Ukwazisa: Yintoni Elindelekileyo?

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yenkqubo yomthetho eqinisekisa ububulungisa, ubulungisa, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kwisenzo soburhulumente sobuqu. Embilini yayo, imo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo emiselwe ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni. Le ngcamango ayiyomfundiso esemthethweni nje esemthethweni; yimfundiso ephilayo eye yatshintsha kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ukuze ibumbe indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisana ngayo nabo balawulayo. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nakumntu nabani na onomdla kumthetho nakwimbali, imfuneko yokuqonda imigaqo esisiseko yokulungelelanisa imicimbi yedemokhrasi.

Ibinzana elithi “umgaqo-nkqubo oya phambili” livela ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine, kodwa imvelaphi yawo isekelwe nzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi. Lo mgaqo ukhusela abantu kuzo zonke iinqanaba lokusebenzisana okusemthethweni . "ukusuka ekubotshweni nasekuvavanyweni kumthetho nasekumiselweni kolawulo." Le nkcazelo ibanzi iza kuhlolisisa imvelaphi yembali, iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo (inkqubo ezingundoqo kunye nezisezantsi), imimiselo engundoqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, imibango yenkundla ebalaseleyo, kunye neezicelo ezisebenzayo kwimfundo nakubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imbali Ngenkqubo Eyayiza Kulandela

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Oqhelekileyo WesiNgesi

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo inemvelaphi yakudala, kodwa eyona nkcazelo yayo idumileyo yamandulo ifumaneka kwiMagna Carta ka-1215. U-Claus 39 weMagna Carta wavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo “onokuthathwa okanye avalelwe entolongweni... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Eli binzana lithi “umthetho welizwe” ngukhokhokho othe ngqo woko ngoku sikubiza ngokuba yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Kwiinkulungwane ezilandelayo, iinkundla neePalamente zamaNgesi zandisa lo mgaqo ngezigqibo kunye nemimiselo efana nomthetho efana nomthetho weSikolo sasekunene (1628) kunye neSixeko samaNgesi samaLungu (1689).

Ingcali yamaNgesi uMhlekazi Edward Coke ngokubhekele phaya yavelisa ingcamango yokuba “umthetho welizwe” wawuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakuthatha inyathelo elingqongqo. Iincwadi zakhe zaphembelela ngamandla abalandeli bamaMelika, abadibanisa ulwimi olufanelekileyo kwimiqathango yabo kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente.

Uphuhliso EUnited States

Xa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wabhaliswa ngowe-1787, ekuqaleni wawungenayo inkqubo ecacileyo. Noko ke, uMphengululo wesihlanu, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, wanika ukuba “akukho mntu uya kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.” Lo msirhelelo wasetyenziswa kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe. Emva kwemfazwe karhulumente, uMphetho weshumi elinesine weSimende (1868) wandisa lo mthetho ofanayo, usithi akukho rhulumente uya kuthi “ayi kuhluthe namnye umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Le ntloko ithe gqiza kuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngokuchasene norhulumente.

  • 1215:[[FLT] [1] IMagna Carta imisa imigaqo yenkqubo efunekayo.
  • [[UMKUBE: 0] 1791: IsiHlanzi sesihlanu siquka inkqubo efunekayo kurhulumente worhulumente.
  • 1868: IsiHlanisi seMiphetho yeshumi elinesine sidlulisela ukhuseleko olufunekayo kwizenzo zikarhulumente.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yachaza ukuHlaziywa kweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine “ukungalingani” uninzi lweSigqeba samalungelo kumazwe, sisebenzisa imigaqo efanayo efunekayo kwilizwe lonke. Le ngcamango ikwasasazeke ehlabathini lonke, iphembele izindululo zamalungelo abantu neenkundla zomgaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke.

Iindidi zenkqubela elindelekileyo

Due process is divided into two distinct but related categories: procedural due process and substantive due process. Each serves a different function in the legal system, though both aim to prevent government overreach.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo yenkcazelo efunekayo ibuza: zeziphi iinkqubo urhulumente amele azilandele ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye into? Lithuba lokuviwa ngexesha elinentsingiselo nangendlela enentsingiselo. Iziqalelo ezingaphakathi ziquka isaziso esaneleyo, ukuva kakuhle phambi koMenzi-zigqibo ongakhethiyo, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina nokubiza amangqina, kunye nelungelo lokumela umthetho. Ezi zimfuno ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kumongo(-) welingwa ngokungqongqo kunezo zifuna imigaqo engqongqo kunezo ziviwo zolawulo.

