Iinkqubo zokhetho, apho umvotelwa okanye iqela elifumana inkoliso yamavoti afumana isihlalo okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente, lineziphumo ezinzulu nezingathandekiyo kwindlela abemi abafunda ngayo ngenkqubo yabo yezobupolitika. Ngenxa yokuba ezi nkqubo zijikelele ibala lokudlala kumaqela amakhulu kwaye zivelise abaphumelele ngokucacileyo, zibumba oko kuqulethweyo, ukugxininisa, nokuphumelela kwemfundo yovoti kunye namaphulo okufunda. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano kubalulekile kubalawuli bonyulo, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nabenzi bemithetho ezimisele ukukhuthaza ubuchule nokubophelela abavoti.

Ziziphi Iinkqubo Zeerojanti?

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zenzelwe ukuvelisa umvuzo okokugqibela, ngokufuna umvoti oninzi kunaye nabani na umchasi kunokuba afumane isabelo solwahlulo lwevoti. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yi yokuqala-phambili-mkhonto (FPP), esetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, naseIndiya. KwiFPTP, ilizwe lahlulwe kwimimandla enye, kwaye umvoti onenani eliphezulu lokuvota lifumana isihlalo, nokokubaleka okuphezulu, kwanokuba asiwangafinye kwenani elipheleleyo.

Ezinye iinkqubo zobungangamsha ziquka inkqubo engqukuva ezimbini (esetyenziswe kunyulo lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho neyomongameli) kunye novoti-luvo olukhoyo lokwenza uvoti (esetyenziswe kunyuselo olusezantsi lwendlu). Kwimeko nganye, ingqiqo engundoqo ihlala ifana: umnqolobi oqokelela ivoti enkulu, enokuba nompumlo ekuqinisekiseni inkxaso enkulu. Oku kwahluka ngemimiselo yomelo yolungelelaniso, apho izihlalo zinikwa ngokomlinganiselo wokwabelana komvotelelo olupheleleyo lwamaqela okanye abaquququzeleli.

Ukulula kwenkqubo yezikhulu kudla ngokuchazwa njengenzuzo: abavoti bafuna uphawu lomvoti omnye kuphela, kwaye iziphumo zidla ngokucaca ngobusuku bonyulo. Noko ke, oku kucacileyo kufihla imfihlelo enzulu kwindlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kumandla, nto leyo echaphazela uhlobo lwamaphulo emfundo afunekayo nanempumelelo.

Indlela Iinkqubo Ezikhulu Eziyichaphazela Ngayo Ihambo Yezobupolitika

Phambi kokuhlola amaphulo okhetho lwemfundo ngqo, kubalulekile ukuqonda izisusa zokuziphatha ezenziwe yimithetho engundoqo. Ngenxa yokuba kuphela umgqibeli wokuqala uphumelela isihlalo, amaqela amancinane kunye nabavoti abazimeleyo abahlelekileyo. Abaxhasi beqela elincinane bangavakalelwa kukuba "wabikwe" ukuba eloqela alinalo ithuba lokuphumelela. Oku kukhokelela kwiziganeko eziphambili ezimbini: uvotic kunye kunye nenkqubo yeqela leqela elibini].

Uvotelo olucwangcisiweyo lwenzeka xa ummi efaka ibhola yokuvota kumntu ongayithandiyo into yokukhusela utshaba olungathandwayo ekuphumeleleni. Kwinkqubo yesikhulu, uvotelo lusoloko lulukhetho olusengqiqweni, kodwa lufuna abavoti baqonde kungekuphela nje izinto abazithandayo kodwa kwanokwenza okunokwenzeka komvoti ngamnye kwisithili sabo. Oku kufuna umgangatho ophezulu wolwazi lwezobupolitika nokwazi okungakumbi kunokuba kufunwa kwiinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo, apho uvotisi lungasoloko luchaza ukhetho lwabo olunyanisekileyo ngaphandle kokoyika "losa" ivoti yabo".

