Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngamaxwebhu omthetho asisiseko achaza isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nemida yoorhulumente belizwe ngeli xesha bekhusela amalungelo abantu babo. Ngokungafaniyo nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., omisela isiseko sikarhulumente, umgaqo-siseko ngamnye uyimithetho elungelelaniswe ngqo ebumba imithetho, imimiselo, kunye neenkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Abemi abaninzi bazi okuncinane ngala maxwebhu, ukanti umgaqo-siseko uthe wawalungisa rhoqo kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, yaye ngokufuthi uthetha ngemicimbi yobuqu yabantwana bakho kunye nendlela oziphethe ngayo iimfuno zakho zempilo kunye neenkqubo zokhetho. Ukuqonda umgaqo-mthetho wakho kukunika igunya lokugcina amagosa ekufuneka athathe inxaxheba, yaye xa kuxa kuthenjiwe amalungelo akho athe namalungelo. Eli nqaku licacisa ukuba kutheni nakuchaza zonke iimeko ezi meko zemeko zemeko ezikumgangatho wobomi bakho kunye neenkqubo.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela isiseko solawulo lukarhulumente. Zichaza amasebe amathathu `e-expanex, owiso-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho-"a kwaye abeke phantsi amandla awo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nemiqathango. Kumazwe amaninzi, umgaqo-siseko wenza irhuluneli njengentloko-ntloko, indlu yowiso-mthetho (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraskal, enequmrhu eline-akhameyal), kunye nenkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko umisela imithetho yendlela la masebe asebenza ngayo, kuquka inkqubo yokumisa, i-veto, imigaqo yokumisela, kunye neenkqubo zokuquququzelela, nokuqinisekisa inkqubo yokuqinisekisa inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa kumgangatho karhulumente.

Ngaphandle kokuseka ulawulo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udla ngokuquka amalungiselelo aneenkcukacha kwimithetho yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, inkonzo yasekuhlaleni, irhafu, kunye netyala likarhulumente. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko omninzi ufuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo okanye ubeke imida engqongqo ekubolekeni. Ukwachaza inkqubo yokuhlaziya, ukusekwa kwamaqumrhu karhulumente, kunye neendlela zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Le mithetho yesakhiwo ayiphelelanga; iyaguquka ngokuphuma ekuphelisweni kweminye nenkcazelo yenkundla, yenza umgaqo-siseko ube luxwebhu oluphilayo olubonisa ukutshintsha kwezinto eziphambili zabantu.

Ngokwembali, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wangaphambi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wasemthethweni wabhalwa ngo1776, ngexesha leMvukelo-nguquko yaseMerika, kwaye wasebenza njengeegumbi zogcino-lwazi lwedemokhrasi. Umgaqo-siseko we-U.S. watsala kakhulu kula maxwebhu karhulumente, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokwahlulwa kwamandla kunye namatyala amalungelo. Namhlanje, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uyaqhubeka usebenza njengezixhobo ezichanabileyo zokulawula, ngokufuthi unika ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo kunomGaqo-siseko worhulumente. Umzekelo, imimiselo emininzi yezomthetho iqinisekisa ilungelo lokufumana imfundo kawonke wonke, ilungelo eliboniswa kuphela kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abemi

Esinye sezizathu ezinyanzelisayo zokuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho kukuba usoloko unikela ukhuseleko olubanzi nolukhethekileyo kunalo mGaqo-siseko wesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ubeka umgangatho ongaphantsi(-scheminthi encinane yamalungelo angenakungena ngaphantsi/$kanye amazwe akhululekile ukunyusa amalungelo awongezelelekileyo. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ungawakhusela ngokuphandle amalungelo afana nokuzimela, umgangatho wemekobume, amalungelo abasebenzi, nokufikelela kwimpilo, ezingabalwanga kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uquka ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa eliye lasetyenziswa ukukhusela ukuzimela kokuzala, nasemva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kumaDobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa akwintlangano yempilo. Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya, iFlorida, kunye neKansas anezindululo ezikhusela ukuqhomfa phantsi kwemigaqo-siseko ye-mgaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, imimiselo yomthetho eMontanant neMichigan iqinisekisa ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okucocekileyo nokuphila okunempilo, ivumela abemi ukuba bangenele ekungcoleni kobume obusingqongileyo.

