Table of Contents

Inkqubo esemthethweni isebenza njengesiseko sokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu eUnited States, imisela inkqubo ebanzi ekhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye iqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Ngomnatha omninzi wamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe norhulumente, ukutolikwa kwezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa, inkqubo esemthethweni isebenza ukukhusela ucalucalucalulo nokuxhasa amalungelo asisiseko achaza ulawulo-melo lwamaMerika. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu kubalulekile kubo bonke abami abafuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo nokubeka ityala.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko saMalungelo aBami

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States unikela isiseko esiqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungelo asekuhlaleni akhuseleke kuso. IBhili yamaLungelo asekuhlaleni, equka ezokuqala ezilishumi zokubuyiselwa kumGaqo-siseko, imisela inkululeko esisiseko equka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yendibano, neyezi zindaba. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokuthetha, baqhelisele ukholo lwabo, bahlanganisene ngoxolo, yaye bacel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela.

Ngapha koko iBhili yamaLungelo, iReconstructon Demendments (iSindululo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine, neseshumi elinesihlanu soHlaziyo) saguqula ummandla wamalungelo abantu eMelika. IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithathu saphelisa ubukhoboka nokungaboshiwe, ngokusisiseko siguqula imo esemthethweni yezigidi zamaMelika. IsiHlamrhumishi seshumi elinesine sazisa iSimiselo sokuKhuselo esilinganayo sikaCelaspeaste, esithintela ukunqanda nabani na imithetho elinganayo, kunye ne-SScted Proceswork Clace, esithintela ukuhluza abantu ukuba bangabi nabomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo iprotomstion efanelekileyo. IsiHendelo seshumi elinesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota u-onqandelwa lingavunywa ngokohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yangaphambili.

La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko avelisa amalungelo anyanzelekileyo abantu abanokuwaqinisekisa enkundleni xa bekholelwa ukuba amalungelo abo aphulwe. UmGaqo-siseko awubonisi nje iminqweno ekhoyo; umisela iimbopheleleko ezisemthethweni ezimele zihlonelwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente yaye iinkundla zinokunyanzeliswa ngohlalutyo olugwebayo.

UMthetho waMalungelo aMazwe oMgaqo-nkqubo

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko umisela isiseko, iKhomishini iye yamisela imimiselo emininzi enika intsingiselo nenkcukacha ezinika ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Le mithetho ithetha ngeendlela ezithile zocalulo nokumisela iindlela zokusebenza ezingaphaya koko kunikezelwa ngumGaqo-siseko kuphela.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

UMthetho weSigqeba samalungelo abantu ka-1964 umi njengenye yezona ziqwenga ezibanzi nezitshintshayo zomthetho wamalungelo abantu embalini yaseMerika. Lo mthetho uphawula iziganeko zokuphawula izinto awulwaleli ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwibala lohlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwimibandela emininzi. Isihloko II soMthetho woMthetho sichaza ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke njengeehotele, iivenkile zokutyela, nezinye iindawo zokulwa kwemidlalo ezisebenza ngokubanzi. ISihlomelo VII sokwalela ukucalulazwa abaqeshi abasebenzi abakwi-15 okanye ngaphezulu, sichaphazela izigidi zabasebenzi baseMerika.

Lo mThetho wakwamisela iCommunity Opportunity Commission (EOC), umbutho wesizwe obekwe ityala lokuphanda izikhalazo zocalulo lwemisebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuba iSihloko VII siyasebenza. NgeEOC, abantu abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwa emsebenzini banokubhala iindleko zemali zemali baze bafune iinyembezo eziquka ukubuyiselwa, ukubuyiselwa kubuyiselwa, kunye nezonakaliso.

Isihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo kaNondyebo sithintela ucalucalulo kwiinkqubo nakwimisebenzi efumana uncedo lwemali. Eli lungiselelo lineziphumo ezifikelela kude, lichaphazela izikolo, izibhedlele, amaqumrhu enkonzo yoluntu, neminye imibutho emininzi exhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali karhulumente. Ukuphinda-phinda le migaqo ichaphazela ulwaphulo-mthetho kususa inkqubo echanabazayo yokunyanzelisa i-nkqubo exhomekeke kwi-DOJ namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente malunga neminyaka engama-60.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

UMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965 umela impumelelo enzima ekukhuseleni ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota. Lo mthetho wawiswa ukulwa noqheliselo lokuvota ngocalulo oluye lwawahlula ngokunempumelelo ama-Afrika, ingakumbi kumazwe aseMazantsi. Lo Mthendeleko walwalela iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, iirhafu, nezinye izixhobo ezazisetyenziswa ukuthintela ukuba abemi abambalwa bangasebenzisi ilungelo labo lokuvota.

Elinye lamalungiselelo anamandla oMthetho wamaLungelo iVoting Rights yayiliCandelo 5, elalifuna amagunya athile kunye nembali yocalulo lovotelo ukuze ufumane imvume karhulumente. (ukuze kusetyenziswe iinguqu zemithetho yokuvota okanye iinkqubo). Eli lungiselelo laqhubeka lisebenza de kwango-2013, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphelisa igalelo leNkundla eShelby County v. Holer, ithe ukuthoba ulawulo lweziko kulawulo olusisigqumathelo.