Utyekelo lokulawula icandelo elibini lolawulo lwezopolitiko lukwabumba intetho yezopolitiko. Inkamkelo, inkcubeko yezixhobo, kunye namaqonga eqela athanda ukudibana kwiseti yemiba enciphileyo etsala umvoti wovoti. Amaqela amancinane amela imfuno okanye uluntu oluphantsi azabalazela ukufumana ukubonakala, kwaye abavoti abakhethayo abanokungangeneleli kuloo maqela. Oku kubangela imingeniswana kunye namathuba okufunda, okufuneka bagqibe indlela yokuthetha ngesithuba esiphakathi semithetho emiselweyo yokhetho kunye namava ovoti.

Imfundo Yesichotho kwiinkqubo zeMajorticant: Iimvavanyo nocelomngeni

Amaphulo oqeqesho ajolise ekuxeleleni abemi ukuba baza kuvota nini, njani na, kusini na ukubhalisa, kunye neenkqubo zokufaka ibhola. Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, okuqulethwe ngala maphulo kusoloko kuqhubekeka ukuqwalasela ingqwalasela yobuchule kunye nempembelelo yezixhobo ezikwiqondo lesithili.

Ukucacisa Ngokucacileyo Indlela Yokuvelisa Imithombo

Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ezingundoqo zingabandakanya imimiselo yebhola entsonkothileyo (umz., iinkqubo ezimbini ezingqukuva, iibhola zomsila ezilinganiswe ngokweminye imiba yesithili), ukuqwalaselwa kwemfundo engundoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bayayiqonda kakuhle indlela yokuphawula ibhola yabo. Oku kuquka ukucacisa ukuba bangavota kuphela umvoteli omnye, nokuba kufuneka bagqibe kummandla omnye, nokuba kwenzeka ntoni ukuba akukho mvoteki uphumele inkoliso. Ngokomzekelo, kwisixokelelwano sesibini somkhethi, uvoti kufuneka afundiswe ngomda wokuya kummandla wesibini kunye nemithetho yokurhoxakeka. EKhanada i-FTP, i-offaication i-octive i-octive, ngoko kulula, ngoko kulula ukuphumelela okuthe ngqo malunga nemvoti - mngeni ngamnye, xa kuthe kuhlolwa i-votibili.

Yenza uphawu

Enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zemfundo yabavoti kwiimeko eziphambili yimfuneko yokulungisa uvotelo olusemthethweni. Ngelixesha amagunya onyulo asemthethweni enqanda ukukhuthaza ukuvota ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kobundi, imibutho yoluntu kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha ijelo losasazo lwezandaba ngokufuthi avelisa izikhokelo ezichaza indlela yokuchaza "ngendlela yobuchule" ukuthintela umvoti ongekhoyo ukuba angaphumelelanga. La maphulo anokuba nengxabano kuba acela abavoti ukuba babeke ecaleni izinto zabo zokwenyaniso ezikhethelwe zenene kwaye endaweni yokovotela i-"ukhetho olungalunganga". Ingxoxo ephambili yokuvota ngokwayo iba ngumxholo wemfundo yoluntu: abemi bamele baqonde ukurhoxisa okuphakathi kovota kunye nobuchule bokuvota ngokunyanisekileyo, kunye neziphumo ezinde zokuvota okufanelekileyo kwiqela.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuzo Zonke Iinqanawa

Iinkqubo zolawulo lweenqanawa zidala izihlalo ezininzi "ezikhuselekileyo" apho omnye umntu ephumelela ngokuzingisileyo ngemida emikhulu. Kwezi sithili, abavoti bangaziva bengenalo mpembelelo luncinci kwiziphumo zesizwe, ikhokelela ekuthotyweni kwecala elisezantsi. Ngoko ke amaphulo okufundisa agxininisa ukubaluleka kokuvota kwanakwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Agxininisa ukuba umelo lwasekuhlaleni lusekwimibandela, ukuba ukuphakama komthunzi lungaphembelela iphulo lwephulo lephulo, kwaye izihlalo ezisemgangathweni zingashukuma ixesha elide. Imibhiyo ikhumbuza abavotisi bemibani basekuhlaleni ukuba basoloko begqitha iqela lesizwe, kwaye umvotitshala ozimeleyo okanye umbutho onyukayo angalwa ngamanye amaxesha amaqela amabini amakhulu.