Imfundo yenye indawo apho umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udlula khona ukhuseleko lukarhulumente. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. u-U.S. uninzi lomgaqo-siseko worhulumente uquka intlawulo yemfundo enyanzela urhulumente ukuba anikezele inkqubo yesikolo esikhululekileyo. Amanye amazwe aye ahambela phambili, njengorhulumente waseWashington, omgaqo-siseko wakhe ufuna urhulumente ukuba “wenze amalungiselelo anele imfundo yabo bonke abantwana.” Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunikezeleni isiseko somthetho wokuxhasa isikolo kwiinkonzo zokuxhasa ukuxhasa isikolo, kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zenkundla eziyalela ukwandisa imfundo ukuze kufikelele imigangatho yomgaqo-siseko.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukwakhusela amalungelo empahla, amalungelo emisebenzi, kunye namalungelo okuvota ngeendlela ezinokuba zinkulu kakhulu kunomthetho wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uyawathintela ngokungqalileyo amakhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obungazimiseli (ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho), ngoxa abanye beqinisekisa ilungelo lokulungiselela okanye ukuseka umvuzo omncinane. Xa abemi bevakalelwa ukuba amalungelo abo orhulumente awanele okanye aphantsi kwesisongelo, basoloko bephethukela kumgaqo-siseko wabo njengolunye uhlobo olunamandla. Oku kuye kwenza umthetho wemithetho-siseko wesizwe ube ngumhlaba onamandla, kunye nabaxhasi bokuphembelela ukuhla kwemi kwimicimbi efana nephulo mkhosi, ukurhoxanduva ifenyo emali, kunye namalungelo ezindlu.

Impembelelo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Ukususela kwixesha ovuka ngalo de ulale, uchaze amalungiselelo omgaqo - siseko abumba iinkonzo ozifumanayo, imithetho oyilandelayo, nerhafu oyihlawulayo.

Imfundo

Njengoko kuchaziwe, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uyalela ukulungiselela imfundo karhulumente. Oku kuchaphazela ubungakanani bodidi, imigangatho yokufundisa, iimfaneleko zokufundisa, kunye neenkqubo zemali yesikolo. Xa abazali bexhasa izikolo ezingcono okanye xa abamisi-mthetho bethetha ngengxoxo okanye izikolo ze-tracm, basebenza phakathi komgaqo-siseko wezwe labo. Amanyathelo okwandisa inkxaso-mfundo adla ngokufuna ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ngenxa yokuba umgaqo-siseko umisela isiseko semali.

Impilo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uliqela uquka ilungelo lokunyamekela impilo okanye ukubeka iimbopheleleko kurhulumente ukulungiselela iinkonzo zempilo. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko waseHawaii uvakalisa ukuba urhulumente “uya kulungiselela ukukhusela nokukhuthaza impilo kawonke-wonke.” U-Oregon unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ekufikeleleni kwezempilo. La malungiselelo angasetyenziswa ukuvavanya ukunqanda uMedicaid okanye iinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente omninzi uquka ukupheliswa komjelo okanye amalungelo omguli achaphazela ukunikezelwa konyango lwempilo.

Irhafu neMali kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ubeka imiqathango engqongqo kwirhafu kunye nokuboleka urhulumente. Umzekelo, iPhondo yeKhalifoniya ye-13 (1978) sisilungiso somgaqo-siseko esichaphazela irhafu yempahla kwaye sithintela ukuphinda intlawulo yepropati, ichaphazela wonke umnini-khaya kunye nomqeshi werhafu kwiphondo. Ngokufanayo, iBhili yeTaxi yeSikolo samaLungelo (TABOR) ifuna ukuba umvoti werhafu ifumane intrafuze ingeniso engakumbi. Le mithetho-mthetho-siseko ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imali yakho yerhafu, imali ekhoyo yendlela nepaki, kunye nelungelo likarhulumente lokuphendula kwimibango yezoqoqosho.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza amalungelo ommangalelwa, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, ilungelo lokufumana ibheyile, kunye nezokhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inokhuseleko olomeleleyo kuneSihlalo sesine soMmiselo, njengokufuna isiqinisekiso sendlela yokusebenza kwe-cell data. Kwakhona bamisela imigaqo yehambo yamapolisa, iimeko zentolongo, nokusetyenziswa kwegunya. Imibutho yakutshanje yokuhlaziya imali okanye ulonwabo olusemthethweni lwenkcitho lwemali okanye umya isoloko iqala njengemiqathango yemithetho-siseko okanye ilwe ngokwemimiselo yemithetho-siseko.

