Ukwazisa: Indima yeePacs ezinganxulunyaniswanga kwiMali yeMelika

IKomiti yePhondo ye-Pistical Action Action (PACs) ibisoloko ingundoqo wezemali zezenkxaso yezenkxaso eUnited States. Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zePACs, ezidityanisiweyo yi-PACS ikwisikhundla esikhethekileyo nenempembelelo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-PAC, edityaniswe nombutho, umbutho wemisebenzi, okanye umbutho wezopolitiki, i-PaCs, engadityaniswanganiswanga ngokuzimeleyo. Isekwa ngabantu ngabanye, amaqela eeetapicco, okanye imibutho enqwenela izibonelelo zemali kwaye ichithe imali kukhetho lukarhulumente ngaphandle kokubotshelelwa kwilungu elithile okanye iqela elithile. Ukuqonda lomthetho olawula lemibutho elilawula lemibutho elisebenzayo namhlanje kuyimfuneko ukuthobela nokusebenza kwe-eceant.

I-PAC engadityaniswanga i-PAC yahlula ngokukwazi kwayo ukucela iminikelo evela kuwonke-wonke, ilungelo elinganikwanga i-PACs, enokuthi isoloko icela kuphela kudidi lwayo oluthintelweyo (umz., abasebenzi okanye amalungu). Le ngxowa-mali ebanzi inika isiseko esingadityaniswanga nenkxaso yemali eninzi. Noko ke, oku kuguquka kuvela ngemimiselo engqongqo enyanzeliswa yiKhomishini yoNqululo lwe-Federal (FEC). Ukusuka ekubhalisweni nasekulawulweni kwemithetho yomanyano nabaquququzeleli, ukumila phantselwa kwemi kufutshane kwemiciko nganye yendlela ezi komiti ezisebenza ngayo.

Inkcaza kunye nophawu lwe PAC ezingaQhagamshelwanga

I-PAC engaziyo ikomiti yezopolitiko engekhoyo emiselwe, engalawulwayo, okanye exhaswayo ngumbhaptizi, umbutho wezobupolitika, okanye umbutho/umbutho owahlukeneyo wemibutho. Eli gama lidla ngokudibana ne- “ikomiti ezimeleyo yenkcitho kuphela,” eyaziwa ngokuba yiSuper PACs, nangona ezi zimbini zingafani. Ii-PAC zesithethe ezingadityaniswanga zixhomekeke kwimida kwaye zinokunikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba, ngelixa i-PCACs ingenza kuphela inkcitho ezizimeleyo (kodwa ngemilingo engenasiphelo). Hybrid PACs, umahluko wesithathu, ugcine iingxelo zebhanki zombini ezithene imiqathango nezingagocimbini.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ze PAC engadityaniswanga ziquka:

  • Ulawulo oluzimeleyo: Akukho mvo, mphathi-mikhosi, okanye umbutho wequmrhu elilawula imisebenzi yekomiti.
  • Isicelo sePublic: singanyusa imali nakuwuphi na ummi wase-U.S. okanye ummi osisigxina (ngaphandle kwengingqi zamazwe angaphandle kunye nezindlu zorhulumente).
  • Ubhaliso lomthetho: Kufuneka ubhalise neFEC ngeentsuku ezilishumi lokunyusa okanye lokuchitha ngaphezu kwe R1,000 kunyaka wekhalenda.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwaphula ngokuphandle: ifayile efakwe kwikota (okanye ngenyanga) ingxelo echaza yonke iminikelo efunyenweyo nenkcitho eyenziweyo.
  • Imida yonikezelo: Iipawu ezingadityaniswanga ezinokunikela ngokuthe ngqo kwabaza kubhaptizwa zinganikezela ku-R2,000 kunyulo ngalunye (lwesibhaka-bhaka, okanye olubalekayo) umvo okhoyo ngamnye, kwaye ukufikelela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka kwikomiti yeqela lesizwe.

ISisakhelo sasemthethweni: IFECA neMithetho ye-FEC

I-PACS ephambili elawula umthetho ongadityaniswanga yi- uMthetho weFederal Evontment Cangesting (FECA), ngqange yamiselwa ngo1971 kwaye yalungiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngo-1979 emva kwehlazo leWatergate. I-FEC yadalelwa ukuphatha nokunyanzelisa u-FECA. Isiseko somthetho sigubungela iindawo ezintandathu ezibukhali:

1. Ubhaliso kunye noMbutho

Naliphi iqela elilindele ukwamkela iminikelo okanye ukwenza inkcitho engaphezulu kwe R1,000 ngonyaka kufuneka lifake ifayile yeSimo soMbutho ( Ifomu ye-FEC). Oku kwenza amagama ekomiti, ichaza i-odonga layo eliyintloko le-odoli (ukuba ikho). Umgcini-mali uthatha ityala lobuqu lokuthobela kwekomiti. I-PAC ayidityaniswayo ikwafuneka ukuseka i-akhawunti eyahlukileyo yomsebenzi wonyulo, eyahlukileyo kuyo nayiphi na imali yokhetho okanye yentlangano.