Iphulo lokufunda: Izinto ezinokwenziwa

Amaphulo okubhalisa nokubhala adlulela ngaphaya kovota ukufundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo, iimbopheleleko zabo, kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yezobupolitika ebanzi. Kwinkqubo yezopolitiko enkulu, la maphulo ajongene nocelomngeni lokuchaza isizathu sokuba "inani lakho lokuvota" kwinkqubo esoloko inika umvuzo kuphela kwabo bakumazwe akhuphisanayo okanye akwimimandla ejinga-jingayo.

Ukuqonda Izixhobo Zokudityaniswa Nemifanekiso

Injongo engundoqo yoluntu ekwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwabahlali kukunceda abemi baqonde indlela amavota aguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo. Ngenxa yokuba i-FPTP ingenza "onke abantu abasebenzayo" – apho iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi ngeqaqobana levoti – abemi abambalwa abaqhelekileyo kufuneka bafumane umsantsa phakathi kwevoti yokwabelana nokuhlala. Iinkampani zinokusebenzisa imizobo nemizekelo ukubonisa indlela iqela eliphumelela ngayo ama-40% evoti kazwe lonke lingakhusela ngayo 55% yezihlalo ukuba inkxaso yalo isasazwe kakuhle kwimimandla ebanzi. Oku kukuqonda kubalulekileyo ekuqululeni iziphumo zonyulo nokuphatha iintambo zolawulo. [[FLT:] i-Elective Society [FFLT]

Ukugxininisa Ukunganyaniseki Ngezakhono Kwisigqibo Esingaphaya Kweqela

Iinkqubo zoomasipala zisoloko zikhuthaza ukukhethwa okunamandla kweqela kuba ukhetho olubini phakathi kwamaqela amabini angundoqo lwenza kube lula ukuvota ngokusekelwe kukunyaniseka kweqela lobuhlanga. Amaphulo okufunda nokubhala nokubhala akhuthaza abavoti ukuqwalasela iinkqubo, iimfaneleko, kunye nemiba yasekuhlaleni. Zinikezela izixhobo ezifana nesikhokelo sovoti-maqonga eqela kwimixholo ehlukeneyo, okanye iiwebhsayithi ezivumela abavoti ukuba bathelekise iimbono zabo nabaquququzeleli. EUnited States, [isebenzisa amagunya athelisiweyo [[FLT] [FLT] [ult] (isebenzisana noManyano baManyano baMany Voters]) zinikela ulwazi olungeyo olunolwahlulayo olunceda abavociciweyo ukuba benze ukhetho olucacileyo ngaphandle kweqela eliqhelekileyo.

Ukuthetha Nokungabikho Kwemdla Nokungakhathalelwa

Umvuzo ofumana zonke iimeko zesixokelelwano solawulo olukhulu ungadimaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba phakathi kwabavoti abavakalelwa kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanathuba lakufezeka. Amaphulo okufunda nokubhala amele ajongene ngqo noku kungabi naluxanduva ngokuchaza ukubaluleka kokuvota ngaphaya kwesiphumo esikhawulezileyo. Bagxininisa ukuba ukubhadula okuphezulu komeleza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuba ukuvota kungaphembelela amaqonga asekuhlaleni xa umvotel-govti, kwaye ukurhoxa okusezantsi kungabangela ukuba isimo somntu sihambele phambili. Amanye amaphulo asebenzisa "vote kwanokuba akaphumelelanga" iposi yokufikelela kuvoti evoti eshwa. Ngaphezu koko, bangafaka izifundo malunga [[FLT:] ulungiso lwezi-PG.[FLT]]

Uphando ngetyala: Iinkqubo zeMajoni ePhicotha

Ukuqwalasela imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene kutyhila indlela imfundo kunye namaphulo okuvota okufunda asemthethweni avumelana ngayo neempawu ezithile zenkqubo yonyulo yelizwe ngalinye.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo

Inkqubo ye-FK's FPP yeNdlu yamaQela isoloko igxekwa ekwenzeni iivoti ezipholileyo nezihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Amaphulo emfundo e-Electoral Commission ajolise ekubhaliseni, ekuvotelweni kweendawo zezitishi, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola. Ngeli xesha, imibutho efana [ Equququzelelwayo yoHlaziyo [[FLT:]] iqhuba i-advocation [[[FLT]] [1] isebenza inxenye enkulu yolwazi olukwindawo, efundisa abantu ukufunda nokubhala ekwimigqeba echaza indlela echaphane ngayo amathuba okuphumelelayo oku kunyuswa ngayo. Ngexesha lonyuso, izikhokelo lokhetho lobuchule olukhuselwe ngamaphephandaba [FLT] [FLT2] [FFFT:3] [ir] inxenye enkulu yolwazi olunezelelweyo, ekuthwaleni koothulo oluthelelwa kwimi, ukugqweshobo lwezi yemi, ukunyusa kwemi, ukunyusa kwendlela

IUnited States

Kwi-US, i-Electoral College kunye nephondo elinye le-operal lephondo lenza inkqubo ephambili yezoburhulumente kumgangatho wesizwe. Amaphulo oqeqesho lwamaVoter kufuneka achaze kungekuphela nje indlela yokuvota kodwa kwanendima ye-prigatories, i-caucus, kunye neElectoral College. iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yoRoomageslatures [ inika oovimba bomthetho wonyulo, ngelixa angenayo ekwaluswayo, ngexesha amaqela afana noManyaniso lwabesifazane noRock ijolise ekubhalisweni kobhaliso kunye nonyuso. I-CGRIP ibandakanya ukufundisa malunga no-Gergerman – ukurcelwa kwemida yephondo ukuze kungene omnye udidi lwe-UGugenorder.

CanadaName

Inkqubo ye-FPTP yaseKhanada ngokufanayo ivelisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwevoti ethandwayo nesihlalo. I-Ecostations Canada, umbutho ozimeleyo wovoti, iqhuba iinkqubo zemfundo ezibanzi eziquka ii-glock ball, ukufikelela kwesikolo, kunye nezibonelelo ngeelwimi ezininzi. Inkalo ekhethekileyo yemfundo yoluntu lwaseKhanada kukungaqhubeki kwengxoxo ngotshintsho oluqhelekileyo, olubalaselelweyo kunyuso lwenkqubo yonyulo, olubalasekwe qhayisho lwesizwe. Imibutho efana ne "Fair Vote Canada" ifundisa abemi ngeendidi zolwalu luluvo lwamazwe aseKhanada ukuba bangaba ngabameli nabangenisi bezifundo zemfundo yoluntu, njengoko abemi befunda indlela esebenzayo kodwa ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo.

Ingqikelelo yeNkcubeko: Iinkqubo zePropotical

Ukuthelekisa imfundo yomvoti kwimibutho eyintloko nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo (PR) lubalaselisa ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lwezokuqala. Kwinkqubo zePR, abavoti basoloko benokhetho oluninzi phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi, kwaye yonke ivoti inegalelo ngqo kubalo lwesihlalo. Le mfundo yePR ijongene nolwakhiwo lwentsebenziswano, ukucwangcisa, ulungelelaniso, kunye nokuvota. Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkqubo zorhwebo zifuna abavoti ukuba banciphe iinkalo ezifana "lo ezikhuselekileyo," nezihlalo ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nezibambi-zimbini. Lo mthwalo wolwando wokusebenza okungakumbi ungakhuthaza ukugana okunzulu phakathi kwabahlali abanomdla kwezo zezopolitiko okanye ukukhokelela ekukhubekeni umvanezelo lwengqondo kunye nokurhoxisa umvano phakathi kovoti.

Uphando olusuka kwi [[FLT: 0] I-ACE Ectoral Knethwele yolwazi lubonisa ukuba imfundo yomvoti kwiinkqubo zobungcungela iqheleke kakhulu ukugxininisa uhlobo lokhuphiswano lwezizwe zasekuhlaleni, ikhuthaza abavoti ukuba bavavanye ukuba bacinge ukuba impumelelo yelungu ngalinye. Kwinkqubo yePR, amaphulo emfundo adla ngokugxininisa umahluko wokhetho nokubaluleka kwevoti nganye ekugqibeni ukwenziwa kwendlu yomthetho. Zombini ezi ndlela zombini zinexabiso, kodwa inkqubo yesikhulu ye-"winani" ikhokelele kumntu omncinane, onamaqhinga amaninzi kunomntu olungileyo kunolwazi olubanzi.

Amathuba Otshintsho Kwimfundo Yezibhayibhile

Phezu kwazo nje iinzima, iinkqubo zoorhulumente zikwavelisa amathuba akhethekileyo okukhuthaza imfundo yabavoti kunye nokufunda kwezentlalo-ntle. Ukulula kwe-colot kunakhonziswa ukuvelisa izinto ezicacileyo nezifikelelekayo ezijolise kweyona nkcazelo ibalulekileyo: abo baza kubhaptizwa bangoobani noko bakumeleyo. Ngenxa yokuba kukho kuphela abantu abafumana amangenelo afanelekileyo abatshayi okanye abathathu kwisithili ngasinye, abavoti abajamelene nokhetho oluthe kratya oluqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zePR kunye namaqela amaninzi. Ngoko amaphulo emfundo angagqobhoza nzulu kwiirekhodi nakwizikhundla zemfundo nganye.

Elinye ithuba lisekusetyenzisweni kobugcisa. Kumazwe amakhulu anjenge-United States, amaqonga emfundo amaninzi abavoti bavumela abasebenzisi ukuba bangene kwidilesi yabo baze bafumane ibhola engomntu ngamnye enolwazi oluza kubhaptizwa, imvume, kunye nothelekiso lwenkqubo. Le "lo ndawo ilungele ingingqi ekwindawo enye, apho ukhetho lovoti ngamnye luchaphazela ngqo ummeli othile. Amaphulo okuvota okufunda angabala agxininisa ukubaluleka konyulo lokuqala, olu luphawu olukhethekileyo lwenkqubo enkulu yezikhulu ezisoloko zimisela unyulo olufumana unyulo olukhuselekileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukunganeliseki yinkqubo yezikhululo kungabangela ukudityaniswa kwesizwe. Inkamkelo ezifundisa abemi ngempumelelo neengozi zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokhetho ayilokuphucula nje kuphela ukuqonda kodwa ikwanika abemi amandla okuxhasa utshintsho olufana nokuvota okulinganiselweyo okanye umelo lolwahlulo. Olu hlobo lwemfundo luxhaphakile eKhanada naseManyeneyo, apho imibutho yengca iye yakhulisa ukuphaphazanyiswa okuphezulu ngotshintsho lokhetho.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zinempembelelo enamandla kwimfundo yabavoti nakumaphulo okuvota okufunda nokwazi. Zikwenza lula ukuvota kodwa ziwenza kube nzima umsebenzi wovoti wokwenza ukhetho olunentsingiselo, ingakumbi kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo apho iqela elinye lilawula khona. Ukuphumelela kwamaphulo emfundo kufuneka athethe ngokuchola okucwangcisiweyo, ukuvota okulahlwayo, kunye nomsantsa phakathi kwenkxaso ethandwayo kunye nolwabeko lwezihlalo. Kufuneka ziphinde zijongene nongenamdla womvoti kwimimandla engaphazamisi kwaye zinikeze izixhobo zokukhetha ukufikelela kwisigqibo esingaphaya kokunyaniseka kweqela elinolwazi.

Ngeli xesha ezi ngxaki zizokwenene, azinakuthintelwa. Ngokulungisa imiyalezo kwizinto ezikhoyo zokhuphiswano lwabahlali, ukuxhobisa ulwazi olukhoyo, nokukhuthaza iingxoxo ezibanzi malunga notshintsho lokhetho, abafundisi-mfundo banokuguqula imida yenkqubo ibe ngamathuba okuququzelela ulawulo-mpukane olunzulu. Ekugqibeleni, unyulo oluqonda abakhandi bomatshini kunye neziphumo zenkqubo yabo yokukhetha luxhotyiswe kakuhle ukuba bagcine abameli benobutyala kwaye batyhale ukuphuculwa apho kuyimfuneko khona. Usukelo lwemfundo yovotisi kuleyo nakweyiphi na inkqubo – enkulu elungelelanisiweyo – oluhlala lunjalo: ukunika bonke abami amandla okuthabatha ulwazi kunye nokuthembeka kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.