Indlela uMgaqo-siseko weSizwe owahluke ngayo kumGaqo-siseko waseU.S.

Nangona zombini zingamaxwebhu asisiseko, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente wahluke kakhulu kubude bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngobude, iinkcukacha, kunye nokurhoxiswa kobuninzi. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. uyaziwa ngokufutshane (malunga ne-7,7,500) kwaye uguqulwe kuphela amaxesha angama-7, kwaye ulungelelwaniso lwemithetho-siseko yesizwe lude kakhulu kwaye lunenkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Umgaqo-siseko we-Alabama, umzekelo, ungaphezu kwama-300,000, ubukhulu bexesha lokuphela kweengxaki zolawulo lwengingqi kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Umgaqo-siseko wezoburhulumente uphinda ulungiswe rhoqo. Ngelixesha indibano yezomGaqo-siseko okanye uvotelo oluphezulu lufuneka ekulungiseni izinto zezwe, uninzi lwamazwe luvumela iindlela ezininzi: izicelo zomthetho, inyathelo lokuqala, kunye neendibano zomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente ingahlaziywa rhoqo ukuze kubonakale uluvo lukawonke wonke. Impikiswano efana nomtshato osusela phambili, ukwenziwa komchamo womthetho-monzakalo, kunye nolwando oluncinane lwemali oluye lwenziwa ngomgaqo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi, kanti utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luhlala lunqabile.

Omnye umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udla ngokuquka iinkcukacha zenkqubo eziya kushiywa kumthetho-mthetho womthetho kumgangatho worhulumente. Imithetho yomanyano ingatshintshwa yiBhunga, kodwa imithetho emininzi yesizwe ifakwe kumgaqo-siseko, iyenze kube nzima ukuyitshintsha. Oku kungaba yintsikelelo kunye nesiqalekiso ``ikhusela iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo kwimithetho-mthetho ephinda ibekwe kodwa ikwatshixa iingcebiso ezinokuthi ziphelelwe lixesha okanye zibe neziphumo ezingento.

Inkqubo yokuHlaliswa kumGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Ukuqonda indlela umgaqo-siseko wezwe olungiswa ngayo kubalulekile ukwenzela ukuba ube ngummi othembisiweyo. Inkqubo yokulungisa iyahluka ngokwemeko kodwa iquka enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Isicelo somthetho: Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe igqithisa utshintsho ngevoti ye-majority enkulu (ekusoloko kusiba zii-3 ezimbini), kwaye ke inikezelwe kubavoti ukuze ifumaneke kwi-asentemu.
  • Isinyathelo sokuqala: Kumazwe amalunga ne 18, abemi bangacebisa ukuba kulungiswe izicelo ngokuqokelela inani elifunekayo lotyikityo lwezicelo. Ukuba utyikityo lwanele luqinisekisiwe, i-mendient ihamba kwibhola yevoti engqalileyo. Oku sisixhobo esinamandla ukwenzela iingca zomsebenzi wobunyani.
  • Indibano yeKonsitugali: Amanye amazwe avumela ukuba indibano ibizwe ukucebisa ukutshintsha okuninzi okanye ukuphinda-phinda okupheleleyo komgaqo-siseko. Iindibano zinqabile kodwa zenzeke kumazwe amaninzi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.
  • Isicelo somgunyaziso: Amazwe ambalwa asebenzisa ikhomishini yokuzihlaziya yomgaqo-siseko ecebisa ukubuyiselwa ngqo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kumavoti.

