Kwezopolitiko zaseMerika, amaqela amabini amakhulu , i-Democratic Party kunye ne Republican Party[[[FLT:]]]-(iiidomate zonyulo kunye norhulumente]]. Ngelixesha amaqela amabini akhoyo, iUnited States isebenza ngokunempumelelo njengeqela [[[FLT]] lamabini] indlela kwimbali yayo emininzi. Kodwa kutheni le meko, kwaye yintoni enye enokuthi izame okanye icetyikiswe? Ukuzingisa kwesi sakhiwo sibini kusuka kwisakhiwo esinzulu, iingozi zembali, kunye nezikhundla ezizinziweyo ezikhuthayo ezidibanisiweyo. Ukuqonda ezi mikhosi ayisebenzi kuphela ngenxa yembali ye-US. Kodwa kusebenza umelo oludedede lwe-grood

Isizathu sokuba iU.S. ibe nenkqubo yecandelo elibini

Inkqubo yezahlulo ezibini ayigunyaziswanga ngumGaqo-siseko; kunoko, ivela ngokusuka kudityaniso lwezilungisi zonyulo, izakhiwo ezisemthethweni, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwembali. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zisoloko zikhomba kuMthetho we-Duverger [, othe umgangatho othe wamalungu anye eendawo ekuvota kwamaqela amabini. EUnited States, yonke into iqinisa ukutsalwa komgxuma.

1. Umphumeleli- Thatha-lonke unyulo

Unyulo oluninzi lwase-U.S. lusebenzisa unyulo lokuqala- oludlulileyo-inkqubo yebhodi , apho umvotelwa onenkoliso yamavoti uphumelela/nangaphandle kobuninzi. Oku kudibanisa amaqela amancinane, ukususela ekuvoteni kwawo akunqabileyo ukuguqulela kwizihlalo. Iqela lesithathu eliphumelela i 10 ekhulwini levoti yesizwe lingaphumelela izihlalo zeqanda, ngeliqela elikhulu elifumana unyulo 51% kwisithili lifumana umelo olupheleleyo. Le miphumela yomatshini, eyaziwa “yingxaki yokuvota”, isundulisa kumaqela amabini aphambili okoyika ukulahla kude indawo yabo.

2. Ikholeji yeElectoral

I-Electoral College kunyulo lomongameli kwisakhiwo esinezahlulo ezibini. Ngenxa yokuba uninzi luchaza iivoti zokhetho ezifumana impumelelo kuzo zonke isiseko, icandelo lesithathu elihamba phambili lizama ukufumana i-tratoon. Umgudu wesithathu wesizwe ophumelela unyuse ama-20 ekhulwini evoti athandwayo angafumana lula uvotelo olunonononokhetho ukuba lungaphumelela ukunyusa i-50 ekhulwini kulo naliphi na ilizwe elinye. Oku kuphela okukhoyo okusuka ku-"ukungakwa-George Wallace ngo-1968/8] kwabathathi bengikazi bonke bamazwe. I-Electoral College isenza isithintelo esikhulu esingenayo kwintlalo yesizwe kwintlalo elwayo.

3. Imvelaphi Yembali

Kwasekuqaleni, amaqela awenziwe ajikeleza imibono ekhuphisanayo yesizwe: amaFederalis vs. Anti-Federalists kwiwaka lama-1790. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, olu hlelo lubini lwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Inkqubo yokuqala yeqela (i-Federalis vs. Democratic-Republicans) yawa, kuphela ukuze ithathelwe indawo nguDemocrates vs. Whigs, kwaye nganamhla iDemocrates v. iRiphabliki nganye. inguquko nganye yagcina ukhuphikiswano lwesibini ngenxa yokuba inkqubo engaphantsi kwe-volomvolo akuzange kuguquke. Kwaye ukunyuka okufutshane kweQendo leNtlalo ngo1912, kunye ne-Reformations ngo19909 ayiphumelelanga ukwaphula indlela yokulungisa. Imbali efuna nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo elungele ukurhoxazulu.