  • Inqaku lophawu: Umntu kufuneka axelelwe ngetyala okanye isenzo esicetyiweyo ngokucacileyo nangaphambili.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva: Ithuba lokunikela iimpikiswano kunye nobungqina phambi kwenkundla engakhethekiyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo kwiSicelo: umelo olusemthethweni, ingakumbi kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho apho ukuphulukana nenkululeko kusengozini.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Appal: Unikezelo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuhlola iimpazamo kuqhubekeko lokuqala.

Amathews v. Eldridge [1997], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasungula uvavanyo lokulinganisela ukufumana ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo efunekayo: umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, ubungozi bokungafunwa kwendlela ephosakeleyo phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, nomdla karhulumente kwimpumelelo kunye nexabiso. Le ndlela ithambileyo iqonda ukuba akuyo yonke imeko efuna ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi kwemiqathango ilinganisela oko urhulumente anokukwenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo. Ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba urhulumente unika imigaqo egqibeleleyo yokukhusela indalo. La malungelo ajongwa njengasekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe sohlanga ukuba akanakugqunywa ngaphandle komdla worhulumente.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Amalungelo okhuseleko: izigqibo ezigqithisileyo malunga nokuthintela ukukhawula, umtshato, kunye nokuzala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ekunene ukutshata: Ukuqwalaselwa njengelungu elingundoqo Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwingqibelelo yomzimba: Ukuquka ilungelo lokwala unyango.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya kuhamba: Inkululeko yokuhamba phakathi kolawulo.

Le mfundiso yavela ngeminyaka yee-1920 kunye neyoo-1930, kodwa yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwiminyaka yee-1960 kunye nee-1970, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezimalunga namalungelo okuzala kunye nenkululeko yokuzilawula kwentsapho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo efunekayo encinci evumela abagwebi ukuba bafunde imilinganiselo yabo kumGaqo-siseko, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi kubalulekile ukukhusela inkululeko kwingcinezelo yoorhulumente.

Kunye, inkqubo efunekayo yokukhupha imbewu neyimingxuma ingukhuselo olubanzi olukhusela abantu kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo nemithetho engekho ngqiqweni.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uqulethe amabinzana amabini aphambili enkqubo efunekayo. UHlaziyo lweNhlanu lusebenza kurhulumente worhulumente; uMphengululo weshumi elinesine uyasebenza kumaphondo. Zombini zisebenzisa ulwimi olufanayo: “Kungekho mntu uya kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho.”

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu

Ifakwe kwisixhobo sokulinganisa iMpatho weNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana ka-Iauthom yayilinganiselwe kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Ikwaquka ukhuseleko olunxulumeneyo olufanayo olufana nelungelo elifana nelokuba ngumchopheli-tyala omkhulu, ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini, kunye nelungelo elichasene nokuzithethelela. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iNkundla ePhakathi Koloni iye yatolika irela irekhodo ukuze imithetho karhulumente icace yaye imigaqo yezolwaphulo-mthetho ibe yeyona ndlela isesikweni.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine, esamkelwa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya ngowe-1868, sasilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kubo bonke abantu, ingakumbi ababengamakhoboka. INkqubo Yaso Yokwenziwa kukaClaus iye yaba yindlela ephambili abantu abacela ngayo urhulumente kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni eziphazamisa amalungelo asisiseko. Lo mgaqo ube ungundoqo “kukukhuselwa kwamalungelo asekuhlaleni” kwenkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo ngokuchasene namagunya okuLamla okuQala nokuLandlisa iSihlaziyisho seSihla seSithandathu sokunika Imiyalelo ngoku urhulumente ngoku usebenzisa isiqinisekiso senkqubo efanelekileyo se-1455.

  • IsiHlalisi seNkqutyana se- Izicelo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente; iquka ukuzitshintshanisa kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini.
  • IsiHlalisi se-14: Applies ukuchaza; iquka Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luka Claus ecaleni kwenkqubo ka Claus.

