Imvelaphi Yomgaqo Omchasileyo

Zimbalwa iingcamango ezingundoqo kulawulo-mpukane lwaseMerika njengokwahlula icawa norhulumente. Oku kusekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlale engoondilele kwimicimbi yonqulo . Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi. Nangona kusoloko kuxutyushwa, ukwahlulwa kwecawa norhulumente kuye kwaguqula imbali, umthetho, kunye nobomi bentlalo ngendlela ezinzulu. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba kunceda ekuchazeni ukuba kuhlale kukho isiseko solwazi lwaseMerika.

Kodwa ingcamango ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo ngo-1789. Iimvelaphi zayo zanwenwela emva kwixesha lamathanga, xa abemi abaninzi babaleka iicawa kunye neemfazwe zonqulo zelizwe laseYurophu. URoger Williams, umseki weRhode Island ngo1636, waseka ikoloni engenayo icawa esemthethweni kwaye wamkela abantu bazo zonke iinkolo. Wabhala “ngodonga lokwahlukana” phakathi komyezo wecawa kunye nentlango yehlabathi. Kamva, uThomas Jefferson wasebenzisa isidiging ekwafanayo kwileta eya kuDanbustries, eqinisekisa ukuba uLawulo Lokuqala lwamanyuselo lwakhiwe“ luludonga phakathi kwecawa norhulumente.” Ibinzana lika-Defferson alizange livele kumGwamGwalm, kodwa lathimba iphule iphule imbono karhulumente: akazukuphazamisa kunqulo, kwaye urhulumente akamele avume.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko nesoMgaqo-siseko

Iintlawulo Ezimbini Zokuhlaziywa Kokuqala

[[UMGAQO-] IsiHlalisi sokuqala sichaza: [[I-'CT]]“ Awuyi kwenza mthetho ngokumiselwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo.”[ Oku kuqulethe iirekhodi ezimbini ezichanabileyo:

  • Ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi ka Claus: Urhulumente akanakuseka unqulo olusemthethweni, akhethe olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye, okanye axhase unqulo jikelele. Eli binzana lithintela ukuhlawula irhafu ekuxhaseni amaziko onqulo kwaye ligcina izikolo zikawonke-wonke, iinkundla zenkundla, kunye nezakhiwo zikarhulumente ekuhambiseleni phambili imiyalezo yonqulo.
  • IFree Exening Claus : Abantu ngabanye bakhululekile ukuqhelisela unqulo lwabo/okanye akukho nqulo konke konke ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente. Oku kukhusela iinkonzo ezincinci kunye nezingezo 76 ngokufanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isazela asinyanzeliswa ngurhulumente.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa izivumelwano zorhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoMphengululo we - 14, nto leyo ethetha ukuba urhulumente akanalo umlinganiselo ochaseneyo nolu khuseleko.

Amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iinkundla ziye zayiphucula imida ephakathi kwecawa nelizwe.

  • son v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947): INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukusekwa kuka-Claus kusebenza kumazwe kwaye yaxhasa umthetho waseNew Jersey ovumela ukuhlawulelwa kwemali yezithuthi zebhasi kwizikolo ze-parato, kodwa uluvo lwabaninzi lukaHugo Black luqinisekisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko “umyalelo wokuba urhulumente abe ngowobundilele kulwalamano lwawo namahlelo amakholwa kunye nabangengomakholwa.”
  • Engel v. Vitale [1962]]: INkundla yawubetha phantsi umthandazo owenziweyo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, nokuba abafundi banokukhetha ngaphandle. Umthandazo ogunyazisiweyo, abagwebi ababanjwayo, baphula u-Clause ngokunyanzela isenzo sonqulo esisemthethweni.
  • Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971][[FLT:]: ukusekwa kwe-“Lemon" ukugqiba ukuba umthetho uyawuphula uqalo luka Claus: kufuneka ube nenjongo yehlabathi, imele ingabi naphambili okanye ithintele unqulo, kwaye ingayikeli urhulumente ogqithisileyo odityaniswe nonqulo. Nangona uvavanyo lulungisiwe, luhlala lululo uvavanyo.
  • Kennedy v. Bremeton School District [202]]: INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umthandazo wabucala womqeqeshi webhola ekhatywayo kwisikolo ukhuselekile phantsi kwe Free Exening Claus, logama nje inganyanzelwanga okanye inxalenye yomsebenzi wesikolo esisemthethweni. Le meko ihlaziyiwe phakathi komdla nemicimbi yokuzilolonga.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana KweCawa Norhulumente Kube Yingxaki

Lo mgaqo awuyonto nje engabonakaliyo, kodwa uneengenelo ezicacileyo kwibutho labantu elahlukeneyo, elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi.