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

ISivumelwano seFair Howard, esikwabizwa ngokuba yiSihloko VIII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1968, sithintela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, ekuhlawulwani, nasekuxhasweni kwezindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ubufazi, kunye nokukhubazeka. Lo mthetho uthetha ngenye yezona ndlela ziqhubekayo zocalucalulo kwibutho lamaMerika, `hhoselbal'). Oku kuneziphumo ezinzulu kumathuba emfundo, ukuhambelana nenkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nenkqubela yebutho labantu.

I-Fair House Act yenza kube kokungekho mthethweni kubanini-zindlu, abameli bezindlu, ababoleki bezindlu, kunye namaqabane abaninimzi ukuba bakhethe iiklasi ezikhuselweyo. Kwakhona kuyakwalela ukubhengeza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukukhupha iipilisi, kunye nezenzo zokuqhuba ezikhuthaza ucalucalulo olukhoyo. ISebe leHos House kunye noPhuhliso lwe-Urban (UD) linyanzelisa i-Fair Howation Act, kunye noonkcelelelo-mssorts act, kunye noophengululo lwezibhexeko olunelo lwezindlu.

AmaMerika Anesenzo Sokukhubazeka Sowe - 1990

I-ADA ifuna abaqeshi abanobuchule bokunika abantu abakhubazekileyo indawo yokuhlala nabaneziphene zemali, bawanike ukhuseleko olubanzi amalungelo abantu, benqanda ucalulo kwimisebenzi, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, nakwii-intanethi.

Lo mthetho waguqula indlela eme ngayo imeko-bume nentlalo yaseMerika, nto leyo efuna utshintsho kwizakhiwo, iinkqubo zothutho, kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene bayakwazi ukungena. I-ADA iyaqonda ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu akumele kucombulule nje ucalucalulo nje kuphela kodwa kwanemiqobo ethintela abantu ukuba bangabi nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu.

Indima YeSizwe Sasemkhosini Kukhuseleko Lwamalungelo Abantu

Isebe eligwebayo linendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ukusebenzisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezithile, nokunika iingxelo xa amalungelo ephulwa. Iinkundla zoManyano, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ziye zaguqula ukuphuhliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu ngezigqibo eziphawulweyo eziye zandisa ukhuseleko zaza zacacisa umgangatho weziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko.

Uhlolo lwejaji kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Ngamandla okuhlola ityala, asungulwe kwiMarbury v. Madison (103), iinkundla zephondo zingawisa imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zisebenze njengovavanyo lwamandla owiso-mthetho nawolawulo oluphezulu, ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abantu awancanywanga kwizinto ezininzi ezikhethwayo okanye intelekelelo yezobupolitika.

Iinkundla zichaza ulwimi olubanzi lwamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko zize ziwasebenzise kwiimeko ezichaphazela intlalo. Ngokomzekelo, iThe Experimence Protection Clause, iye yachazwa njengengathethi nje ukuthintela ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kobuhlanga kodwa kwanemigaqo echaphazela ucalucalulo kumaqela akhuselweyo. Ngale nkqubo yokucacisa, iinkundla zinika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwimigaqo ecacileyo esekelwe kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko.

Izigqibo Ezibalaseleyo ZeNkundla

Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ngo1954, mhlawumbi eyona idumileyo kuwo onke amatyala amalungelo abantu, ihlolisisa umthetho karhulumente ofuna ucalulo lohlanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula umthetho woKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus we-144th Amend Amendment, ukubhukuqa imfundiso "ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" eyamiselwa kwiPlessy v. Ferguson (1896). Isigqibo sikaBrown sibhengezwa njengesigqibo esibalaseleyo kwimbali yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ibhukuqamla iPlesty v. Ferguson (1896) eyadala imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo".

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yabonisa umbutho wamalungelo abantu wale mihla kwaye yabonisa amandla ejaji yokucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni zocalulo. Isigqibo saqonda ukuba ukukhetha ikhethe ngokusemthethweni kwadlulisela isigidimi sokuthotywa kwesidima kwaye kwenzakala ngokwengqondo kubantwana baseAfrika, kwanaxa izakhiwo zokwemvelo zazilingana ngokubonakala.

KwiLoving v. Virginia (1967), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa imithetho ekwalela umtshato wobuhlanga, ikholelwa ukuba imithetho enjalo yayaphula i-Acimetic Protection Claus ne-Iat Proce Claus. Isigqibo seJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren savakalisa ukuba umthetho weVirginia kunye nabanye abafana nawo awuphumeleli njongo esengqiqweni ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ucalucalulo lobuhlanga. Ngaphezu koko, wayekholelwa ukuba imithetho ephazamisa umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo yayikukwaphulwa okucacileyo kwe-Olivity Claus. Esi sigqibo siqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokutshata lilungelo elingundoqo elingenakuthintelwa lilo ngokohlanga.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) wamisela ukukhuselwa kwabantu abakwindawo yokugcinwa kwamapolisa. INkundla Ephakamileyo yavuma, ibambe ukuba amapolisa amele axele abarhane ngamalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuba aphendulwe. Esi sigqibo saqonda ukuba ukukhuselwa koMgqino-nkqubo wesihlanu kunxamnye nokuzithethelela kufuna ukuba abarhanelwayo baxelelwe ilungelo labo lokuhlala bethulile kunye nelungelo labo lokucebisa phambi kokuncinwa.