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ezimbini kuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lufana kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, kuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umlinganiselo osisiseko wobulungisa kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Intsingiselo yenkqubo efunekayo iye yabunjwa zizigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. La matyala abonisa indlela iNkundla elinganisa ngayo amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente kwaye achaza indlela yokuhamba yenkqubo yenkcubeko neyokungagqibelelisi.

[[UMTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Kule tyala lemifanekiso, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba ukukhuselwa kweSihlalo sesihlanu sokuHlaziya kukuzichasa kufuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukurhanela amalungelo abo phambi kokuncinwa kwetyala. Ezi “Minda” izilumkiso ziquka ilungelo lokungathethi, ilungelo kwigqwetha, nokuqonda nantoni na ethethwayo enokusetyenziswa nxamnye nabo. Isigqibo saguqula iinkqubo zamapolisa saza sahlala singunolwazi lwenkqubo efanelekileyo yezaphuli-mthetho.

[[UMTL: 0] Roe v. Iphepha [[UMTL] [1] (1973)

INkundla yalamkela ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa njengenxalenye yelungelo lokuzimela, eliwela phantsi kwenkqubo esezantsi efunekayo. Ngeli xesha iNkundla kamva yatshintsha umgangatho i-Parenthood v. Casey[ yaye ekugqibeleni igqibele ukukhupha isisu njengenxalenye yelungelo lokuzimela, i-Roe[ [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [ngendlela] ku-[FLT]. Jackson Madobbs v.[FLT] Iqumrhus Health Organizations[[FLT:]22]), elibonisa indlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela ngayo izigqibo zobuqu. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokuphuma komqhomo-gazi ibonisa indlela esebenzayo yenkqubo ye-jumbride.

[[UMTL: 0] Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)

Eli tyala likholelwa ukuba abamkeli bentlalo-ntle banelungelo lokuva ngokucacileyo phambi kokuba bafumane iingenelo zabo zipheliswe. Isigqibo esandisiweyo senkqubo efunekayo equke iinzuzo zikarhulumente njengendlela “efanelekileyo” engenakuthathwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo eyaneleyo. Yanceda ekumiseleni umgaqo wokuba ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lusebenze kwiimeko zolawulo, hayi nje kwiinkundla.

[[UMTLR: 0] IGos v. Lopez (1975]

Kwimeko yemfundo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba abafundi besikolo sikarhulumente abajongene nokuthuthwa kwetyala banelungelo lokuvakalisa izityholo zabo, kuquka nethuba lokunikela isaziso ngezityholo kunye nethuba lokuzichaza. Eli tyala ngumzekelo okhokelayo wenkqubo efanelekileyo yemfundo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla yabafundi kunye nenkululeko yabo ifanele ifumaneke.

[[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Inkundla yathi ilungelo lokutshata liyilungelo elisisiseko phantsi kwe-Ault Programme ne-Aumencial Provice Clauses, ifuna ukuba onke amazwe aqaphele imitshato efanayo. Esi sigqibo sibonisa indlela inkqubo encinci efunekayo eqhubeka ngayo iguqula iquka ukuqonda okutsha ngenkululeko nokulingana.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwezimeko, tyelela iprojekti ye [FLT: 0] iprojekti ye-Oyez kunye neCornell Information geometry Institute.

Inkqubela Kwimfundo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwizikolo, apho abafundi banandipha amalungelo athile omgaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba abafundi “abawaqeshi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuchaza kwisango lendlu yesikolo” ( .Des Moines[, 1969), kodwa inkqubo efanelekileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo ibandakanya izenzo zoluleko.

Uqeqesho Lwabafundi Nokusilwalwa

Gos v. Lopez, iNkundla yathi, ukubekelwa kwemingxuma yeentsuku ezilishumi okanye ngaphantsi, abafundi kufuneka bafumane isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo sobungqina obuchasayo, kunye nethuba lokunikela icala labo. Ukujijwa okanye ukugxothwa okuthe rhoqo kufuna iinkqubo ezininzi ezisesikweni, kuquka ukuviwa kwanokunikwa kwecebiso elingokwasemthethweni kwezinye iimeko. Izikolo kufuneka zilungelelanise imfuneko yokulungelelaniswa kwenkululeko nemfuno yempahla yabafundi kwimfundo.