2. Imida yegalelo kunye noMthombo weZindululo

I-PAC yesithethe engadityaniswanga ingamkela iminikelo evela kubantu ukuya ku-R2,000 ngonyaka wekhalenda. Bangafumana iminikelo engenasiphelo evela kwezinye ii-PAC, nangona iPAC- ukuya-PAC ikwimiqathango epheleleyo yeminikelo evela kwimvelaphi enye. Imiqathango yoMbutho ingqongqo:[ akukho minikelo inokumkelwa kumazwe angaphandle (kuquka abemi abasisigxilo esisemthethweni), imibutho (ngaphandle kwe-paC), imibutho yokusebenza (ngaphandle kwe-PC), imibutho yemisebenzi (ngaphandle kwe-PUS), izikompathi zemali zorhulumente, okanye iimali zesizwe. Iminikelo yemali engaphezulu kwe-R100, kunye neminikelo evela kumthombo ongaziwayo i-R365.

3. Iziphene ezizimeleyo

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ivunyelwe ukwenza inkcitho ezizimeleyo ezingenasiphelo .Njengokuba ixhomekeke kuthungelwano oluthe lwaxhasa ngokucacileyo unyulo okanye ukoyiswa kommeli ochaziwe ngokucacileyo we-asent ("ukubonelela) ngokufanelekileyo ukuchithwa kwemali engadityaniswanga nabani na umvo okanye iqela. I-FEC isebenzisa uvavanyo lwezenzeko ezininzi ukufumanisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwenziwe kwisicelo, icebiso, okanye ikhondo lommeli, okanye ukuba lubandakanya abacebisi bolwazi abahlukeneyo, lungaphathwa njengolunikezelo olululuhlu lodidi olulawulwa yimiqathango.

4. Isivalo somsitho kunye nengxelo

Zonke ii-PAC ezingeyo-odityaniswanga kufuneka zifake iingxelo rhoqo nge-FEC. Ucwangciso olusezantsi luyikota ngaphandle kokuba ikomiti ikhetha ukuqokelela iposi nyanga nganye. Iingxelo kufuneka zifake iminikelo evela kumntu onika ngaphezu kwe R2,000 kunyaka wekhalenda, kunye nenkcitho ye R220 eyenziwa nabani na. Kwiminyaka yonyulo, unyulo olongezelelweyo lwengxelo zangaphambi konyulo kunye neengxelo zonyulo lweposi ziyimfuneko. I-FEC yenza zonke iingxelo zifumaneke ekuhleni kwi-webhsayithi yayo, inika ukukhanya okuvelayo kunye namaqela abavoti ababukeli.

5. Isohlwayo sokuQokelela

Umanyano luyindawo emiselwe kakhulu yomthetho ozimeleyo wenkcitho. Imithetho yangoku ye-FEC ichaza ukunxibelelana njengesenzeka xa unxibelelwano luthe lwadalwa (a) luveliswa, okanye lwasasazwa emva kwengxoxo eninzi phakathi komchasi nephulo lomtshayeli, (b) esekelwe kwinkcazelo enikezelwe liphulo, okanye (c) ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa komthengisi oqhelekileyo owayesebenza kwiphulo. IPACs ezidityanisiweyo kufuneka zisebenzise imithetho engqongqo ngaphakathi ukunqanda ukunxibelelana, kuquka ii-flate kunye nokusebenzisana kwamaqela olwazi oluthintelweyo.

6. Ugcino-ngxelo nophicotho-zincwadi

I-PAC nganye engadityaniswanga mayigcine iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zeminikelo nenkcitho iminyaka emithathu ubuncinane emva kokuba ingxelo igciniwe. I-FEC inegunya lokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi nophando, kwaye inokumisela izigwebo zamakhaya ngenxa yokwaphulwa. Kwimicimbi engekho mthethweni, ukutshutshiswa ngamatyala liSebe leSigwebo kunokwenzeka.

Izandulela ezingundoqo ezisemthethweni ezigudisa iiPacs ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Imeko esemthethweni ye PAC engadityaniswanga ijijwe kakhulu ngamatyala aphawula imbali kunye nomthetho weFEC.

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

Kweli tyala lisisiseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa imiqathango yeminikelo njengendlela yokukhusela urhwaphilizo okanye ukubonakala kwayo, kodwa yasihlisa imida yenkcitho (kuquka iinkcitho ezizimeleyo) njengemiqathango engamiselwanga kwintetho yezobupolitika. Esi sigqibo samisela umgaqo wokuba imali echithwa ngokwayo kwimicimbi yezobupolitika iluhlobo lokuthetha okukhuselwe phantsi koMgqomo wokuqala.