1. Ikhusela Wonke Umntu Ngenkululeko Yonqulo

Xa urhulumente engekho kunqulo, abantu banokunqula, batshintshe iinkolelo zabo okanye bangabi naluloyiko lokohlwaywa okanye lokwahlukana nabanye abantu, loo nkululeko idlulela kuzo zonke iinkonzo, kungekhona nje izininzi.

2. Iqinisekisa unyango olulinganayo phantsi koMthetho

Akukho nkonzo ifumana intengiso ekhethekileyo, ukunconywa okusemthethweni, okanye ukufunyanwa ngokusesikweni kwemithombo yoluntu.

3. Ilondoloza Ulawulo Lwehlabathi

IMelika yenye yamazwe ahlukene kakhulu ngokonqulo ehlabathini. Ngaphezu kwama-70% abantu abadala bavumelana nonqulo, kodwa bonke abaseleyo baquka abangakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo, abathi akukho Thixo, kunye namarhamente ezithethe ezingakho e-PNG Western. Imithetho yehlabathi .", esekelwe kwingqiqo, kubungqina, nakumalungelo ehlabathi lonke, kwaye ivumela abantu bajongene neembono ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ukuba baphile kunye phantsi kwesiseko soluntu esinye. Njengoko abaseki beqonda, ukuxuba umthetho wesizwe nemfundiso yonqulo kukhuthaza iiyantlukwano nokungaguquguquki.

4. Inciphisa Ungquzulwano Lonqulo Nengxabano Yamakhaya

Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu eYurophu ukusa kugonyamelo lwale mihla lwamahlelo kwezinye iindawo, imbali ibonisa ukuba unqulo oluye lwangcungcuthekiswa ludla ngokukhokelela kwintshutshiso nokuphalazwa kwegazi. Ngokugcina urhulumente engoondilele, iUnited States yakuphepha ungquzulwano oluninzi. Ngoxa kusekho iimbambano zonqulo, ummiselo osemthethweni uyawathintela ekungeneleni kwiimfazwe zamakhaya okanye kulawulo lobuthixo.

5. Ixhasa Umbono Womseki Worhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Abalawuli baphenjelelwa ngokunzulu ziingcinga zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke, owathi urhulumente wabemi akanagunya phezu kosindiso lwemiphefumlo. UJames Madison, umyili oyintloko womGaqo-siseko, wabhala ukuba “unqulo lwamntu ngamnye ngoko lumele lushiywe kwinkolo nakwisazela somntu ngamnye.” Ukwahlukana kuqinisa ukuzinikela okubanzi kweMelika ekusikelwe umda korhulumente nenkululeko.

6. Iqinisa Imigaqo - siseko Yonqulo

Ngokucacileyo, ukwahlukana kusenokunceda ukwanda konqulo. Xa iicawa, izindlu zesikhungu, iinkonzo zeenkonzo neetempile zixhomekeke kwinkxaso yokuzithandela kunokuba zinyanzelwe ngurhulumente, zikhululekile ukuvelisa izithethe ezinyanisekileyo nokuthetha ngokunyanisekileyo zinegunya. Kumazwe aneecawa ezimisiweyo, amaziko onqulo ngokufuthi aba ngawamabhongo yaye aphulukana nobungqabaqaba bokomoya.

7. Ixhasa inzululwazi, Imfundo nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke osekelwe kubungqina

Urhulumente wehlabathi uvumela izikolo zikawonke wonke ukuba zifundise imbono engokwenzululwazi − njengokuguqula kwendaleko kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu (_ngaphandle kokuhlolisiswa kwezakwalizwi). Izigqibo zomthetho kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, kwimigaqo yezoqoqosho, kunye nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho zinokubekwa kwinkcazelo esekelwe kwimfundiso esekelwe kwimiba engekho mthethweni kunokuba ibe yimfundiso yonqulo. Oku akuthethi ukuba ukholo lungakhutshwa kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke; abantu bokholo bangaphikisana ngemilinganiselo yabo. Kodwa igunya lokugqibela lomthetho limele lixhomekeke kwizizathu ezifikelelekayo kubo bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baneenkolelo entweni.

