? Izithethe aziyombono nje; ziquka izibhengezo eziqhelekileyo ngoko kumele kubekho, amabango angokwesithethe ngendlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi, yaye ngokufuthi umbono webutho labantu elifanelekileyo.

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zichaza imilinganiso emithathu kuyo nayiphi na ingcamango. [[FLT:] umlinganiselo wento ekhoyo ubhekiselele kwindalo yabantu `aba luncedo, ukhuphiswano, okanye ziqhutywa yi-ethenti? ] umlinganiso uchaza amaxabiso abantu abafanele bawabeke kwindawo yokuqala, njengobulinganayo, inkululeko, indlela, okanye isithethe. ububanzi obubonisa indlela yokufikelela loo maxabiso, nokuba ngotshintsho oluthe rhoqo, okanye ukukhusela imeko-bume. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abantu abanokucacisa isizathu sokuba babiza zombini "ibhatata" iinkcukacha ezingozo ezohlukeneyo"; kodwa banokusebenzisana amaxabiso abo ahlukeneyo, kodwa amaqela abonisa iindlela zokuzichaza ukuba bangene ngobuchule.

Izithethe zikwanamandla, zichaphazela iziganeko zembali, iinguqu zezoqoqosho, kunye nokuhlalutya ingqiqo. Umzekelo, ukuxhomekeka kwamandulo kwinkulungwane ye-19, okugxininisa kulawulo oluncinane norhwebo olukhululekileyo, ngokuthe ngcembe kwanikezela kunikezelo lwangoku oluthi lwamkele indima enkulu karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni intlalo-ntle. Oku kuguquguquka kuthetha ukuba ingcamango ayikhe iqaliswe; iyasoloko ikhutshwa kwaye ichazwa.

Iingcinga Eziphambili Zezobupolitika: Ubunzulu Nenkululeko

Ngeli xesha inqaku lokuqala lidwelisa iingcamango ezingundoqo ezintandathu, nganye iquka iingxoxo zangaphakathi ezityebileyo kunye nezithethe ezininzi ezincinane. Ngasezantsi sihlolisisa nganye ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi, sinika umongo wembali, iinkcuba - buchopho ezingundoqo, kunye nemizekelo yanamhlanje.

I-Conservatism

I-Conservatism, njengengcamango engqinelanayo, yavela ukuphendula kwiNguquko yamaFrentshi. Oyena mcimbi waphambili onempembelelo kwisithethe, uEdmund Burke, waphikisa ngelithi ibutho labantu liguqula izinto eziphilayo kwaye ngequbuliso, iinguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo zitshabalalisa amaziko nezithethe ezinika uzinzo. Itestatism yale mihla isuka yahlukana yaba yimisonto emininzi eyahlukeneyo.

[[FLT: 0] I-Caltatic compatist [[FLT: 1] igxininisa igunya, unqulo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemibutho emiselweyo yentlalo. Iyathandabuza iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni zamalungelo kwaye ikhetha utshintsho lolwandiso olusekelwe kumava asebenzayo. [[FLT:]] I-Caltaticism [[[FLT:]]S] i-Constantial cotacial statism [[[[FLT]]], ebalasemgathezeko-malini yorhwebo, ephantsi kwerhafuthekileyo, nokuthengisa iirhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso ezikhululekileyo. [Fevon:]

Imithetho-siseko yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe, yahluka-hlukene. Amaqela abambelele kwizithethe zaseYurophu adla ngokwamkela iphondo elityebileyo elinobugxwayiba, ngoxa ugcino-mthetho lwase-U.S. lunxulumene kakhulu neengcamango zezoqoqosho eziphambili. Imizekelo engundoqo yangoku iquka iBritish Conservative Party kunye neRiphabliki yase-United States, nangona zombini ziye zabona iingxoxo phakathi kwamaphiko esithethe nawasePpopulist.

Ukugxekwa Kokuthanda Ukuxoleleka

Abahlalutyi bathi ukungalingani kwabantu nokungalingani kwezithethe kunokukuxhathisa ukuhambela phambili kwebutho labantu, baze bathembele kwizithethe ezithethelela ucalucalulo.

