Isiseko Sikarhulumente Wasekuhlaleni EUnited States

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni lumgangatho wokulawula ngokusondeleyo kubantu, kwaye izigqibo zakhe zinempembelelo ekhawulezileyo nebonakalayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela oovimba boluntu ababunjwe ngayo. EUnited States, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bahlulwe ngokweentlobo ezininzi: oomasipala (izixeko needolophu), izixa-mali, izikolo, iziphakamiso zephondo, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo (njengamanzi, umlilo, okanye amagunya okuthutha). Uhlobo ngalunye luneembopheleleko namandla ahlukeneyo, athathwe kwimimiselo yesizwe nemithetho.

Oorhulumente basebenza ngokusesikweni kwiinkonzo zasedolophini ezifana namapolisa nokhuseleko lomlilo, iindawo zokuhlala, iipaki zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokugcinwa kweendlela zasekuhlaleni. Imimandla ebala isoloko inikela iinkonzo zengingqi ezinjengeenkundla, iintolongo, amasebe empilo karhulumente, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. Izikolo zisebenza ngokwazo ukulawula inkxaso-mali nezifundo zemfundo, ngoxa iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zesithili ezikhethekileyo zifana nonyango lwamanzi amda okanye uthutho. UManyano lwesizwe lwamaCitys[[FLT] [FLM:1] lunikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwalezo lwezi zakhiwo kunye namandla azo ahlukeneyo.

Umgaqo ongundoqo ongowona mgaqo ulawula igunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngumahluko phakathi "kolawulo lwekhaya" nolo ```Umthetho weDillon''''. Umthetho wasekhaya unika oorhulumente bongingqi inkululeko yokusebenza kwimicimbi yobulali ngaphandle kokuba ulwelwe ngurhulumente. Umthetho ka-Dillon, ngokwahlukileyo, uthintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuphela kulawo mandla anikwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda esi siseko sinzima kuba sichaza indlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni amele anikezele ngayo oovimba berhafuzo, levy, okanye adale iinkqubo ezintsha. Umthetho usebenza ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha soMthetho weDillon's, onokuthi umisele ulwakhiwo lwendawo kunye nokusabela.

Imisebenzi ye-Core kunye neNdawo yokuNdawo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banomthwalo wokunikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo eziyimfuneko ezichaphazela intlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ngeli xesha inqaku lokuqala libalaselise iinkonzo ezifana namanzi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, umlinganiselo ubanzi. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokuzilungiselela kwentlekele.
  • Isakhiwo sendlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, iindlela, iindlela, izitrato, unikezelo lwamanzi, iinkqubo zokulahla amanzi, kunye neepaki.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Imfundo:[ Ukuxhasa izikolo zikawonke-wonke K-12 kunye namaxesha athile neekholeji zoluntu, kwakunye namathala eencwadi kunye neenkqubo zasemva kwesikolo.
  • Inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho: intshukumisa zeshishini, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, amanyathelo okwakha anokufikeleleka, kunye nokuvuselelwa komsebenzi embindini wedolophu.
  • Inkcubeko nenkcubeko: iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amaziko oluntu, iimyuziyam, kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa.

Inkcitho nganye yale misebenzi ikhuphisana nemali-mali yerhafu elinganiselweyo, intlawulo, kunye nentlawulo yomsebenzisi. Inkqubo yokwabiwa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ilawulwa luqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, olulungiselelwa ngumphathi wesixeko okanye usodolophu kunye nebhunga lengingqi kwaye luvunywa libhunga lesixeko okanye ibhodi yengingqi. Ukuva uqingqo-mali kusoloko kuba yindawo apho abemi bafumana inkxaso engakumbi yeenkonzo zabo ezithandwayo. Utyekelo olukhulayo lukubhatalo olusekelwe kuqingqo-mali, oluxhaswa ziimeko ezinokusetyenziswa kuneenkqubo zembali. Le ndlela ingaphucula impumelelo kodwa imfuneko yokuqokelelwa kogcino-data nohlaluko olunamandla, nto leyo oorhulumente abaninzi abancinane bangenayo.

Ukuqonda indlela ekwabelwe ngayo oovimba kunceda abemi babone isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkonzo ziphumelele ngoxa abanye betsala nzima. Ngokomzekelo, idolophu efaka imali eninzi kwiindlela zendlela nakwizithuthuthu ingaba nemali encinane yokusebenza ixesha elide.