Abemi Manyene/-5C (2010)

Mhlawumbi esona sigqibo sezemali sidumileyo, sikwanyanisene sikholelwa ukuba amaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu oMmiselo Wokuqala woLawulo kunye namalungelo afanayo abantu ngabanye okuchitha iimali ezingasikelwanga mda kwintsebenziswano zobupolitika. Esi sigqibo sithe ngqo salawula imiqathango yangaphambili kwinkcitho yenkampani. Ngoku siphendulwe ngqo, i-FEC ivumela ukudalwa ko u-Super PCs [abantu ngabanye] kusetyenziswa uluvo oluzimeleyo olusuka kwimiqathango olude [[FLT] kunyaka ngamnye wonyuso lwe-RG. . FEC.

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

[[NTL:0] I-Mcccheon, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi umda wegalelo elipheleleyo umntu angawenza kubo bonke abatsha namaqela. Ngelixesha imiqathango esisiseko yomnikelo osisiseko kumntu ngamnye eshiyekile, ukususwa kwecathulo yegalelo elikhuphayo ivumela abanikeli abazizityebi ukuba banike inani elikhulu lee-PAC ezingeyo ezidityanisiweyo, ukwandisa umthamo wemali.

Olunye Ulawulo Olungacacanga

Imeko ezifana FEC v. Wisconsin Ekunene Kubomi, Inc. (2007) yacacisa ingcaciso ye-“computermoratic compactive Division Community Komiti ye-[Foderal Kampaignol v.FEC [1966]) imisele ukuba inkcitho ezidityanisiweyo ngamaqela azithobeki kwimiqathango efanayo njengenkcitho ezizimeleyo zePACs. Zonke ezi zigqithela umgangatho osemthethweni othe waneyo owe-PACC.

Ukusebenzisana neemfuno ezisebenzayo

Ukuqhuba iPAC engekho kwi-intanethi kufuna ingqalelo epheleleyo ekuthobeleni. Iwebhsayithi ye-FEC inika ukhokelo olubanzi, kodwa iikomiti ezininzi zihlala zinamava ephulo lezemali okanye abacebisi abasebenzisanayo. Amanyathelo angundoqo okusebenza aquka:

  1. Ukuvelisa iqumrhu: Ikomiti, imisele umgcini-mali, ifayile Ifomu 1 kwintsuku ezilishumi kuwelele ngaphezu komqobo we R1,000.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Ukubeka ityala elahlukileyo lebhanki: Yonke iminikelo nenkcitho kufuneka iphumele kule akhawunti.
  3. Ukufakela uqinisekiso olunika umnikezelo: Abanikeli abaqinisekisi bafanelekile (abemi base-U.S. okanye abemi abasisigxina, kungekhona ingingqi zorhulumente okanye abemi bamazwe asemzini). Ukufumana igama, idilesi, umsebenzi, nomqeshi weminikelo engaphezu kwama-200.
  4. [[UMTL:0] Ukusebenzisa udonga lokusebenza: Kuphephe ukwabelana ngecebo okanye izixhobo kunye namaphulo abo. Abasebenzi boqeqesho namatsha - ntliziyo kwimithetho yomanyano.
  5. Ingxelo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo: Sebenzisa inkqubo ye-FEC ye-electronic (EFS) kwiingxelo ezingaphezulu kwama-$50 000 kumsebenzi okanye ukuba ikomiti ichitha ngaphezu kwe-$50 000 kumjikelo ngamnye. Imihla yeminyaka eqingqiweyo ingqongqo; ishefu yamva ikhupha intlawulo.
  6. Ukuqulunqa ii-akhawunti zangaphakathi: Ingxelo zohlolo lwexesha ukwenzela iimpazamo. I-FEC ingaphicotha ikomiti nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye ukungangqinelani kungakhokelela kwizenzo zonyanzelo.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo yobuchule bobuchule kunye neqhinga

Kumaqela obuchule, amaqumrhu abasebenzi (xa kusekwa ikomiti engadityaniswanga nemvume kawonke-wonke), kunye nemibutho yengqiqo, isakhiwo sePAC esingadityaniswanga ne-PAC sinika izixhobo ezinamandla zokuphembelela unyulo. Iminikelo ethe ngqo ivumela ikomiti ukuba ixhase abathathi-nxaxheba abakhethekileyo ngokwemida esemthethweni, ngoxa inkcitho ezimeleyo ivumela ukuba basebenzise imali engenamiqathango kwizibhengezo, kwiiposi, kunye nokuvota ngaphandle kwevota.