Ukukhululeka

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, inkululeko yenkululeko yingcamango elawulayo yezobupolitika kwihlabathi laseNtshona namhlanje, kodwa intsingiselo yayo itshintshile ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha. Ingcamango yokuzivumela ukuba ungabi nanxaxheba, echazwe nguJohn Locke noAdam Smith, esekelwe kumalungelo omntu ngamnye, impahla yobuqu, kunye norhulumente olinganiselweyo. Umsebenzi ophambili weli lizwe yayikukukhusela ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla, ishiya uqoqosho lungalawulwa. Le ngcamango yaxhasa iinguqulelo zaseMelika nezobuFrentshi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, ingcali njengoJohn Stuart Mill noT.H. Green yaqalisa ukuphikisa ngelithi inkululeko yokwenyaniso ifuna kungekuphela nje inkululeko ekunyanzelweni, kodwa ubuchule obulungileyo bokuthatha inyathelo. kwaye kwafuna ungenelelo oluthile lukarhulumente ukuze kunikezelwe imfundo, unyango, kunye nomgangatho osisiseko wokuphila. olukhoyo lwangoku [[FLT:] ububele obukhoyo (ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba lukhululo loluntu ngaphandle kwe-U.S.)) ukwamkela uqoqosho oludityanisiweyo kunye nentlalo, ngenjongo yokulungisa ukungalinganiyo okuveliswa okubangelwa yimeko engenakuthintelwa. Amanani angundoqo aquka u-Frankrentivelt nolwakhelo lwaseYurophu, ngokufanayo nolawulo lwezentlalo lwe-odemodemodefiki ye-Europe.

Namhlanje, ukubonelela ngenkululeko kusoloko kunxulunyaniswa nokuxhasa amalungelo abantu, iLGBTQ+ ukulingana, umgaqo wemekobume, nendima karhulumente esebenzayo ekunciphiseni umahluko wezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ihlala yahlukile kulawulo lobusoshiyali ekugxininiseni kwayo ngokuqhubekayo kwiinkqubo zobugcisa bobucala kunye neemarike njengabaqhubi abaphambili bempumelelo.

Ukugxekwa Kwenkululeko

Abahlalutyi abafuna inkxaso bathi ukungazifuni kwanamhlanje kuye kwandisa urhulumente ongaphaya kwemida yakhe efanelekileyo, kwaza kwabangela ukuba angabi nakukwazi ukumamela. Abagxeki abazimiseleyo bashiya imbono yokuba ingcamango yokuguqula izinto engakwaziyo ukucel ’ umngeni isakhiwo esisisiseko sobukhapitali esivelisa ukungalingani.

UbuSoshiyali

Ubusoshiyali, ngengqiqo yabo ebanzi, baxhasa ubunikazi bemveliso obudibeneyo okanye obunguwonke-wonke bemveliso `imveliso, umhlaba, ubuncwane bendalo(nendlela yokulwabelana ngobutyebi). Eli gama ligubungela ubuninzi obulinganayo, ukusuka kubukomanisi obuvukelayo bukaKarl Marx noVladimir Lenin ukuya kumgangatho wedemokhrasi wamanani afana noBernie Sanders kunye ne-Labour Party yaseBrithish phantsi kukaJeremy Corbyn.

ulawulo-bume lwezobusoshiyali olulawulwa ngedemokhrasi ucinga ngotshintsho oluthe ngcembe, olunoxolo lwezoqoqosho lwesoshiyali ngonyulo nangohlaziyo lwepalamente. Ixhasa ukukhathalelwa kwempilo-wonke, imfundo yamahala, kunye namaqhina anamandla, ngeli xesha igcina ubuninzi bezobupolitika kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Amazwe ase-Nordic, nangona esoloko ebizwa ngokuba "isocialism" kwintetho edumileyo, adityaniswe ngentengiso nentlalo eqinileyo yentlalo-ntle, .

ursukstu lwendaleko okanye ubukomanisi] luphikisa ngelithi ubukapitali bungabhukuqwa kuphela ngentguquko esebenzayo, apho emva koko urhulumente uya kuthi ekugqibeleni "ahambe." Amava angamashumi amabini enkulungwane eSoviet Union, iTshayina, kunye neCuba aye akhokelela abaninzi ekuthandabuzeni ukufaneleka kwale modeli, inikwe utyekelo lwedemodeli olusoloko luvela. Kodwa, uhlalutyo lwe-Marx lusaqhubeka lunempembelelo kwizifundo zemfundo, ingakumbi kwinzululwazi yentlalo-ntle nengcamango egxekayo.

