UmGaqo-siseko wase-United States wawungayilwanga ukuba uhlale ume. Ngenkqubo yokulungisa echazwe kwiGatya V, abafaki besakhelo benza isakhiwo esikwaziyo ukutshintsha indlela yokutshintsha izinto njengoko uhlanga lukhula. Namhlanje, amalungelo abantu baseMerika asebenzisa imihla ngemihla — ukusuka kumagama abawathethayo kwimfihlo abawalindeleyo alungiswe ngokulungisa inkululeko engundoqo nokulungisa ukungalungisi okungokwembali. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olucokisekileyo lweziphelo olune kakhulu lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukuphanda imvelaphi yakhe, izindululo zezomthetho, nokuhlala entlanganisweni kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Isiseko Senkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Ngo-1791, iinguqu zokuqala ezilishumi zolungiso kuMgaqo-siseko, ezaziwa njengeSigqeba saMalungelo, zavela kwiingxoxo zokudityaniswa kwemiGaqo-siseko yantlandlolo. Abahlalutyi bomGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo baphikisa ngelithi yayingenazo iinkuselo ezicacileyo zenkululeko yabantu. UJames Madison wabhalisa ezi zindululo, edweliswe kwiSibhengezo samaLungu samalungelo namaNgesi. IBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yasebenza kurhulumente worhulumente wezwe, kodwa ngeGandla le-145th Amendmentmentmentation’s Intelligement Claceces, inkoliso yendlela yokuzikhusela kwayo iye yafakwa kwigunya kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nonqulo

UHlaliso Lokuqala lumisa inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesibongozo. Luthintela urhulumente ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni kwaye lukhusela ukusetyenziswa ngokukhululekile kokholo. Inkululeko yokuthetha nokufakelwa kuye kwaba semgangathweni kubomi bedemokhrasi baseMelika, ivumela abemi ukuba bagxeke urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokucinezelwa. Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo alawula imida yalawulo yala malungelo. [[FLT:] Brandenburg v.OO [1] [1964] [iiinkululo], ikholelwa ukuba ukukhuthazwa kwesenzo esingekho mthethweni kumthetho kukhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba imigaqo emitsha yemithetho efuna ukusetyenziswa ngokubhekiselele kwemithetho esemthethweni. [FLT] Colton Timess. v [FLT] [FLT] [1964] [194]) ukhuthulo lwamachiza oluphambili lungqinwe lukhulu ngoolongo lwamagosa lukawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke. Kwixesha,

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISigqibo sesibini soHlaziyo sithi: "Indawo elawulwa kakuhle eMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, ayizukumonyulwa. Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, intengiselwano yachazwa ngokuyintloko kumongo wenkonzo yemikhosi. Kodwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva, [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FOLD v.[FLT]] [2001] [2001] [iNkunye], iNkuMba ePhakamileyo yavuma ilungelo lokuba nezixhobo zoziququququ zendlu. [RGenesss, RFUPlat], iRD] ingu inguququze i- kwicala lobuliso loburhulumente uR.[4] I-Pultle, i-Breinf.[2] I- org2] i- orgt , ingumpetho- , ifuna uvavanyo olukhethekileyo olukhethekileyo lwemilophumo-ofu, oluthe , oluthelelayolulonke, olu

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesine: Ukukhusela Kwizinto Ezingekho Mthethweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni ngokufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Olu khuselo luye lwangundoqo kumalungelo obuqu. Umthetho wokususa, omiselwe weweeks v. United States[ [14]) [14] kwaye lusetyenziswa kumazwe akwi . [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [F:] [FLT] [5] [1918], intsika efunyenwe kulwaphulwa ulawulo lweSinyuko seSine sokusebenza enkubonelo.[5] njengokuba ubugcisa buye banwela izikhuseli, iNkukhundla luye lwandisa izikhuseli kumanani. [[FLT] [5]

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlanziso seNhlanu siquka izilumkiso ezininzi ezibalulekileyo: ilungelo lokugwetywa ngokungqongqo, ukukhuselwa kwityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala, ilungelo elichasene nokuzibeka esichengeni kabini, ilungelo lokuzichasa, ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, kunye nokwalela ukuthatha impahla yangahlawulelwa. Ingxelo yokuzikhupha ngokwayo ixhomekeke ekuthini ingabi nambuyiselo. I-Gaqo-mthetho yaziwa kakuhle ukusuka kuMsinga, emiselwe [[FLT: 0]] imanda v. I-Arizona[[FLT] [[6] [196], efuna amapolisa ukuba azise amalungelo awo phambi kokuncinwa kwemvume. Inkqubo yobugcinelo. UMxokolo u- Claus uthintela nawu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye ipropati elungileyo. Ukuthatha u-okana u-okanas aqinisekisa ukuba xa urhulumente ethatha ipropati yobuqu, kufuneka ahlawule imbutho yoluntu elungileyo.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuya Kuthethwa Ngetyala Elifanelekileyo