Ukungaqondani Okuqhelekileyo NgeCawa ■ Ukwahlukana Kwesizwe

Phezu kwayo nje imbali yayo ende engokwasemthethweni, lo mgaqo ngokufuthi awuchazwa kakuhle. Ukucacisa ezi ngcamango ziphosakeleyo kubalulekile kwingxoxo enyanisekileyo.

  • Ayilwaleli unqulo kubomi bukawonke-wonke. Abantu bahlala bekhululekile ukuthandaza, banxibe iimpahla zonqulo, babonise imiqondiso, bazenze amaqela onqulo. Ukwahlukana kuyalela kuphela urhulumente ekuvumeleni okanye ekukhetheni unqulo. Umfundi angathandaza ngokuzolileyo esikolweni; igosa likawonke-wonke lisenokunqula ngeCawa; ibhunga lesixeko lingavula intlanganiso yalo ngomzuzu wokuthula.
  • Ayilwi `````Unqulo'.' Umgaqo ukhusela amakholwa kunye nabangengomakholwa ngokufanayo. Abakholelwa kubuYuda, amaSilamsi, amaKristu, namaSikh ayangenelwa ngokulinganayo xa urhulumente ehlala engathathi cala. Njengoko iJaji Robert Jackson yabhala, “Umhla eli lizwe eliyekwa kukhululeka ngalo ngenxa yonqulo, liya kuyeka ukukhululeka kunqulo."
  • Ayifuni kususwa zonke iimpawu zonqulo kwimpahla kawonke-wonke. Iinkundla ezahlula phakathi kwentetho yonqulo lwabucala (ekhuselweyo) kunye nemifanekiso ebekwe ngurhulumente. Umnqamlezo obekwe kwisikhumbuzo semfazwe unakho ukuvunywa ukuba unentsingiselo yembali; umnqamlezo omiswe ngurhulumente kwindlu yomthetho yenkundla asiyomicimbi. Umxholo.
  • Ayiwaleli amazwi onqulo ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Iinkokeli zonqulo kunye nabemi bangaxhasa imithetho esekelwe kukholo lwabo .Njengokuba abemi behlabathi benoko. Umgca unqamlezwa xa urhulumente ethatha imbono yamahlelo njengesizathu esisemthethweni somthetho, okanye xa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto inceda iqela elinye lonqulo.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi zokwenene ngo-2009 zolwahlulo

Izikolo Zaselubala

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo apho ulwahlulo lubonakala khona qha kwaye luye lwaphikiswa kakhulu kumfundo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasoloko ikholelwa ukuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke, njengamaziko karhulumente, azinakukhokela abafundi emthandazweni okanye ekufundeni iBhayibhile. Noko ke, abafundi basenokuthandaza ngasese, bazenze iiklasi zonqulo (kunye ne-Act of the Excence Access), kwaye bavakalise iinkolelo zabo kwizabelo zabo. Injongo kukulondoloza imeko yokufunda engondilele apho abantwana bazo zonke imvelaphi baziva bemkelekile.

Ukuxhasa Ngorhulumente Nemibutho Yonqulo

Ukumiswa kuka-Clausle kudla ngokuxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente yonqulo okanye yokufundisa. Kodwa imibutho esekelwe kukholo (8) ingafumana imali yokuhlawula irhafu ukwenzela iinkonzo zezwe . njengokufunza abo bangenamakhaya okanye ukunikezela ngokuchacha- lula (ukulungiselela ukuba imali ingasetyenziswa ekuguquleni abantu). Le “Nkqutyana-ntle" ingumzekelo oxhaswa yiNkundla, ivumela amaqela onqulo ukuba akhonze uwonke wonke ngaphandle kokukhuthaza icawa norhulumente.