Uguquko olutsha, lwentlalo-ntle, ludibanisa ii-critiques zesoshiyali yecapitali kunye nenkxalabo yemekobume, luphikisa ngelithi ukusukela ingeniso akuvisisani nokulondolozwa kwemekobume.

Ukugxekwa KobuSoshiyali

Abahlalutyi abasuka ekunene balumkisa ukuba ubusoshiyali bungaphepheki bukhokelela ekunciphiseni impumelelo yezoqoqosho, ukuhlaziywa kolwakhiwo, nokulahlekelwa yinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Bakhomba kwimizekelo engokwembali yezoqoqosho ezikhuselweyo ezivelise ukunqongophala nokungalawuleki kwelizwe. Abagxeki abasekhohlo, nabo, baphikisa ukuba ulawulo-siseko solawulo-moya alwenziwanga ngokwaneleyo kwigunya lentlangano elicel ’ umngeni.

Ilibertarianism

I-Libertarianism ibeka inkululeko yomntu ngamnye njengexabiso eliphakamileyo kwezobupolitika. Ixhasa urhulumente omncinci onokubakho, ngokufuthi upheleliselwe kumapolisa, iinkundla, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nenkululeko epheleleyo kwimicimbi yobuqu neyezoqoqosho. AbaLawuli-mikhosi bakholelwa ukuba ezorhwebo zokuzithandela nezorhwebo ezikhululekileyo zezona ndlela zilungileyo neziphumelelayo zokulungelelanisa ibutho labantu.

Amasebe amabini amakhulu akhona. [[FLT: 0] acebisa irejista yamazwe ancinane "ubusuku obubodwa" imeko ekhusela amalungelo abantu kodwa angenzi nto enye. Akharbaclists[[FLT: 3] ayiwugatya ngokupheleleyo urhulumente, iphikisa ukuba zonke iinkonzo, kuquka ukhuseleko kunye nesigqibo, zinganikwa ziinkampani ezizimeleyo ezikhuphisanayo kushishino lwesisa. Abacinga njengo-Murray Rothd noRobert Nozick baye baphembelela ngokunzulu le sithethe.

I-Libertrianism iyavumelana nenkululeko yamandulo kodwa iyahluka ngokugxininisa kwayo ekungalwini kwayo nokuchasa kwayo okugqithisileyo kwirhafu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iQela leLibertrian likhuthaza ukukhutshwa kweziyobisi, ukuthotywa kweziyobisi, ukuhlaziywa, kunye norhwebo lwasimahla, ngoxa lihambisana nenkululeko yoluntu kwimibandela efana nomtshato ophakathi. Noko ke, intsebenziswano ixabana nemibuzo yendlela yokuphatha izinto zikawonke wonke, njengendlela kunye nomoya ococekileyo, okunzima ukuqhuba izinto.

Ukugxekwa KobuNcedengu

Abahlalutyi bathi ibutho labantu elizinikelayo liya kushiya amahlwempu, abagulayo, abakhubazekileyo . ngaphandle kokhuseleko. Bakwaphikisa ngelithi iimarike ezingalawulwayo zinokuvelisa i-monopolity, umonakalo wemekobume, kunye nokungalingani okungalinganiyo okungawuthobeli umkrwelo wabathengi.

UbuFasi

UbuFasi buyingcamango elawula ulawulo, egqithisileyo eyavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 yeYurophu. Buyayichasa idemokhrasi, ubuFraksi, nobuMarx, endaweni yoko bubhiyozela uhlanga okanye uhlanga njengeqela elimele limanyaniswe phantsi kwenkokeli enye, enoozwilakhe. Ulawulo lobuFascism lucinezela ukungavumelani, ukulawula amajelo-ndaba, kwaye ngokufuthi lusebenzisa ugonyamelo lwamajoni ukugcina igunya.