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza kunye noluntu ngokubanzi liququzelelwa ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokuziswa ngesityholo, ukujamelana nokubiza amangqina, kunye nokuncedwa licebiso lokukhusela ubani. Ilungelo lokucebisa lanwetshwa kakhulu [ Gideon v. Ityala le-Wainwright [ii-FLT] [ilungelo lokufumana ingcebiso], elithi limele linikezele igqwetha elimele linikezele kubamangalelwa kwiimeko ze-fey. Esi sigqibo kamva sadluliselwa nakweliphi na elinye icala apho ukuvalelwa kunokwenzeka. Isiphumezi setyala siqinisekisa ukuba abatshutshisi-exmine, ukukhusela okunxulumene nobungqina obunobubundlongondlongobo apho amaxhoba angayingqinisi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

IsiHlazo-Mbetho salela ibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, kunye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike ibinzana elithi “ukungalawuleki kunye nelingaqhelekanga” ukuguqula ngemilinganiselo yebutho labantu yokuhlonipheka. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuthintelweni kwesohlwayo sokufa, kuquka ukuvalwa kokubulala abantu abakhubazekileyo (] Atkins v. Virginia, 2002 [[[FLT:]]], kunye nabantwana ( Rhooper v. [isimonds[, 2005]). I-omatiliti yemi, i-omatilo, kunye nokungasetyenziswa kwetyala.

ISindululo saMalungelo esandisa amalungelo

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya nasemva kwayo yonke inkulungwane yamashumi amabini, utshintsho olongezelelekileyo lwathetha ngamalungelo asisiseko iBhili yamaLungelo eyayisele ingawacombululi, ingakumbi amaMerika, amabhinqa, nabaselula baseAfrika. Ezi zindululo zaguqula kwakhona idemokhrasi yaseMerika zaza zahlala zingumbandela wokubekwa ngokukhutheleyo komthetho.

Uhlaziyo Lwe - 13: Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka

ICandelo 2 linika iNkqutyana yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa, okuye kwasetyenziswa ukudlulisela imithetho echasene nokungalawuleki kwabantu. Oku kusisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Kwakusisokuqala sezoHlaliso lokwenziwa kwakhona komthetho waseMerika, kwaye kwamela ukutshintshwa okukhulu komthetho waseMerika. ICandelo 2 linika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa ukupheliswa kwemithetho echasene nokurhwebelana kwabantu. Oku kuchasene nesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho “sohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, noko ke, kuvumele ukusetyenziswa kwempatho yamabanjwa ngokungenanjongo, uqheliselo oluye lwabangela ukugxekwa kwenkqubo yokunyanzelwa kwemisebenzi. UMthetho we-13thdate Amendstyy isebenza njengesiseko semithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho ejoliswe“ nezenzo zobukhoboka.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi Elinane: Ubumi, Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Ngokunokwenzeka, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine, olugunyazisiweyo ngo1868, luyisigqibo esibaluleke kakhulu sokulungisa iNkcubeko yamaLungelo. Umbuso walo uClaus ulawule irejistar engalunganga . IDred Scott v. Sandford[ [isigqibo esigunyazisiweyo] ngokuvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi. I-'Standard Classiaste' isetyenziselwa ukuquka ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amaninzi kumaphondo. I-FLD [FFF], i-FOF], ifuna ukuba akukho mntu ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho, kwaye iye yaba sisiseko sezigqilo ezimeleyo kwimibalwano zobuhlanga ([5],[5], kunye nolawulo loburhulumente loburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente, [5]],[3][3]]], uR.[3], kunye no-G.[F.G.G.G.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi elinesihlanu: Ukunika Zonke Iintlanga Amalungelo

Ngo-1870, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu loMphetho-zincwadi lwaseMgaqo-sisekoni luyelela oorhulumente besizwe norhulumente ukuba bangamvumeli ummi ukuba avote ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kwimeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka. Noko ke, phantse inkulungwane emva kokudityaniswa, amazwe aseMazantsi asebenzisa iirhafu, iimvavanyo zobuzwilanisi, kunye noloyikiso lobundlobongela lokususa amaBhala. Umthetho weVoting Rights ka-19656, owamiselwa phantsi kwamandla eBhunga lomthetho, ekugqibeleni wasusa emininzi yale miqobo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa isigqibo sokuhlawula i-[Flutte:0] County v. [Flct:1] [2011])) yahlasela ukunikezelwa komthetho we-Voldersi, yakhokelela kwimithetho emitsha ye-oventi entsha kunye neminye i-oventi ephantsi komthetho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwesi - 19: Umvuzo Wamabhinqa

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokungagunyaziswa, iSihlaziyi seshumi elinesithoba savunywa ngo-1920, iqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota alingephiwe ngenxa yesini. Utshintsho lwavela kwintshukumo yamabhinqa, eyabona iinkokeli njengoSusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton linyanzela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa ukurhoxiswa kwalo kwakulinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekulinganani kwamabhinqa, akuzange kuqinisekise ngokukhawuleza ukufumaneka kwamabhinqa, ingakumbi amabhinqa anemibalabala. ISinyusi-Gajithezi se-Andrence icelwa kwiimeko zanamhlanje ngokuphathelele ukuvota kunye nokuvava imigaqo echaphazela ngokugqithisileyo amabhinqa.