Indlela Ekwenziwa Ngayo Izigqibo Zorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni inamandla kwaye ibandakanya intsalela emininzi yolwazi kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni. Ngokwesiqhelo, usodolophu okanye umphathi wesixeko ucebisa inkqubo okanye uqingqo-mali, oluthi emva koko ludlule ngohlalutyo lwekomiti, ukuva kwasesidlangalaleni, kwaye ekugqibeleni luvotelwe libhunga elinyuliweyo okanye ibhodi. Inqaku lokuqala lidwelise ngokufanelekileyo iintlanganiso zowonke-wonke kunye neendlebe, igalelo loluntu, kunye nocwangciso loqingqo-mali, kodwa inkqubo ifanele ukuvavanywa ngobunzulu obungaphezulu.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kumaBhunga asekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente abaninzi bakamasipala basebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yomphathi-dolophu okanye yebhunga lomphathi-makhareji. Kwinkqubo yomphathi-dolophu, usodolophu unamandla okulawula kwaye uyakwazi ukukhupha izigqibo; kwinkqubo yebhunga le-Magenta, ibhunga lesixeko liqesha umphathi wezobugcisa ukuba aphathe imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ngoxa ibhunga limisela inkqubo. Kuzo zombini ezi ntlobo, izinto ziziswa njengemithetho okanye izigqibo. Zisoloko zidlula kufundo oluninzi, kwaye kufuneka uluvo lukawonke-wonke phambi kokuba kugqitywe uvumo-wonke kwimiba eyintloko enjengotshintsho okanye ulwando lwerhafu.

IiKomiti zinendima ebalulekileyo ekucoceni. Ngokomzekelo, ikomiti yezezimali ingahlola indlela yoqingqo-mali nge-layini, ngoxa ikomiti yepaki isenokuhlola izicelo zeziko lokuzonwabisa elitsha. Ingingqi zinokuya kwezi ntlanganiso ziqhutyelwa iikomiti zize zinikele ubungqina. Iintlanganiso nemiqathango yezocwangciso zidla ngokubekwa kwi-intanethi ukuze kungenelwe ukuthatha inxaxheba.

Umjikelo woHlahlo-mali noLungiselelo lwezeMali

Uqingqo-mali luluxwebhu olunye olubalulekileyo oluveliswa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuba luguqulela izinto eziza kuqala ekusebenziseni imali. Umjikelo uqala ngezicelo zesebe ngalinye elinika inkxaso-mali. Isebe lemali liququzelela uqingqo-mali olucetyiswayo, oluye luphinda luhlolwe ngumphathi-mali wesibonda okanye umphathi luze luthunyelwe kwibhunga. Iindlebe zikawonke-wonke zigcinwa ukuze ziqokelele ingxelo, ngokufuthi zikhuthaza utshintsho. Emva kokungeniswa komtshato, kuqwalaselwa uqingqo-mali kujongwa unyaka wonke, kuhlengahlengwa ukuba iingeniso zincinane okanye zivela ngokukhawuleza.

Izicwangciso zokuphucula izakhiwo (CIP) zenye inxalenye ebalulekileyo. Ezi zicwangciso zeminyaka emininzi zichaza utyalo-mali olungundoqo kwizibonelelo ezinjengezikolo, iindlela, kunye nezityalo zokunyanga amanzi. ICIP ibotshelelwe kuqingqo-mali kuba inkonzo yamatyala (iintlawulo ezihlawulwayo) kufuneka iqukwe kwinkcitho yonyaka. Ukuqonda umjikelo woqingqo-mali kunika amandla abemi abaxhasa ukuxhasa ukuxhasa inkxaso yemali ngaphambi kokuba itshixelwe endaweni yayo.

Indima yamatyala kawonke-wonke negalelo loluntu

Ukuva kusemthethweni kwizigqibo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, kodwa kusoloko kusenziwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukwakha uthengiselwano lokwenene, oorhulumente abaninzi ngoku basebenzisa uphando lwe-intanethi, izixhobo zoqingqo-mali ezisebenzisanayo, kunye nezixhobo zokunxibelelana nabantu. Inqaku lokuqala elikhankanyiweyo lithetha ngophando, iintlanganiso zedolophu, iintlanganiso ze-ofisi, kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Isixhobo esiphambili sinoxanduva uqingqo-mali lwemali [[[FLT: 1], apho abahlali begqiba ngqo indlela yokusebenzisa isahlulo soqingqo-mali. Umzekelo, isixeko saseVallejo, eKlifo, eKlifo, esisebenzisa uqingqo lwezimdlalo loluntu kunye neenkqubo zobutsha. [FT]

Enye indlela kukusetyenziswa kweebhodi zokwazisa nokuthumela. La maqela abami, asenokugxininisa ekucebeni, kwiipaki, okanye ekuzinzisweni, ngabom kwimicimbi aze anconyele kwibhunga. Ukukhonza kwibhodi enjalo yindlela engqalileyo yokuba abemi abaninzi baphembelele izigqibo zasekuhlaleni. Abantu abaninzi abawaqondi la mathuba, yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba imfundo yezentlalo-ntle.