I-Bonito Mussolini yayingumzekelo wokuqala, kodwa i-National Socialism ka-Adolf Hitler eJamani ihlala ingumzekelo ombi kakhulu, idibanisa ukulwa notshaba olunobundlobongela kunye nemigangatho yobuhlanga. UbuFascism nabo baqala eSpeyin kaFranco, e-Salazar's Portugal, nakuzo zonke iimikhosi zolawulo lobuzwilakhe eLatin America. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Contarianism, efuna ukulondoloza amaziko akhoyo, i-fascism iphengulus, izimisele ukuyila "umntu omtsha" kunye nebutho labantu abazakhelwe ngokupheleleyo.

Namhlanje, igama elithi "fascism" lisoloko lisetyenziswa ukugweba nawuphi na umbutho wobuzwilakhe okanye wesizwe. Noko ke, abaphengululi bagxininisa ukuba, ifascism yokwenene ibandakanya ukunqulwa kwenkokeli, intsomi yokuzalwa kwakhona kwesizwe, nokuvuma ukusebenzisa ugonyamelo njengesixhobo. Amaqela afanelekileyo aseYurophu nase-United States adla ngokugqalwa njenge populalist okanye i-sobuzwe kunokuba athathele i-fascist ngokupheleleyo, nangona abanye benento efanayo.

Ukugxekwa KobuFasi

Ukusilela kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yobufasc kugwetywa ehlabathini lonke kwintetho ephambili yezobupolitika ngenxa yengxelo yayo yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe nemfazwe. Uhlolisiso lweAcademic lwamafasc lugxininisa ekuqondeni ukuba ithandwa yaye ithintele ukuvela kwayo.

Ukusingqongileyo

Imekobume, njengengcamango yezobupolitika, ihamba ngaphezu kokulondoloza indalo ukucel ’ umngeni ulwando olukhoyo, uqikelelo lwezikhundla zoshishino zale mihla. Ingqina ukuba abantu bayinxalenye yemeko-bume ebanzi kwaye imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kufuneka ihlonele imida yendalo. Umbutho wale mihla wokusingqongileyo wafumana inkqubela yeRachel Carson SALT Spring [[FLM]] (1962) kunye noSuku lokuqala loMhlaba ngo 1970.

Kummandla ongqongileyo, imisonto emininzi ikhuphisana. [[FLT: 0] ithetha ngexabiso elingundoqo lemeko-bume yendalo ngenxa yolawulo lwendalo kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo, oluzimeleyo, olungasebenzi ebantwini, kwaye ngokufuthi luxhasa unciphiso olukhulu lwabemi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo. ubufazi [[FLT]] obune-asini [ budibanisa ulawulo lwendalo nolawulo lwabafazi, ukubiza ukuphinda kulungelelaniswa kweenkqubo zoobhishophu. [[FLT:]] ubugroba obuluhlaza obufana noluthi obufayo eJamani ekwakhiweni, ukutyhalelwa kwe-oktrokrati, ukurhoxisana kwerhafu, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-carbon, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-ebulimi.

Ubugxwayiba bemekobume bukwaphembelela ezinye iingcamango. "Umthetho wobuLungu wokwalathisa" wamkela izisombululo ezisekelwe kurhwebo olufana nokukhutshwa kwemiphunga, ngeli xesha "urhwebo-ntlalo-ntle" lugxininisa ukuba ubukapitali abunakucombulula ingxaki yemozulu. Ungxamiseko lobushushu behlabathi lutyhalele kwinkxalabo yemekobume, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zibe ngumba onqamlezileyo ongenakuba umbango ophambili.

Ukugxekwa Kwemeko - bume

Abahlalutyi belungelo bathi imithetho engqongqo yemekobume iphazamisa ukwanda kwezoqoqosho nokudalwa kwemisebenzi. Abanye bayathandabuza ukuvumelana kwenzululwazi ngokutshintsha kwemozulu, nangona le mbono isiba yimbi kakhulu. Ngasekhohlo, abahlalutyi bathi ukusetyenziswa kwemekobume okuphambili akuwacel ’ umngeni amandla angakumbi yaye maxa wambi kubeka phambili ukulondolozwa kwentlango ngaphezu kweemfuno zabantu abangamahlwempu.