Uhlaziyo LwesiBini: Ukuvalwa Kwerhafu Engcolisayo

Ngo-1964, uHlaziyo lwama-20-Fourth Amendment lwalelwe irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamazwe. Iirhafu ezirhafu zazisetyenziswe kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukuphelisa irhafu ephantsi efunyenweyo yaseAfrika. Isivumelwano sathetha ngqo kulo mqobo wokuvota. Kamva, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Harper v. IBhunga leEqulubheni le-Evolution [1966] ulwandiso kumyalelo wonyulo lwerhafuzo lwerhafu karhulumente phantsi konyulo lwe-INT.

Uhlaziyo lweNkcubeko:

Ngo- 1971, uMphetho-mabini wesiHlaliso wehla iminyaka yokuvota ukususela kwi-21 ukuya kwi-18. Uvuselelo lwavela ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, xa abafana babhaliswa beneminyaka eli-18 ubudala kodwa bengakwazi ukuvota. Isehlo saqinisekiswa ngexesha elibhaliweyo ngaphaya kweenyanga ezintathu emva kokudlula kweBhunga. Iye yancedisa ekunyuseni kwenxaxheba kwezezobupolitika zolutsha, nangona kuvela ukhuthuzo phakathi ko18 ukuya kutsho kwishumi elinesibini leminyaka ubudala ngokungoko kubhalisile ukuvota kwangaphantsi kwamaqela amadala. Imigudu yakutshanje yokwandisa ukuvota ekholejini nokubhalisa abatsha abatsha ngokungqalileyo kwesi sithembiso.

Indlela Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Okuwaguqula Ngayo Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

Impembelelo yokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ayinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa inkqubo yokuququzelelwa kwejaji kunye nendima yephondo. Kwimeko enkulu yeRiphabliki yokuqala, iBhili yamaLungelo ibopha urhulumente wezwe kuphela. Emva koMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo we-14th Commentality, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa amalungiselelo ayo ngokuthe ngcembe kumazwe ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuququzelela. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, phantse onke amalungiselelo eBhili leeRhovisi yamaLungelo aye aqukwa, ngaphandle (njengokuba iSithathu soHlaliso singu sekota soMgaqo-mthetho wesiHlathi-mvume nemfuneko ebalaseleyo yokuHlamkelo lwesihlanu). Oku kuqulukelo luthelele ukuba amalungelo ommi kuhlanganyelwe lilo lonke ilizwe, ukukhuselwa ngokuxhatshaniswa kwemeko lombuso ngokuxhatshaniswa kwesizwe kunye norhulumente.

Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo eLand aphembelela ubomi kwezi zindululo. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yasebenzisa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lokuphelisa ucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. imanda v. Arizona [[[FLT:]][FLT]] [[FLT]]] [6] [196] [iiiiinkqubo ezicacileyo kwilungelo leSinyusombululo nxamnye nozimele. [[FLT]] [iii-Roev.] v. [[FLT:]] [iiiiiiiindlela] [iiindlela] ebanzi yokukhupha umqolo] [iiindlela-okanye ne-okanye i-Gronsolations, ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yobulungisa, i-omatiwama, i-odwa, i-ognomodura i-odwa, i-oct

Ukuziphakamisa Neengxaki

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko olubumba amalungelo namhlanje asiyomigoqo yamalungelo. Ichaziwe, iphikiswa, ivavanywa ngokuqhubekayo nxamnye nobugcisa obutsha kunye nezithethe zentlalo. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo namhlanje kubalulekile ukuze ube ngummi onolwazi.