  • Inqaku loncedo elithe tye: Lungisa umfundi kwihambo engalunganga etyholweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuva: Vumela umfundi aphendule phambi komenzi wesigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appal: Nika inkqubo yokuvavanya isigqibo.

Ootitshala nabaphathi kufuneka baziqonde ezi mfuneko ukuze baphephe iimfanelo ezingokwasemthethweni baze baphathe abafundi kakuhle. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela ezinye iindlela zokukhusela ezingaphaya komlinganiselo womgaqo-siseko.

Imfundo Ekhethekileyo ne-IEP

Phantsi koMthetho wemfundo weStudial Disease (IDEA), abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokufumana imfundo kawonke-wonke efanelekileyo (FAPE) kwinkqubo yemfundo ezimeleyo (IEP). Iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ziquka ilungelo lokuqaphela iintlanganiso, ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubela ye-IEP, nelungelo lokuphikisana nezigqibo ngoncedo okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuva.

Kwinkqubo efunekayo kwimfundo ekhethekileyo bona i U.S. Isebe lemfundo ye-IDEA kwiphepha.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nakwiimeko Zabemi

Izaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ifuna ukuba urhulumente angqine ukuba unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa, anikeze ummangalelwa ngetyala elikhawulezileyo nelinguwonke wonke, kwaye aqinisekise ilungelo lokunika isiluleko. Ukhuseleko loMphengululo weSine wokuphengulula ngokungekho ngqiqweni nawondla longeza inkqubo efanelekileyo ngokufuna imvume esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Umthetho wokuzikhulula ushiya ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokuchaswa kwala malungelo. Iziganeko zangoku, ezifana nelungelo lokuvavanywa kweDNA emva kokupheliswa, ziyaqhubeka ziconga inkqubo ekhoyo ngenxa yabamangalelwa abazizi.

Ulwenziwo lwamaxwebhu

Kwiimeko zabemi, inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhusela amalungu kwimigwebo engekho ngqiqweni. Kufuna inkonzo efanelekileyo yenkqubo, isaziso semicimbi, nethuba lokuviwa phambi kwejaji engondilele okanye abachopheli-tyala. Umgangatho wobungqina kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni udla ngokujongwa kwangaphambili kobungqina, kodwa ezinye iimeko .Njengokokuba kubandakanya ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali ngokucacileyo nangesiqinisekiso ngenxa yezilangazelelo ezisisiseko ezisemthini.

Ukuviwa Kwabaphathi

Amasebe karhulumente (umz., iSocial Security Administration, iinkundla zokufuduka, iingcali zezoshishino-mthetho zorhulumente) kufuneka alandele kwakhona inkqubo efanelekileyo xa enza izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo abantu. Goldberg v. Kelly umisela umzekelo wokuba iingenelo neemfuno zempahla zinokupheliswa ngaphandle kokuva okusesikweni. Iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zixhomekeke kwiinkqubo [ Amathews ukulinganisa inzala yabucala, umngcipheko wempazamo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kukarhulumente.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunebinzana elisemthethweni ```ilitye elisesikweni' elahlula iinkqubo zomthetho kulawulo olungenalusini. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwiingxoxo zale mihla zamalungelo obuqu neenkqubo zamapolisa, umgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlonele isidima somntu ngamnye nenkululeko. Enoba kusezinkundleni, kwizikolo, okanye kumaqumrhu okuchongwa, inkqubo efanelekileyo inika isiseko sokucombulula iimpikiswano ngokufanelekileyo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, beqonda indaleko yembali, umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo efunekayo yeprocedtura neyokungathathi nkundla ephakamileyo uxabisekile. Inyusa uxabiso ngokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwaye ixhobisa abantu ukuba baqonde baze bakhusele amalungelo abo. Njengokuba ibutho labantu lizivelela, kuya kufana nokuchazwa kwenkqubo efunekayo, kodwa isithembiso salo esingundoqo singunonyango oluphantsi komthetho, siya kuhlala sihleli.

Ukukhangela oovimba abongezelelweyo, tyelela i- iSikolo soMthetho seWex ukungena kwinkqubo efanelekileyo[[FT:1] okanye U.S. izinto zokufundisa zeNkundla kwinkqubo efanelekileyo[.