Uphando lwetyala: Iziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene zezigqibo zasekuhlaleni

Inqaku lokuqala lanikela uphando olufutshane. Ukunwenwa kwazo ngomxholo ongaphezulu kunye neenkcukacha zibonisa ukuntsonkotha nokubaluleka kwehlabathi lokwenene lokukhetha kukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

  • City A – Public Transit Evolution: Isixeko esisembindini esijongene noxinzelelo kunye neengxaki zomgangatho womoya esigqibe kwelokuba sifakelele inkqubo elula yololiwe. Isigqibo senzeka emva kweminyaka yokungahambelani koluntu namaqela emeko-bume kunye namazwe aphantsi angenazo ezothutho oluthembekileyo. Ibhunga lesixeko lavuma ukuba irhafuze irhafuze iprojectyisi yoshishino, phezu kwako nje ukuxhasa iprojekthi, phezu kwako nje ukuchasana nabahlali bendlela abakhetha ulwando olulula. Inkqubo entsha yothutho kamva yanciphisa amaxesha angama-30% ehambeleyo kwaye yakhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu eziphezulu. Le meko ibonisa indlela esisithutho sinye esinokuthi ngayo ukufumaneka kwizinto zothutho, ukulungiselela impilo, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nemfundo kamashumi eminyaka.
  • Iphondo elinobuchule bokulungisa i-B – iSikolo sokulungisa kunye ne-Equity: Iphondo elinezibonelelo zesikolo ezalupheleyo lijamelene nokumangalelwa kwemali engalinganiyo phakathi kwesithili esifumileyo nesihlwempu. Ibhodi yengingqi, phantsi koxinzelelo lwenkundla, ivumile umlinganiselo wokudibanisa izikolo kummandla ongaphantsi kwenkonzo. Lo msebenzi uquka ii-abrolabhu zenzululwazi, ubugcisa obuhlaziyiweyo, kunye nezakhiwo zemidlalo ezingcono. Ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu, amanani okuphumelela kwizikolo ezivuselelweyo anyuka nge15%, kunye namaxabiso empahla kwimimandla engqongileyo. Lo mzekelo ubalase unxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwemali yeko yemfundo kunye nezempilo.
  • Isigqibo saqhutywa nguphando lwezempilo nomanyano lwezibhedlele ze-Public Health Investicement: Yidolophu encinane enexabiso eliphezulu lokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo nesifo seswekile yagqiba kwelokuba ivelise umnatha weepaki ezinxulumene nokuhamba nokuqesha. Isigqibo saqhutywa luhlolisiso lwezempilo nomanyano lwezibhedlele. Ibhunga ledolophu labela imali kwirhafu yerhafu yokuzonwabisa enikezelweyo nemali ekhuselweyo. Kwiminyaka emibini, abemi banikela ingxelo yomsebenzi womzimba ophezulu, kunye nesikhungo sezonyango sasekuhlaleni saphawula ukuhla kohambo yegumbi longxamiseko. Le meko ibonisa ukuba utyalo lwezoshishino lwezokuzonwabisa lunokuba nempembelelo kuluntu kwimpilo yoluntu.
  • City D – Controversial Zoing Change:[FT:1] Isixeko esikhula ngokukhawuleza sichaza kwakhona indawo yokuhlala ukuvumela ukuphuhliswa kwentengiso enkulu, ithembisa imisebenzi nengeniso yerhafu. Noko ke, abemi bexesha elide bayichasa ngenxa yenkxalabo yeenqwelo-moya, ingxolo, kunye nobume bengingqi. Emva kokuva okuphikisanayo kunye nesicelo, ibhunga lalungisa icebo ukuquka indawo eluhlaza kakhulu kunye nemilinganiselo yokuhamba. Imvume yokugqibela yaba kukuhlengahlengahlengiswa kolwano lwezoqoqosho lwezinto ezikhethwa ngabantu. Le meko ibonisa ukuxinezeleka phakathi kophuhliso nogcino-lwazi kunye nokubaluleka kolawulo lwezolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo Nezicombululo Ezifanelekileyo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olunokuthintela amandla abo okulawula ngokunempumelelo oovimba boluntu. Imikhosi yezopolitiko iphezulu: iindawo ezininzi zixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, ecothayo ukubuyela emva kokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho. Iikhopu zerhafu zelizwe okanye imiyalelo emiselwe ngurhulumente ingenza imeko ibe mbi ngakumbi. Ukuhlahlela kwezobupolitika kuchaphazela amabhunga asekuhlaleni, maxa wambi kukhokelela ekubopheleleni iinguqu eziphicoci. Okwangoku, ukwanda kwabemi kunye nokwanda kwemiziko lweziko le dolophu kubangela uxinzelelo lweenkonzo ezandisiweyo kunye nezisekelo, ngoxa abantu abakhulile befuna ukunyanyekelwa okuphezulu.