Ukuthetha Kakhululekileyo Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

Inkululeko yokuthetha yeFirst Amendment iye yafakwa kwinqanaba lokuzithethelela ekuthetheni ngokunxulumene nomgaqo wezentlalo, intetho kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Ngoxa urhulumente engakwazi ukukuhlalutya ngqo ukuchanava okungakhethwayo (ukunyeliswa, ukunyeliswa, ukuhlanjalazwa), amaqonga azimeleyo anjengoFacebook kunye noTutters), amacandelo angoorhulumente angoorhulumente kwaye asenokuba ngomlinganiselo. Ukubiza imithetho karhulumente yokukhutshwa kwenkcazelo yeSindululo sokuqala, njengoko kubonwa kwiimeko ezilucelomngeni oluthintela abasebenzisi abalula okanye abakhuphi na-projective. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iquka amatyala anokucacisa umlinganiselo onokuthi wona athi amaqonga anyanze intetho ethile. Ngaphezu koko, umbuzo wokungabaza amajelo kawonke-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba-wonke uphazamisa ukudityaniswa kwemithetho e-ntle

Amalungelo emipu nokhuseleko loluntu

UHlaliso Lwesibini luhlala lungolunye lwezona ndawo ziphikiswayo zomthetho-siseko. Emva kwesigqibo Bruen]. Ukubekwa kwale nkundla kusezantsi, iinkundla ezincinci zibambene nendlela yokusebenzisa uvavanyo lwembali lwemiqathango yemipu yezi mini. Amazwe athe aphendula ngoluhlu lwemithetho: engavunyelwanga, ekwandiseni uhlolo lwesiqalo, ukulinda, nokuvalwa kwemiqathango yokuhlasela izixhobo. Ukungaqiniseki komgaqo-siseko wale miqathango akuqinisekwanga. Okwangoku, iNkundla iNkulo ePhakamileyo iyavuma ukuva ukufaneleka kokuthintela ukuphatha imipu yabantu ngabanye ngokokuba nemithetho elawula ugonyamelo. Isiphumo siza kuchaza umgangatho wesiBili, ixesha lokuLamkelo loMgalelo-oklo-okrwelo kwimipu ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-400.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Ngaphandle kweshumi elinesihlanu, ishumi elinesithoba, ama-20-Fourth Communiments, namashumi amabini anesithandathu soHlaziyo lovota, amalungelo eevoti ayaqhubeka ejongene nocelomngeni. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, ukuhlaziywa kwemisongo yokuvota, ukuncitshiswa kwamanxuwa okuqala, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwembali yocalulo lokutshintsha iinkqubo zokuvota ngaphandle kwemvume egunyaziweyo. Kwimpendulo, iBhunga eliPhakamileyo licingelwe ukuba alidluliswanga umthetho wokuqhuba u-Rhulumente u-ntertymento. IKomishini ePhakamileyo i-1950, i-Provicel i-Admistment i-Active i-RDicel i-Dicel i-Dintevery i-Dicence i-Dinjini e-occostavent. Ngeliyo, imo komiti yemithetho yemithetho yokuvosatsha i-Phondo i-Dimplete 2020 i-Digementation i-Dixterga

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Ukhuseleko lweSine Somthambeko lulungiswa kwakhona ngobugcisa bezi mini bokuhlola. Xa urhulumente eqhuba uphando olufuna isiqinisekiso? Uvavanyo olusengqiqweni lweNkundla Ephakamileyo lokuzimela i-", ukusuka Katz v. United States [1967] [i-FL] [197]], iye yasetyenziswa kwiGPS ugcino-mkhondo, i-menyo-metamstiki, kunye neseli-ingxelo efunekayo. [iii-RY] kunye [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [iK] [iK] [iindlela] [FLT] [5], iyazi iNkuvumile ukuba ulwazi lolwazi olunzulu nolufuna ukhuseleko lobuqu. Kodwa kusesahlulo oluzenzekelayo, ukusetyenziswa kwelayiselelo lobucala, ukujoyina, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kweminyelelwa kweminyeleleka-Geneganisa.

Isiphelo

Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko olubumba amalungelo namhlanje yimigaqo ekhoyo esetyenziswa kwimbali, ukutolikwa, kunye nokulwa kwezentlalo. Ukusukela kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwiNguqulo yezolawulo kunye nokulungisa amalungelo okuvota kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ilungiselelo ngalinye libonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wesizwe wokunxibelelanisa imilinganiselo yokusekwa kwemigaqo yebutho labantu elifanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zigqibo akuyonkqenkqeza phambili nje ekuqhubekekeni kwemfundo; kubalulekile kubo bonke abemi abanqwenela ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokufanelekileyo nokuxhasa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abo bonke abantu. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha eqhubekayo yokuyila, ukukhusela, okanye ukutshintsha kwentlalo-ntle yabantu kuhlala kusesona sixhobo sinamandla sokulungisa, silungiselelwe ukuba silungele ukuqhubana nokuqhubeka.

[[FLT: 0] izibonelelo eziphinda-phindeneyo: hlola umbhalo opheleleyo we Bhill yamaLungelo kumaZibonelo esizwe , funda iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kumatyala ophawulo [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]], kwaye phinda uhlolo lwangoku lobhaqo lonikezelo olusuka ku-'[FLT] U.S. IKhomishini yoPhuhliso [[FLT:]]. [[FLT:]]] inikeza ucocalulo ngalunye olubanzi lwentsingiselo.[FLT]