Ukulungisa imicimbi kuba imisela indlela osabela ngayo umgaqo-siseko ekutshintsheni iimeko. Umzekelo, amatyala aphambili abemi aye abona ukunyuka kokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko kwimibandela efana namalungelo okuqhomfa, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nokulungisa isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Kwelinye icala, ichaza ukuba ukuxhomekeka kuphela kwizicelo zomthetho kusenokufuna inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisn, iyenze ibe nzima ukuphelisa umgaqo-siseko. Abami kufuneka bayazi inkqubela yokulungisa imo-mthetho ukuze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo, ngokuxhasa okanye ngokuphikisa imiba yemithetho, okanye ngokuqalisa eyabo.

Ukuqwalasela iinkcukacha kwindlela yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko wesizwe, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yeSizwe inika ushwankathelo olulungileyo kuwo onke amazwe angama-50.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Banyamekele

Azikho izizathu ezininzi zokuba ummi ngamnye afanele abe nomdla kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe:

  • Ukuvota ekulungisweni: Amazwe amaninzi anemilinganiselo yonyulo qho onke umjikelo wonyulo ocebisa ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko. Ukuvota kwakho kula manyathelo kunamandla asemthethweni afanayo nawokuvota umvoteli./ kwaye amaxesha amaninzi inempembelelo ehlala ixesha elide kuba ukubuyiselwa kunzima ukutshintsha kunemimiselo.
  • Amalungelo okukhusela: Xa ukhuseleko lwesizwe lubuthathaka okanye lungaqinisekanga, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unganika enye indlela yokukhusela amalungelo akho. Abameli benkululeko yasekuhlaleni, ubulungisa bemeko-bume, kunye nokulingana kwezoqoqosho ngokuqhubekayo bajika batshintshela kwimithetho-siseko njengeendlu zogcino-lwazi eziqhubela phambili.
  • urhulumente oziphendulela: ukwazi imida yamandla karhulumente kukunceda uqonde xa urhulumente egqitha igunya lakhe. Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphula umthetho wemithetho karhulumente olawulwa ngumthetho omnye womthetho, okanye ukuba irhuluneli igqithisa amandla ayo, ungawuvavanya.
  • Ukuncedisa kutshintsho: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wakho ufuna ukukhutshwa (nokuba kunjalo ukususa amalungiselelo aphelelwe lixesha), ukongeza amalungelo amatsha, okanye ukulungisa ukungalungisi kwesakhiwo (ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa linyathelo lokuqala. Amanyathelo axhotyiswe ngokunempumelelo umgaqo-siseko wezwe oguquliweyo kwimiba enjenge rediprogation, imali yempempempe, kunye nemida yamaxesha.
  • ukudityaniswa komthetho: ukufundisa abafundi ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukukhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala kwesizwe. Amazwana amaninzi afuna uvavanyo lwezentlalo oluquka imibuzo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kodwa nabantu abadala banokungenelwa ngokukhangela la maxwebhu.

Imibutho enjenge Brennan Center yeJaji ilandela kwaye ihlalutya ngokukhutheleyo inkqubela-phambili yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, inika abemi kunye nabamisi-mthetho ngokufanayo. Ukuhlala wazi ngemeko-bume yesizwe sakho kusisenzo sokubophelela uluntu esinika iingenelo ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nokulungisa ikamva lengingqi yakho.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente yindawo ephantsi kwemithetho-siseko elawula amaMelika kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ichaza isakhiwo soorhulumente borhulumente, ikhusela isiseko esibanzi samalungelo kunamalungelo esizwe, kwaye iphembelela ngqo yonke imiba yenkqubo echaphazela iintsapho kunye nabantu abahlala kunye neendawo (imfundo, inkxalabo yezempilo, irhafu, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kodwa, abantu abaninzi abazi nto ngala maxwebhu abalulekileyo. Ngokufunda ngomgaqo-siseko worhulumente wakho, imigaqo yawo, kunye nokupheliswa kwawo, uba ngumvoti-voti onolwazi ngakumbi nomntu ophumelelayo kwimibandela ozikhathalelayo. Ngexesha elizayo ubona umlinganiselo obonisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko umele ulwenziswe, bathathe ixesha lokuwufunda ngokungqongqo. Umthetho wakho umgaqo-siseko wakho umele ulwe kwaye ulwe.