Ukuze oyise le miqobo, kuye kwavela iindlela ezintsha zokuyilungisa:

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yemfundo Yesityalo

Inqaku lokuqala laqukunjelwa ngesixhobo sokuphakamisa intloko kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi. Kubalulekile ukuba kuqondwe isizathu sokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni agxekwe kakhulu kubemi abatsha. Izigqibo zoluntu zichaphazela abafundi ngokungqalileyo / ngenkxaso yesikolo, iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuya esikolweni, iiyure zogcino-zincwadi, kunye nocwangciso lwenkqubo lwasemva kwesikolo. Kodwa iingingqi zidla ngokugxininisa urhulumente worhulumente, ushiya ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lutyeshelwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba abafundi abaninzi abaphumeleleyo bangazi ukubakho kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko okanye abameli bepaki yengingqi.

Izikolo zingawuvala lo msantsa ngokudibanisa ulwazi olusekelwe kwiprojekthi. Umzekelo, abafundi bangaphanda umbango wequmrhu, baye kwintlanganiso yebhodi, baze banike amagosa izinto abafumanileyo. Ezinye isithili zinabafundi abanobameli abakwibhodi yesikolo, zinika abafundi isihlalo etafileni. Iinqanawa zamasebe esixeko zenye indlela enamandla yokwakha ubuchule boluntu kunye nokuzimisela komsebenzi. umbutho weCIIP [[ unikela izifundo zesisa ezibhekiselele kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka imidlalo yemfaniso ebandakanya abafundi ekulungelelaniseni uqingqo lwabiwo lwemali kunye nokulungisa umhlaba.

Imibutho yoluntu nayo inendima. Ii-asethi ezingancediyo ezifana noManyano lwamaVoters aqhuba amaqumrhu ajongene nee-projekthi zobuProfente kunye nobhaliso oluvotayo ziqhubela ulutsha. Ngokudibanisa iklasi ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yehlabathi, izikolo zingakhuthaza isizukulwana sabathembisi, abemi abanolwazi abaqonda ukuba izigqibo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zibumba izibonelelo zoluntu mihla le.

Isiphelo

Izigqibo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni aziyomigaqo-nkqubo engacacanga; zimisela ubulunga beendlela, ukhuseleko lwemimandla, ukuxhaswa kweemali kwezikolo, nokufumaneka kweepaki kunye neenkonzo zempilo. Ukusuka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nemijikelo yoqingqo-mali ukuya ekubekeni iindlebe zikawonke-wonke kunye norhwebo lwekomkhulu, zonke iinkalo zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni zinxulumene ngqo nobuncwane boluntu. Imiqobo yeyokwenyani, ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko, kunye neengcinezelo zamanani abantu, kodwa zinjalo, ukusuka kwiinkonzo kunye nobugcisa bokwabelana ngemicimbi yoqoqo-mali kunye nemfundo yezentlalo-ntle.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye nabemi abatshatisiweyo, ukugatya kucacile: ukunikela ingqalelo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni akuyombopheleleko yesizwe ukuba ihlale ikho de ibe mdala; lithuba eliqhubekayo ukubumba iindawo esihlala kuzo, umsebenzi, nokufunda. Ngokuqonda indlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo izigqibo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke, nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo enziwe, abantu banokuqinisekisa ukuba ubuncwane babo bunikwe ngobulumko nangokulinganayo. Amandla okubumba uluntu abekwe ezandleni zabemi bawo.