Noko ke, ubhetyebhetye luneengozi. Ukungathobeli kwemithetho enxulumeneyo kungakhokelela kwimiqathango emikhulu ye-FEC okanye kubhekiselwa kwiSebe leSigwebo. Usasazo olungafanelekanga oluvela kumthombo wenkxaso-mali ongachazwanga kakuhle lungayonakalisa injongo yekomiti. Ngoko ke ukusebenza okunempumelelo kufuna ubuchule obuqinileyo obusemthethweni, kuquka ukuvela kwangaphambi kokubhengezwa, ugcino-lwazi olunezigcayiselo, kunye nokukhuthuzwa ngononophelo kwabathengisi abasenokuba baye basebenzela amaphulo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-PACs okucwangcisiweyo kusoloko kubandakanya umxube weminikelo ethe ngqo kunye nenkcitho ezimeleyo. Ikomiti inganikela ngobuninzi beerandi ezingama-55 000 kumntu oza kubhaptizwa ukuze akhe ulwalamano, ngeli xesha isebenzisa i-akhawunti eyahlukileyo ye-Super PAC (ukuba i-project) ukuqhuba izibhengezo ezizimeleyo ezingenamda. Oku kuvumelekile lo gama nje iingxelo zohlukene ngokungqongqo kwaye nengxelo ezimeleyo ingalungelelani.

Inkqubela yakutshanje kunye nekamva leePacs ezinganxibelelaniyo

Ulawulo lwelizwe lusaqhubeka lungena. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-FEC ikhuphe izimvo eziliqela ezicacisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibhengezo zamanani kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, ukuphathwa kweminikelo efihlakeleyo, kunye neendima zezizwe zangaphandle kwi-PAC. Ngeli thuba, iKhomishini iye yaxubusha ngamathuba okuphinda ityala lokukhanya, njengoMthetho we-DISCLOSE, oya kufuna ii-PAC eziphezulu kunye nezinye ii-PAC ezingeyo ukubhenela abanikeli abanikezelayo abangaphezulu kwe-R10 000. Ngelixa isibhengezo singekadlulisi, ukutyhalela ityala elingaphezulu.

Iinkundla zikwaqwalasele ukuba ngaba ukukhulula okungakumbi kwemithetho kuyafuneka. Umzekelo, iD.C. yeNkqutyana kwisigqibo seNtlanganiso i-Grasrouts grands Policy Strategies v. FEC (2017]) ithetha ngomqathango wokubandakanyeka kwemibutho engangeni ngeniso kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko. Kwaye ngo-2023, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yarho yarhola ukuva ucelomngeni lokuva ukuva iminikelo yangaphandle, iqinisekisa loo mthetho oyalelayo ngempembelelo yamanye amazwe eU. unyulo-PCS.

Ubugcisa kunye nokunika intlawulo kwamanani kuguqula imisebenzi ye-PAC engadityanisiweyo. I-Online platls kunye neminikelo encinci ye-odola i-PAC incede i-induususs-paC ukuba inyuse iimali ezithe kratya ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwizibonelelo ezimbalwa ezizizityebi. Le ntsingiselo inyusa ukhuphiswano kunye nohlalutyo. I-FEC ikhuphisa ngokukhutheleyo imimiselo yayo ukwenzela iphulo le-intanethi, kuquka iinkcazelo zezentlalo kunye nokukhuthuzwa kwempembelelo.

Isiphelo

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo nenamandla yenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Ukuzimela kwazo kubahlohli namaqela kubavumela ukuba basebenze njengamazwi anamandla kwingqiqo kunye nobuchule obusekelwe kwimibandela, ngoxa zikwafak' isandla ngqo kumaphulo okunyulwa. Kodwa ukuzimela kumiselwe ngokungqongqo yinkqubo esemthethweni phantsi kwe-FECA kunye nolawulo. Ukubhalisa, imida yomnikelo, kunye nokwalela ukunxibelelana akuyontengiselwano olulula.

Nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwimicimbi yezobupolitika . "nokuba imisebenzi ye-PAC edityanisiweyo, umququzeleli okanye ubuchule bokuqonda olu lungiselelo ibalulekile."Imithetho intsonkothile kwaye iphantsi kokutshintsha ngomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nolawulo lwe-FEC. Ukuhlala unolwazi kunye nokusebenza noogxalasi abanamava abathobelayo kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi ye-PAC engadityaniswanga iyasebenza kwaye isemthethweni. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNgqungquthela iqhubeka iphikisana ngemida yezempela yezeko, ngokungathandabuzekiyo indima ye-PAC engekho ngqiqweqweni iza kuhlala ingundoqo kwikamva lokudityaniswa kwedemokhrasi eUnited States.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga i [[FLT: 0]FEC isikhokelo sokubhalisa i PAC, umbhalo opheleleyo we .Citizens will yesigqibo se United, kunye [[FLT:] FEC] iphepha elisemthethweni yemithetho yamva kunye neembono zobuxhakaxhakaxhaka.