Indima Yeengcamango Zezobupolitika Ebutholweni

Iingcamango zezobupolitika aziyongcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni ezifumaneka kwiincwadi zomsebenzi kuphela; zidlala indima ecacileyo ekulungiseni umthetho, amaqonga, kunye nentlalo. Umzekelo, i- iNew Decial eUnited States yayiyimbonakaliso engqalileyo yenkululeko yale mihla, idala ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza. Regan Inguqu [ yee-80] zeeeeeeprojekthi ezitheza ngokwesithethe nezomthetho zokwaphula umthetho ukunqumla irhafu, ishishini elijongene nentlalo-ntle. Namhlanje, iingxoxo ngezokhuseleko zempilo, ukufuduka, inkqubo yemozulu zilwa ngokwemiqatha ye-okanye nentsingiselo ye-RGenethi.

Kwakhona iingcamango zinceda abemi ukuba baqonde iimbambano ezintsonkothileyo. Zinika ubuchule bokuqonda apho uthe wavela khona upolitiko okanye umbutho, nangona oku kunokukhokelela ekungcoliseni nasekuthandweni. Kwidemokhrasi esempilweni, ukhuphiswano lwezimvo lukhuthaza inkqubo entsha kunye nokuziphendulela. Noko ke, xa iimfundiso ziba neemfundiso ezingqongqo, zinokuthintela ukulalanisa nokukhuthaza ukukhula.

Umahluko obalulekileyo ukho phakathi kococeko lwengqiqo kunye nolawulo lwe-Pragmatic. Inkoliso yeenkokeli zezobupolitika zisebenza njenge "abaxubi" abaxuba amasuntswana kwiingcamango ezininzi ukwakha imibutho yokwenza izinto. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ezininzi apho oorhulumente bemiqolo emininzi isesikweni khona. Ngoko ke, ukuqonda ingcamango, akuthethi ukuba yonke inkqubo iqhutywa ngengqiqo; ngokufuthi, ukuqwalasela okuzenzekelayo kuxolelene nemigaqo engekho ngqiqweni.

Ukuqonda Iingcinga Zezobupolitika: Iimodeli Neenkqubo Eziqhelekileyo

Ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lwezopolitiko olusuka ekhohlo--ekhohlo, kunye nolawulo-siseko kwicala lasekhohlo kunye nefascism ngasekunene, ivela kwiNdibano yesiZwe saseFransi yonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asibhozo9, apho abaxhasi bokumkani babehlala ngasekunene nabaxhasi bovukelo ngasekhohlo. Esi sifaniso sitheth' ukusetyenziswa sihlala siluncedo kodwa siqwalaselwa ngokuqhubekayo njengengenako. Sidiza imilinganiso emibini eyahlukileyo.

Iimodeli Ezinokukhethwa

ITshati yeNotlan (ebizwa ngokuba yisalatha zobupolitika) eyahlula inkululeko yezoqoqosho kwinkululeko yobuqu, ibeka iibharti kwisahlulo sesine senkululeko yobuqu ephezulu, i-athority kwisahlulo sesine sesahlulo, kwaye ishiye ngokusekunene kwi-xwesi. Le modeli inceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba umntu onjengoMilton Friedman (ophila ngokwezemali, ekhululekileyo) ahluke kakhulu kumntu wesithethe njengoWilliam F. Buckley (owesithethe sobucala, ipro-market kodwa kwakhona igunya lomgangatho wezokuziphatha).

Ingcamango yamahashe icebisa ukuba i-FLT-ekhohlo kunye neengcamango ezikude, phezu kwako nje ukwahlukana kwazo okunzulu, kungadibana kutyekelo lobubhodlo kunye noqheliselo lwedemokhrasi. Ngelixesha kuthandatyuzwana, iye yasetyenziswa ukuchaza ukufana phakathi kobuStalin nobuNazi. Abahlalutyi bayiphikisa into ebangela umahluko obalulekileyo kwiinjongo (iiibutho elingalawulekiyo. ubunyulu bobuhlanga).