4. Ukufumaneka kwebhola kunye nemithetho yengxoxo

Imithetho yesizwe kunye neentlanganiso zengxoxo yesizwe zisoloko zikwenza kube nzima kubathathi-nxaxheba besithathu ukufanelekela iibhola okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezinkulu, ukuqinisa ukulawulwa kwamaqela amabini amakhulu. Imithetho yokufikelela kwebhola iyahluka-hluka: kwamanye amazwe, iqela elitsha kufuneka liqokelele amawaka eenyanga phambi konyulo, ngoxa amaqela amakhulu enziwe ngokuzenzekelayo. IKhomishini ekwiziNxulumaniso zoPhongiselo loPhongiya, elawulwa yiDidemocratic kunye neRiphabliki, imisela umqobo wokubhiyolisa we-15% wokubandakanyelwa kwe-16/a ayikahlaziyi-ngxenye yesithathu ye-bar erhoxiweyo ukususela ngo-192. Le miqobo imingcele esemthethweni ayiyilwanga ngengozi; ayiyilwa kwaye yagcinwa ngamaqela amabini amakhulu afuna ukutshixwa.

5. Izithethe ezibanzi

Bobabini iiRepublicans kunye ne Democrates zidibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo phantsi kwe “umbral,” inciphisa isithuba sokuba amaqela angakumbi esizwe aphumelele. Izixhobo zedemocratic ziquka inkqubela phambili, ukudibana kwabasebenzi, amavoti amancinane, kunye nomlinganiselo; umbutho weRepublican uquka iivangeli, ii-liparenti, ii-frigiages, kunye nabaxhasi besizwe. Ngokufaka iimbono ezigabadeleyo, amaqela amakhulu athintela ukwenziwa kwamaqela akwiqela elinye. Eli cebo lisebenza ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yenkqubo yovotisi encinane i-voti ebhadulayo: iqela eliphumayo eliphumayo lizahlula i-index democratic kunye nonyulo lwezandla kuRiphabliki, ngoko abavukeli-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko sobuzwezwenke, ngoko ke amaqela amakhulu ahlala ngaphakathi kwentente.

Iziphumo Zenkqubo Yecandelo Elibini

Isakhiwo esinezahlulo ezibini sinempembelelo enkulu ekulawuleni, ekumeleni, nakwintetho yesidlangalala.

  • Ukufumaneka: Inani elisikelweyo lamaqela enza unyulo lungqale kwaye lulawuleke ngokuthe ngqo. Iziphumo zonyulo phambi konyulo kunokuba emva koko, ezinokukwenza lula uqeqesho lweqela kunye nocwangciso lwemithetho. Kubavoti abaninzi, ukhetho lwezibini lunciphisa ukudideka kwibhokisi yebhola.
  • Ukwenziwa kubenobunyulu: Ngeenkhetho ezimbini kuphela ezingundoqo, iingxoxo zezobupolitika zisoloko zisiba zezobundlobongela obukhulu. Iqela ngalinye lizimela ngokwalo ngokuchaseneyo nelinye, lifaka iphulo elibi kunye nobunyulu bengqiqo. Umhlaba osembindini uyancipha, njengoko omabini ekhuphisana ukuqinisa isiseko sawo kunokuba abhenele kumbindi. Le ntshukumo ithe yakhula kakhulu ukususela koo1990.
  • Umelo oludityanisiweyo: luneembono ngaphandle kweqela eliphambili elingabonwayo zingaziva zingachaziwe. Umvoti okhetha amalungelo emipu kunye nomnatha wokhuseleko oluqinileyo lwentlalo, okanye ongophiyo odla ngokudlal ’ isithethe kodwa okhululekileyo ngokwentlalo, akafumani khaya lendalo. Oku “kufumana isithuba sokufumana” kuhlisa ukuganana kwequmrhu nokholo lwamaqumrhu.
  • Ukuvota okuneenjongo ezingaqhelekanga: Abantu abaninzi bavotela “ongaphindiyo kwizinto ezimbini” endaweni yomntu abakhethayo ukuba baphephe ukudlala ngevoti yabo. Oku kudala umjikelo apho amaqela esithathu engenakuze afumane amandla afunekayo ukuze aphume. Unyaka ka 2016 no 2020 wabona izigidi zabavoti bephosa iibhola zomvoti kwiqela elikhulu abangafuniyo, ukuvala nje elinye icala.
  • Ilock kunye nomthetho onika imvume: Iinkqubo ezimbini zingakhokelela kwizixhobo zomthetho ezinamandla, ingakumbi xa ulawulo lukarhulumente lwahlulwe. Iintlanganiso zingabeka iliso elingcono kwelinye icala phezu komthetho odlulisiweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekucinyweni kolawulo, ukulibazisekisa uqingqo-mali, nokucotha kweziphumo kwiimeko ezinzima.

Le miphumo ayiphepheki kwinkqubo yezahlulo ezimbini .Iinkqubo zepalamente ezimbini zivelisa iziphumo zentengiselwano , kodwa uguqulelo lwase U.S. ludityaniswe nonyulo oluphambili kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla zokukhupha ulwazi, ziqinisa amacala asezantsi.

Iindlela Ezinokusetyenziswa Kwinkqubo Yecandelo Elibini

Abahlalutyi benkqubo ye-U.S. kudala becebisa ukuba kuguqulwe isakhiwo esinokuvulela amaqela amaninzi. Ezinye iindlela ezininzi sele zisetyenziswa kwezinye idemokhrasi.

Inkqubo zecandelo elininzi

Kumazwe afana neJamani ne-U.K., umelo lokulungelelana luvumela amaqela amaninzi ukuba abelane ngegunya. Ukuba i-U.S. amaqela amancinci anokufumana izihlalo kwiKholamente elungelelanisa isabelo sawo sovoti. IJamani isebenzisa inkqubo exubeneyo yecandelo apho iBoundestag inyulwa ngokuba liqela kwaye isiqingatha ngeqela lidweliswe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane afana noGreens okanye iSiqithi seQela sifumana izihlalo. UBukumkani obumanyeneyo busasebenzisa kuqala intsika yokuqala ekhoyo kodwa bunendawo eninzi eluncedo ngenxa yamaqela emimandla (SNP, Pycreat) kunye nedevod palameters. Ukutshintsha kwesizwe ukulungiselela umgangatho wogcino lwe-unitmouse. Indlu ye-oglamenti, kunye noognomentine, kunye noognome.

Ukujija okuzinzileyo

Kukwabizwa ukurhoxa kovota, le nkqubo ivumela abavoti ukuba basebenzise i-chooce ye-octive. Ukuba akukho mvoti uphumelele ngokungqalileyo, ophantsi uphelisiwe kwaye amavoti arhoxisiwe de umntu abe noninzi. Oku kunciphisa “isiphumo se-athoralice" kwaye kunokuthi kukhuthaze amatheko amaninzi. Maine no-Alaska sele besebenzisa uvota olukwiziqu ezimeleyo kunyulo lukazwelo lukazwelo. [FT:]

Ukuhlahlela

Amanye amaphondo avumela abavoti ukuba banconywe ngamaqela amaninzi. Oku kunika amaqela amancinane indlela yokuphembelela unyulo ngaphandle kokwahlula ivoti. ENew York, umzekelo, iQela leNtsapho eliSebenzayo linganqumla-emva kweDemocrat, livumele abavoti ukuba bavote imigca yeWFP ngexesha lixhasa umvotelwa omnye. Oku kunika iqela elincinane impembelelo encinane kwiqonga elikhulu leqela. Uvotekoso lwaluqhelekile ngokwembali kwinkulungwane ye-19 kodwa lwavalwa kuninzi lwamazwe emva kokuba iPpopulist Party isebenzise ngokufezekileyo. Ukudibanisa umbanovelwano-vo lungavuselela impembelelo encinane kwicandelo elikhoyo elinecandelo amabini.

4. Unyulo lwe-nonpartistan

Kulonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, abatshatelwa basebenza ngaphandle koombhalo bamaqhina. Ukwandisa le ndlela kungaguqula uqwalaselo kulwazi lweqela ukuya kwizikhundla zomthetho womntu ngamnye. Isixeko saseMinneapolis sisebenzisa ukuvota okukwizikhundla eziphezulu kwimijaqo yebhunga yesixeko engeyoparatis, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aba nonyulo olungekho yinxalenye yecawa. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezitshintshela kwii-palamente, ezingezomthetho zizakunciphisa ubuchule beqela kwaye zivumele abazimeleyo nabathathi-sithathu ukuba bakhuphisane ngemikhono elinganayo. Noko ke, utshintsho olunjalo lufuna ukurhoxilongwa komgaqo-siseko wezomthetho kwiindawo ezininzi.

5. Utshintsho Olubalaseleyo

Izicelo ezifana nokwandisa iNdlu yabameli, ukutshintsha indlela iElectoral College esebenza ngayo, okanye ulwamkelo lomelo lunganciphisa ulawulo lwamaqela amabini. Le ndlu ibekwe kumalungu angama- 435 ukususela ngo-1929, phezu kwako nje ukuthatha abantu. Ukwandisa iNdlu ibe ngama-600 okanye ama-700 amalungu azakunciphisa ubungakanani besithili kwaye ahlise umqobo wabathathi-nxaxheba. Ikholeji ye-Electoral ingahlaziywa ngokudlula kweNational Popular Vote Interstative Comment, nto leyo enokuthi iphumeze ngokunelisayo ukuphumelela kokuthatha-o konke-osizwe-ngasese. [[FLT:] uLoversal [[FTLDFF: 1] uLover [1] uthe kwingxelo ye-DCC.C.C.ivote ye-195]

Imizekelo Yesithathu Kwimbali YaseUnited States

Ngelixesha inkqubo yamaqela amabini ilawula, amaqela esithathu aye avela ngamaxesha athile kwaye aphenjelelwa yinkqubo, ngokufuthi ngokunyanzela amaqela amakhulu ukuba amkele iingcamango zawo.

  • I-Nkqubela-phambili (“Boll Moose”) Iqela likhokelwa nguTheodore Roosevelt ngo1912, eyaphumelela isabelo esibalulekileyo sevoti (27% yevoti ethandwayo kunye 88 iivoti ezikhethiweyo) kwaye yatyhalela ulondolozo kunye notshintsho lwentlalo kucwangciso lwesizwe.
  • Iqela lePopulist lama-1890, elalixhasa abalimi nabasebenzi, laxhasa isilivere yamahhala, kwaye laphembelela iqonga leDidemocratic Partior phantsi kukaWilliam Jenning Bryan.
  • IQela lobuSoshiyali laseMelika, elaphumelela kwivoti ezingaphezulu kwe 90 000 ngo1912 laza lanyula uninzi lwamagosa asekuhlaleni, langenisa iingcamango ezifana neinshorensi yokungaqeshwa kunye nemali yomhlala-phantsi yakudala eyathi kamva yaduma.
  • Iqela leLibertrian kunye neqela loLuhlaza , eliqhubeka liqhuba abathathi-nxaxheba besizwe. Iqela leLibertrian Partium lafumana isabelo salo sovotelo oluphezulu (3.3%) ngo2016, ngelixa iGreen Party’s Jill Stein iphumelele 1% ngo2016, izoba ukugxekwa kwamazwi angundoqo anokuphenjelelwa kuDonald Trump.
  • Ross Perot’s Reform Party , eyaphembelela iingxoxo kwii- 1990 malunga norhwebo kunye nenkqubo ye-fiscal. Perot waphumelela 19% yevoti ethandwayo ngo-192] engcono kwicandelo lesithathu ukususela kwi Roosevelt . Kodwa umba wakhe (NAFTA, iintsilelo zoqingqo-mali) zamkelwa kamva ngamaqela amabini aphambili.
  • IQela lomGaqo-siseko namanye amaqela amancinane ngamanye amaxesha afumana iiofisi zomgangatho karhulumente, kodwa ifuthe lawo lobuzwe lihlala lincitshisiwe ngenxa yemiqobo yesakhiwo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba amalungu esithathu anokuyila impikiswano nokuba anqongophala nje ngokunqabileyo kunyulo. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokhetho, indima yawo iya kuhlala yeyokubaphangi okanye imizi - mveliso yengcinga kunokuba ikhuphiswe ngegunya.

Indlela Ngaphambili: Indlela Olunokwenzeka Ngayo Utshintsho

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral eUnited States ludume kakhulu kuba lamaqela mabini angundoqo alawula imithetho yomdlalo. Noko ke, utshintsho lungavela kumgangatho wombuso, kwintshukumo yengca, kunye nokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko.

  • UTshintsho lweSizwe loMgangatho: Ama-United States anamandla okutshintsha imithetho yawo yonyulo. IMaine ne-Alaska zamkelwa njengendawo yokuvota ngenyathelo le-collet; amanye amazwe angalandela. Umelo lweprojekthi lwendlu yowiso-mthetho lunakho, nangona lungafuna izithili ezintsha kunye nocelomngeni lwenkundla.
  • ISivumelwano seNational Vote Interstate: Ukuba iimeko zaneleyo zigqithisa intlaninge (ivoti ezikhethiweyo ezi-270 ezifunekayo), iElectoral College izakupheliswa ngokunempumelelo, icuthe isibambi secandelo amabini kunyulo lomongameli.
  • Ukusasaza indlu:[ Isenzo esilula seBhunga sinokwandisa inani lezihlalo zendlu, ezizakunciphisa ubungakanani besithili kwaye zikwenze kube lula kwiqela lesithathu ukuwina izihlalo ezizimeleyo ngaphandle kokwakha isixhobo sesizwe.
  • Isizathu sokutshintsha nokungafundi: Iintlangano ezifana RAPUS kunye ne Isizathu seCommon [ ixhasa utshintsho olubanzi lwezinyusi, kuquka ukuvota kwemimiselo yesehlo, ukuvela kwemali yesehlo, kunye namanyathelo okuchasa-germander.
  • Ukubekwa kwemiqobo: Ucelomngeni kumthetho wokufumana imvume kunye nemithetho yengxoxo yentlanganiso yetyala iphumelele kwezinye iinkundla, kwaye imiba eqhubekayo ingenza imiqobo esezantsi kwiqela lesithathu.

Ezi nguqulelo aziqinisekisi inkqubo eninzi ngephanyazo kodwa zidala iimpuphuma kwicandelo elinye. Kwanokwamkela inxalenye yovotelo olukwindawo ephantsi okanye ukuvota okudityanisiweyo kungakhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwelizwe lwezobupolitika apho amaqela esithathu eenqwelo eziphila ngokusetyenziswa kunokuba abembi.

Oko Abasebenzi Bemibhobho Banokukwenza Ngoku

Ngoxa kuthabatha ixesha ukutshintsha kwezakhiwo, abavoti ngabanye banokuthabatha amanyathelo okuxhasa ibutho leepolitiki ezahlukahlukeneyo:

  • Abaxhasi abaxhasa utshintsho lokhetho, nokuba baphuma kwiqela elikhulu. Uninzi lwezobupolitika zeDemokhrasi neRiphabliki luye lwaxhasa ukuvota okanye umelo lolwahlulo.
  • Zibonelele kwiprimerives zabahlaziyi abafuna utshintsho. Unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lusezantsi, lunika abavoti abavunyiweyo impembelelo esusiweyo.
  • Ngenela amaqela angenabudlelane anyanzela ukuba kuhlaziywe iinguqu zemali, kuvulwe amaziko aqhelekileyo, nakumaziko emali.
  • Zifundise ngokwawo nabanye ngendlela ezibunjwa ngayo iziphumo iinkqubo zokuvota. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokuvota kungabangela utshintsho.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yezahlulo ezibini ayingomthetho wendalo ``imveliso yemithetho eyenziwe ngabantu, kwaye abantu bangayitshintsha loo mithetho.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo engaqhelekanga eUnited States ingumphumela wembali, imithetho yonyulo, kunye nemiqobo yequmrhu. Ngeli xesha inika uzinzo, ibeka imida kunye nokukhetha. Iinkqubo ezingezinye iinkqubo . "ezifana ne-chooce-ocece-oced okanye umelo olulungelelanisiweyo" lungadala isithuba esingakumbi samaqela amatsha namazwi. Indlela yokulungisa ithoba kwaye ikhuphisana, kodwa ukunganeliseki okukhulayo ngencam yephepha, i-grickck, kwaye iziphumo ezikhoyo zicebisa ukuba umnqweno kawonke-wonke wokutshintsha kuyinto yokwenene. U-Revoti, ukuqonda iingcambutho zendlela ezimbini ezikhoyo kunye nezingekhoyo zokuzimo zokhetho. Ikamva leMelika linokuba lingena candelo labemi abafuna i-demokhrasi.