Isithembiso sokungavumelani nenye into kunye nesithi “Phantsi koThixo”

ISifungo soMbutho siquka ibinzana elithi “phantsi koThixo,” edityaniswe yiKhonkxa yoNkqulu yowe-1954. IiNkundla ziye zathi iSifungo singumGaqo-siseko kuba siluhlanga, asilulo unqulo, imithambo, kwaye kungenxa yokuba abafundi basenokukhetha ukukhetha. Noko ke, eli binzana lihlala liphikisana, kwaye abanye bacinga ukuba likwaphula umthetho ongqongqo. Inkoliso yemiqobo ayiphumelelanga, kodwa le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ivavanya imida.

Imilinganiselo Yonqulo EkwiMithetho Eqhelekileyo Esetyenziswayo

I-Free Execreence Claus maxa wambi ifuna indawo yokuhlala kwizenzo zonqulo ezingqubana nemithetho yehlabathi. Umzekelo, i-Religious Free Reconstruct Act (1993) kunye nemithetho efanayo karhulumente ivumela ukukhulula xa urhulumente enomdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye esebenzisa iindlela ezingqongqo. Kodwa iinkundla zikwamisela ukukhulula abantu xa zisenzakalisa amalungu esithathu qha, ngokomzekelo, ukuvumela ugqirha ukuba angavumi ukuphelisa ukuthintela ukukhawula kusenokungqubana nelungelo lomguli lokufumana impilo. Ukulinganisela inkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo kungumngeni oqhubekayo.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Lokwahlukana

Ezinye iinkokeli zezobupolitika ziye zaphikisa ngelithi ubuKristu bumele buvunywe ngakumbi, zicaphula ilifa lonqulo lolu hlanga.

Kwakhona ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa kunye namajelo eendaba oluntu ayenza ibe nzima imicimbi. Amagosa karhulumente asenokusebenzisa iingxelo zobuqu ukuvakalisa iimbono zonqulo, aphakamise imibuzo ephathelele ukuchotshelwa kwesigidimi. Yaye njengoko ibutho labantu lisiya lihluka-hluka, umahluko phakathi kwendawo yokuhlala eyamkelekileyo nokuxhasa okungekho mgaqweni uyatshintsha. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumelana nezi ngxaki, ngokufuthi zifikelela izigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeka kumangqina.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpikiswano, umgaqo ongundoqo usaxhaswa ngokubanzi. Iingxelo zisoloko zibonisa ukuba uninzi oluqinileyo lwamaMerika luxabisa ukwahlukana kwecawa 76 yephondo, njengokuba lungavumelaniyo kwiizicelo ezithile. Isakhiwo somthetho siye sangqineka sibhetyebhetye-bhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuze silungelelene neemeko ezintsha ngoxa silondoloza imbono esisiseko yobundilele bonqulo.

Isiphelo: Ukhuseleko Lolawulo - melo Nenkululeko

Ukwahlula icawa norhulumente [[FLT: 1] asiyongcamango esemthethweni kuphela ```i-demokhrasi' nenkululeko. Ngokugcina urhulumente engondilele kwimicimbi yonqulo, ikhusela ukungalingani, ithintele ukungalingani, kwaye ikhusela inkululeko ethenjiswe kuMphetho wokuqala. Kulo lizwe olwahlukileyo njenge United States, lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenzela bonke abantu ngokusesikweni, kungakhathaliseki iinkolelo zabo.

Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nabenzi bomthetho belungisa imida, abemi bangenza kakuhle ukukhumbula ubulumko bomseki: unqulo luphumelela kakuhle xa lukhululekile kulawulo lwezwe, kwaye idemokhrasi iphumelela kakuhle xa urhulumente ehlala engathathi cala kwimicimbi yesazela. Abo banqwenela ukuhlolisisa lo mbandela ngokubhekele phaya, i-Cornell Information Institute [] inika uhlalutyo olunkileyo lweFirst Remplication jurisppecide. [[FLT:]] IZiko lophatho Lophando lophando [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] linika inkcazelo eluncedo engokwamananini kokwahlukeneyo nakuqhekekileyo. Kwaye ngokwembono engokwembali, [FLT]]

Ukwahlulwa kwecawa nelizwe kuye kwasebenza njengentsika yokulawula kweMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo kuxhomekeke kubemi nakumagunya ayiqondayo injongo yayo aze akhusele ingqibelelo yayo. Kwibutho labantu abakholelwa kwizinto ezininzi, akukho mgaqo unika isiseko esingcono sokulingana kwenkululeko yonqulo nedemokhrasi.