Enye indlela, imodeli ye- engamashumi asibhozo e-, isebenzisa ulinganiso oluninzi lwe-arhente olusekelwe kulwazi lophando olusekelwe kwi-data ukubeka iingcamango kwisithuba esintsonkothileyo. Oku kutyhila ukuba, umzekelo, uqoqosho olushiyiweyo-----arcs-paced kunye nenkcubeko olukhululekileyo lunxulumene ngokuthelekisayo, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, umlinganiselo wenkcubeko uthelekelelo ungaphezulu kunolo lwamashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Akukho mzekelo umnye ufumana ngokugqibeleleyo iingcamango zezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo. Eyona ndlela ingcono kukusebenzisa iiprojekthi ezininzi nokuhlala uzazi iintsilelo zazo.

Imbali

Iingcamango zezobupolitika azingokwakha nje kuphela eNtshona Asia. Iingingqi ezininzi ezingezoWesterns ziye zavelisa izithethe zazo, zidla ngokudibanisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni neengcamango ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, uConfician eMpuma Asia igxininisa imigangatho, intlawulo yobuntwana, kunye nentlalo-ntle, ezidityanisiweyo , ezihambisana nemixholo ethile yesithethe necommunicatarians kodwa ezahlukileyo ekulaleni kwayo ubuzwe bomntu ngamnye. EIndiya, iHINVAVA] ingcamango yobuzwe efuna ukuchaza ukuma kwesizwe ngenkcubeko yamaHindu, zombi zomanyano nomanyano lwentlalo.

Iingcamango zonqulo `njenge I-Islam [ [ii-Islam zezobupolitika]] (iISlam yezobupolitika)"efuna ukuseka urhulumente nomthetho ngokwemigaqo yonqulo. Imibutho yamaSilamsi iyahluka ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba kobuBwana bobuSilamsi eYiputa (ngaphambi kokucinezela kwayo) ukuya kugonyamelo lwe-jihadads. Ngokufanayo, amaqela obuKristu e-demokhrasi eYurophu nase-Latin America adibanisa ukuziphatha konqulo kunye nemigaqo-siseko sobuxhakaxhakaxha okanye yoqoqo.

Iimfundiso zasemva kobuthanga kunye nezobuthangala, ezifana ne iPan-Afrikanism kunye ne-[FLT]] usocialism wehlabathi [, yavela njengentsabelo yokuxhatshazwa kwerhanisi. Iinkokeli ezifana neKwame Nrumah ne Julius Nyure zasebenzisa iingcamango zobusoshiyali kwiimeko zaseAfrika, igxininisa ubunikazi bomhlaba kunye nokuzimela. Namhlanje, ingcamango enjenge [[FLTLT:4] e-ephembelekayo impembelelo yezifundo zemfundo yemfundo kunye nentlalo ye-Eurocials.

Ukuvuma oku kwahlukahlukana kwehlabathi kuthintela ukuphanda ngeengcamango zezobupolitika ukuba zingasetyenziswa njengendlela encinane yokucinga ngezobupolitika zaseNtshona, ukufuduka, ukurhwebelana komhlaba nokunxibelelana kwamanani kuqhubeka kuxuba yaye kuxubanisa iingcamango.

Isiphelo

Iingcamango zezobupolitika azizizo izinto ezikhoyo okanye ii-odoli eziqhelekileyo; zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezibumba indlela esiliqonda ngayo ihlabathi kwaye sisebenze ngayo kulo. Ngokuzifundisisa ngokunzulu (_ukufumanisa iinguqu zazo zangaphakathi, iingcambu zembali, kunye neenguqu zomhlaba wonke) kunye notshintsho olukhoyo, kwaye abafundisi-lwazi-lwazi olusehlabathini bangahamba ngaphaya kwentetho nemifanekiso. Ukuqonda nzulu kweengcamango kukhuthaza ukucingisisa, kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bavavanye imigaqo ephikisanayo, kwaye kuqinise iziseko zokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi ngolwazi. Njengoko ulawulo lwezobupolitika lukhula lungaqhekeka kwaye luntsonko, ukukwazi ukuhlalutya nokuthelekisa iingcamango kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini nanini na ngaphambili.

[[UMTLL:0] Ukufunda okuphinda-phindiweyo: