Kuyintoni Ukwahlukana Kwamandla?

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusisiseko semfundiso kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko eyahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente zibe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ukukhusela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, akukho sebe linye linokusebenzisa imisebenzi engundoqo yelinye, ngaloo ndlela likhusela ukulawulwa kwegunya. Imodeli ebalaseleyo iquka umthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, namasebe agwebayo, ngalinye elinamandla alo ahlukileyo nemisebenzi yalo. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuyila inkqubo yokunyamekelana, apho isebe ngalinye lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola abanye, likhuthaza ukuphendula nokukhusela inkululeko. Ngoxa ukuphunyezwa okukhethekileyo kusemgangathweni wamazwe ngamazwe, umgaqo olawulayo uhlala uhleli uhleli uthe gqolo: amandla onke azimeleyo ukuze kulondololwe inkululeko.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Imvelaphi Yamandulo Neyamandulo

Ingcamango yokwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente asiyonto isungulwayo. KwiGrisi yamandulo, uAristotle waxubusha ngomgaqo-siseko oxubeneyo, ukudibanisa ulawulo lookumkani, izikhundla, kunye nedemokhrasi ukuze kuphumele uzinzo. IRiphabliki yeRoma ngokufanayo yasebenza nolwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kweBhunga, iConsul, kunye neeNtlanganiso, kunye nenkqubo yevetoes kunye nokuhlola. Ngexesha lamaXesha aphakathi, ingcamango karhulumente olinganiselweyo yavela ngamaphepha afana neMagna Carta (1215), eyathi idibanise igunya lobukhosi kunye nesiseko senkqubo efanelekileyo.

UMontesquieu Nokukhanyiselwa

Ubuchule bale mihla bokwahlulwa kwamagunya bunxulumene kakhulu nesithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. Umoya woMthetho , waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko inokuba luncedo kuphela xa amandla engaziswa kumntu omnye okanye kumzimba omnye. Inkcuba - nye eyaziwa kakhulu: "Xa umthetho kunye namandla olawulo lumanyaniswa kumntu omnye, okanye kwiqumrhu elinye lamagwele, akunakubakho nkululeko." iingcamango zakhe ziphembelela kakhulu izifektha zomfatho woMgatho weUnited States kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathi lonke. Ezinye iingcukanyo, njengoJohn Locke, nazo zanikela kwingcamango yokwahlula phakathi komgqaliselo, kunye negunya elino.

Ukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko wokuqala

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, waba ngowokuqala ukuqinisekisa ngokungqalileyo ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Iingcebiso I, II, kunye no II zabela umthetho, igunya elilawulayo, kunye namagunya okugweba ngokulandelelana, kwaye inkqubo yeetsheki nolungelelwaniso yakhiwa ukuze inyanzelise icandelo. Isibhengezo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu kunye namaSizwe (1789) sasikwawuchaza ngokungqalileyo lo mgaqo, sichaza ukuba naliphi na ibutho apho ukwahlulwa kwamandla kungenamgaqo-siseko. Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, iintlanga ezininzi zamkela utshintsho lwalo mzekelo, ziluvisisanisa nobume bazo bezo bezobupolitika (789).

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Aneenkcukacha

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Kwinkoliso yemikhosi yolawulo-moya, linemida emibini, eliquka amagumbi amabini, njengeKhomishini (Indlu Yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlalo) okanye iPalamente yaseIndiya (iLok Sabha neRajeya Sabhaha). Abameli basemthethweni bakhethwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngabantu, besenza eli sebe libe ngoyena mmeli ungqalileyo wabemi. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka ukuqukwamlathisa umthetho, ukuvuma kwemali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokulungiselela ukulawulwa kwesebe eliphethe i-ofisi ye-ofisi. Iikomiti ezisebenza kwimithetho elawulayo zidlala indima ephambili kwimigaqo yokucocekisa kunye nokuqhuba uphando. Ngaphandle komthetho onamandla, isebe eliphethe isebe linokwenza umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuphendula kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Ukuzalisekisa kunye neGunya

Isebe elilawulayo lithobela imithetho edluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Liphethwe ngumongameli okanye yinkulumbuso, exhaswa yikhabhinethi kunye namasebe ahlukeneyo. Kwakhona isebe eliphetheyo liyalawula ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye namagunya ongxamiseko. Kwinkqubo zomongameli njengaseUnited States, umphathi onegunya wahlukile kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye unegunya. Kwinkqubo zepalamente ezifana ne-United Kingdom, umphathi-ofisi utsalwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye umele ulwenze oluthe ngqo kuyo, kudala ukudityaniswa kunokuba kwahluka okungqongqo. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi ongundoqo wokusebenza.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Nokuxhasa Amalungelo

Isebe lejaji lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Iinkundla ze- Independent, ezikhokelwa yijaji enegunya, zinegunya lokuhlola ubugqeba bemithetho kunye nezenzo zegunya eliphetheyo,(-a) amandla awaziwa njengohlolo lomthetho. Eli gunya lasekwa kwingxelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.. [[FLT: 0]] [Marbury v. Madison [1803] [1] [iii-gractary ikhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, isombulula iimpikiswano, igcina umthetho. Inkululeko yalo ithathwa njengetyala elibalulekileyo lokusebenza kolawulo-demokhrasitive, njengoko isebenza njengovavanyo lokugqibela kurhulumente ongabacuphi. Abagwebi bamiselwe ngokusesikweni ngobomi okanye ixesha elide ukuze bakhusele uxinzelelo lwabo kwingcinezelo lwezopolitiko.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano kwinkcukacha

Iingqiniba kunye nolwahlulo luzimo ezenza ukwahlukana kwamandla kusebenze. Ngaphandle kwazo, amasebe anokusebenza kwisilos, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiqhina lentsimbi okanye ukuxhatshazwa. Nalu uqhekeko olunenkcukacha lwendlela isebe ngalinye elihlola ngayo amanye:

  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo olugunyazisiweyo kumphathi-mikhosi: olungafaki mongameli (ukuququzelela okuphezulu), oluvumela okanye olugatyayo ulawulo kunye nezivumelwano, olungatyunjwayo nolushenxiswayo nomongameli okanye amanye amagosa, inkxaso-mali kunye noqingqo-mali, yenza uphando.
  • Uhlolo olusebenzayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho: umthetho we Veto (ukunokuba nomhla), ubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, ucebisa uqingqo-mali kunye nemigaqo, ukunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga, ukwenza izivumelwano zegunya.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukuhlola okuqulethwe yi-judicial kuzo zombini: chaza imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho (uhlolo lomthetho), ukuchaza iinjongo zowiso-mthetho, ukuhlola izenzo zolawulo zomthetho, ukuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezilungileyo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvavanywa komthetho kwijaji: Ukuqinisekisa okanye ukungayamkeli ikomiti egwebayo, ukukhupha imithetho echaphazela ulawulo lwenkundla, ukungagwebi ngamnye ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga, kucebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ekubhukuqeni imithetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uvavanyo lwempumelelo kwijaji: Ukumisela abagwebi (ngemvume yomthetho), ukuxolela nokubuyisela, imiyalelo yenkundla yokunyanzelisa.

Le nkqubo idibanisayo inyanzelisa intsebenziswano nokuvumelana, inciphisa amathuba okuba naliphi na isebe lilawule. Ukusebenza kwe-check kunye nolungelelwano kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko yezobupolitika nokukulungela kwesebe ngalinye ukuqinisekisa indima yalo engokomGaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yokuthelekisa: Umahluko ekwahlukaneni kwamandla

Inkqubo yobuMongameli: United States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. usoloko ujongwa njengowona mzekelo unyulu wokwahlula amagunya. Umongameli yintloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, enyulwe ngokwahlukileyo kwiBhunga. ICathenal iqinisekisa ukumiswa komgangatho ophezulu, kunye neNdlu yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ngelixa isenza uhlolo logwebo. Olu lwahlulo lucacileyo ludala inkqubo eyomeleleyo kodwa lungakhokelela kwi-gridrock xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula amasebe.

Inkqubo Yepalamente: UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo

UManyano loMbuso alunalo ulwahlulo olungqongqo lwamagunya. Endaweni yoko, lusebenza phantsi kodityaniso lwamagunya, apho isikhulu esiphetheyo (iSigqeba kunye neNkulumbuso) sikhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (iParliance). Ukumkani yintloko karhulumente kodwa unamandla alinganiselweyo. Imodeli yejaji ihlala izimele, kodwa iPalamente ingo ephakamileyo kwaye iyakwazi ukulawula nawuphi na umbandela. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba ulawulo olunamandla, olunyanzelelayo kodwa ifuna inkcaso enamandla kunye neyo ezimeleyo ukuthintela ulawulo olulawulayo. Imodeli ibonisa ukuba ulawulo olusebenzayo lunokubakho ngaphandle kokwahlukana okungqongqo okufunyanwa kwiU.S.

Iindlela Zokwenza Ithayi: IFransi NeIndiya

IFransi yinkqubo esetyenziswa kancinane ngaphambi kokuba idityaniswe, idibanisa umongameli onyuliweyo ngqo nomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko onokuphendula kwipalamente. Umongameli ujonge imicimbi yamanye amazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngoxa umphathi-mikhosi omkhulu elawula inkqubo yasekhaya. IIndiya, ulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi olukhulu ehlabathini lonke, isebenzisa inkqubo yepalamente kodwa nemithetho ebhaliweyo ephazamisa amalungelo asisiseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya ingagawula imithetho edluliselwe yipalamente ukuba iyawuchasa umgaqo-siseko, ibonise umxube wolawulo-siseko nowokuhlola ulawulo lwepalamente.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye nolawulo lwe-imperence

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ulawulo-melo oluninzi luye lwabona ukwanda kwamandla olawulo-bulunga, maxa wambi olubizwa ngokuba "ngumongameli wolawulo lweziko lolawulo." Oomongameli kunye neenkokeli zeeNtloko ngokufuthi badlula kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ngemiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu, imimiselo yongxamiseko, okanye ukuthembela kumaqumrhu olawulo olungxamisekileyo. Imfazwe yoloyiko, indyikitya ye-COVID-19, kwaye iingxaki zezoqoqosho ziye zasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ulwandiso lwegunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi ezi zenzo ziphelisa indima yesebe lewiso-wistoltical scestys kwaye zinciphisa umlinganiselo. Imiqathango yemithetho ivavanywa xa isebe eliphethe ngokumiselwa okanye xa imigaqo-mthetho ingaphumeleli ukuphatha.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Xa amaqela ezobupolitika eqhekeke kakhulu, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunokulawula ngokunempumelelo. EUnited States, umzekelo, iNdlu yeQela kunye nomongameli we-veto zisetyenzisiwe ukuvala umthetho naxa iqela elinye lilawula omagumbi omabini. Oku kuye kwabangela impikiswano yokulungisa inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo ukuze kuthintelwe ukugcinwa kwemiqathango, ukulibazisela uqingqo-mali, kunye nezicwangciso ezibalulekileyo. Kulo bume, isikhulu esiphezulu sisenokubhenela kwisenzo esingakhawulezi kugqibelezela, sinyuse ukulungelelanisa ulungelelwano olucetyo. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho impikiswano ekwakheni inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo ukuze kunciphe ixesha lokugcina ii-ehlolo.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Izenzo zomthetho ziyenzeka xa iinkundla zichaza umthetho ngeendlela eziwenza ngokuphumelelayo inkqubo entsha, maxa wambi zingena kwintsimi yowiso-mthetho. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi oku kuthoba ulwahlulo lwamagunya ngokuvumela abagwebi abangakhethwanga ukuba benze izigqibo ezilunge ngakumbi kubameli abanyuliweyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukucaciswa kwezomthetho kubalulekile ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Umgca phakathi kokutolikwa nomthetho unokuba ngcono, njengoko kubonwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuqhomfa, ukulingana komtshato, kunye nokhuseleko lwezempilo.

Impembelelo yezolawulo

Oorhulumente bale mihla baxhomekeke kakhulu kumasebe olawulo ._nje kwi-Evironmental Protection Agency okanye kwi-Food and Drug Administration" edibanisa imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho, yokulawula, neyokugweba. Bamisa imithetho, bawanyanzelise, bawanyanzelise, bawafake iingxwabangxwaba ezikhoyo. Aba bathunywa begunya baphakamisa inkxalabo ngesebe "lesine" likarhulumente. Ngelixa kuyimfuneko ukusingatha imibandela entsonkothileyo, amaqumrhu angenaxanduva anokulwa kwamandla ngaphandle kokuba ephantsi kolawulo kunye nokuhlola imigaqo-mthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokwahlukana Kwamagunya Kulawulo - melo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyonto nje ethethwayo; kuneengenelo ezisebenzisekayo nezibonakalayo kubemi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Izahlulo ze Tyranny: ngokwahlula igunya, kunzima ukuba nabani na umntu okanye iqela afumane ulawulo olupheleleyo.
  • Ingxelo ebhaliweyo: Isebe ngalinye linokubekwa ityala ngabanye, ukunciphisa ubuqhetseba nokuxhatshazwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhusela amalungelo ngamanye: Ijaji ezimeleyo ingabetha imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko engundoqo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unikezelo: amasebe amaninzi anyanzela ingxoxo, ukuyekelela, kunye noqwalasela ngenyameko inkqubo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungaguquguquki: Urhulumente olungeleleneyo usengozini yokusinda kwiimeko ezinzima kwaye alungelelane ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ngaphandle kokwahlukana, oorhulumente basengozini yokungena kwimikhosi yoosomashishini okanye kwisiphithiphithi. Isiseko sibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuluntu olwahlukeneyo apho amalungelo amancinane amele ahlonelwe ngokuchasene nokuthanda kwenkoliso.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Okusebenza

EUnited States: Ushicilelo oluluhlaza lomgaqo-siseko

Inkqubo ye-U.S. iye yavavanywa ziziganeko ezifana nehlazo leWatergate, ukuvavanywa kwamatyala angoomongameli, nendima yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kunyulo lwama 2000. Ii-checks kunye nolinganiselo luye lwabanjwa kakhulu, nangona maxa wambi emva kwamadabi amakhulu ezobupolitika. Ulwandiso lwamandla olawulo phantsi kwamaqela omabini luyaqhubeka lubangela impikiswano yokuba ngaba ukwenziwa kwasekuqaleni kuhlala kwanele kunkulungwane yama-21. Kukuhlaziywa, bona iZiko lobucala Brennan lobulungisa kwi-Awast [FLT] kwi-certs kunye ne-asemgalelo [FLT].]

IFransi: IRiphabliki Yesihlanu

IRiphabliki yesihlanu yeFransi, eyasekwa ngo-1958, yayiyilelwe ukulungisa ukungazinzi kweenkqubo zepalamente zangaphambili. Inika umongameli amandla abalulekileyo, kuquka amandla okuncitshiswa kweNdibano yesiZwe nokudlula kwipalamente. Noko ke, iBhunga leMigaqo-siseko lilungiselela uhlolo logwebo, kunye nomphathiswa-mthetho (kuninzi lwepalamente) angamelana nomgangatho womongameli ngexesha lokuhlalisana kwengquzulwano. Lo mzekelo wentlalo-ntlalo ibonisa indlela ulwahlulo olunokutshintshwa ngayo kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni.

EJamani: Umanyano Nengxubusho Enamandla Yezeejaji

Umthetho oBanzi waseJamani (Grundesetz) umisela inkqubo yepalamente yecawa yenkundla eqinileyo yomgaqo-siseko (Bundesfassungsericht). Umongameli unyulwa yiBundestag kwaye kufuneka alondoloze intembelo yayo, edala udibaniso olufanayo ne-UK. Ukanti iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeFederal ingayehlisa imithetho echasa amalungelo asisiseko, kwaye isakhiwo sorhulumente sinika i-Implase. Le ndlela idibaniselwano kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omeleleyo.

Ukugxekwa Neengxoxo Ezikufutshane Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Bambi abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akusebenzi kakuhle, ingakumbi ngamaxesha ongxamiseko xa kufuneka inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Abanye bathi kudala ulwahlulo olungelulo oluthi lutyeshele ukudibana kolawulo. Kwamanye amazwe, le ngcamango ibuthathaka yinkqubo yokunganyaniseki, amaziko abuthathaka, okanye isigqeba esilawulayo. Kwakhona kukho impikiswano yokuba urhulumente wale mihla ujongene nenjongo yokuqala. Noko ke, uninzi lwezopolitiko luyavuma ukuba ukwahlukana okuthile kulunge ngakumbi kunokwahlulwa nakunye. Ucelomngeni lubangelwa kukufumana ulungelelwano olulungileyo phakathi kwenkululeko nentsebenziswano.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusesisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, kunika isiseko sokuzikhusela ekukhuseleni ulawulo lobundlobongela kunye nesiseko sokukhusela inkululeko yabantu. Imigaqo yawo ``ukwahlulwa kwegunya, ukuvavanywa nokuzimela, kunye nokuzimela-phantsi (ukungqinelana) nokuzimela-hlala ngokuphawulekayo). Ingcinga yale mihla efana neyolawulo oluphezulu, ukuyekelela, ukuvavanya imilinganiselo yemfundiso, ingcamango engundoqo iyaqhubeka: ukukhusela inkululeko, amandla kufuneka alungelelaniswe. Ukuqonda le ngcamango ibalulekile kubemi neenkokeli ngokufanayo, njengoko ifundisa yonke into ekwinjongo yomgaqo-mgaqo-siseko ukuya kumsebenzi wezopolitiko. Ngokufunda zombini ukuphumelela nokungaphumeleli kwayo, sinokwenza uvavanyo ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokuxhasa umthetho womthetho.