UGidiyon (1963) wayekholelwa ukuba uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lufuna ukuba kubekho amagqwetha kumagqwetha afuna ukunikelwa ngabamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukumela isigwebo esisemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula uGidiyon, isithi iSiHlomelo seSithandathu samatyala sifuna ukuba abamangalelwa bamatyala abagwebi abagwebi abagwetyelwe ngetyala ukuba banikwe igqwetha mahhala. Esi sigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokucebisa alingokuba nje lingobangobangelwa kodwa lifumaneka ngokupheleleyo kubo bonke abamangalelwa, kungakhathaliseki iimeko zabo zezoqoqosho.

Amatyala Amalungelo Abemi Nemfundiso Karhulumente

IPolivil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 1888), yayiliqela lamatyala amahlanu aphawulekayo apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yathi iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye193 neMidangaliso yeshumi elinesine ayizange inike iMvumelo amandla okuyekisa ucalucalulo lwabantu abangabantu abazimeleyo. Esi sigqibo saseka imfundiso yesenzo sikarhulumente, ethetha ukuba uMphembelelo weshumi elinesine uluthintela ucalucalucalulo lwamacalulo lwamagunya arhulumente kodwa ayiyilawuli ngqo ihambo yangabo.

Isigqibo sangenisa ucalucalulo olusasazekileyo lwabantu abantsundu kwizindlu, imisebenzi, kunye nobomi bukawonke-wonke obabagcina bebonke kudidi lwesibini kulo lonke elaseUnited States de kudluliswe umthetho wamalungelo abantu kwiminyaka yee-1960. Ngelixesha imfundiso yesenzo sikarhulumente ihlala isebenza, iBhunga liye lasebenzisa amandla alo phantsi korhwebo lweCelas, namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukunqanda ucalulo lwangasese kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukunyanzeliswa Koomatshini Nonyango Olusemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho inika iindlela ezininzi ekunokusetyenziswa kuzo abantu namaziko karhulumente anokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zolwaphulo - mthetho aze afumane isiqabu xa kuphulwa amalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo abucala esenzo

Imimiselo emininzi yamalungelo abantu yenza amalungelo azimeleyo omsebenzi, ivumela abantu ukuba babhale iinkundla ezithe ngqo kwabo baphula amalungelo abo. Isenzo seKhomishini ukuchaza ilungelo labucala lesenzo siyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu baya kuba nesicombululo esilinganayo xa bengavunyelwanga ukufumana imfundo, izindlu, impilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, ezothutho nezinye iinkqubo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zemibutho egqunyweyo ephumela ekucalucalucalulo.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wabucala kunika abantu amandla okulwela amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba abameli bakarhulumente bathathe amanyathelo. Abasemagunyeni kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu banokufuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhululeka, kuquka ukuphelisa ucalucalulo oluqhubekayo, iindleko zokuhlawuliswa kwetyala elisemngciphekweni, isohlwayo sokohlwaya ihambo engafanelekanga, kunye nenkcitho yegqwetha ukuze isetyenziswe ngokwemali.

Unyanzeliso lwe-arhente yomanyano

Amasebe azimeleyo asebenza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni imithetho yamalungelo abantu ngokuphanda, ukuqulunqwa, nokubekwa ityala. IKhomishini ye-Aumente Yomsebenzi iphanda izityholo zocalulo lwemisebenzi kwaye iyakwazi ukubeka amatyala abaqeshi abaphula iSihloko-ntloko. ISebe leSigwebi linyanzelisa imigaqo emininzi yamalungelo abantu, kuquka i-Fair Howation Act, amaMerika aneMithetho enqabileyo, kunye nemimiselo enqanda ucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke kunye novolo.

ISebe leNkundla neNkxaso yoPhuhliso lweMbali liphanda ngezikhalazo zezemali ezinxulumene nokuhlaliswa kwezindlu kwaye linokuqalisa izenzo zokwaphula umthetho nxamnye nabangahlali. I-Ofisi yamaLungelo eSebe lezemfundo inyanzelisa iSihlomelo VI neSihloko se-IX kumaqumrhu emfundo, iphanda izikhalazo zocalucalulo ezisekelwe kwibala, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, kwisini, nakwisiphene.

Aba bameli banikela enye indlela ebalulekileyo yokuthetha ngokuchasene nezono, ingakumbi kubantu abangenazo iimali zokuqesha amagqwetha okanye abafuna ukuziphindezelela ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo abo.

Iintshukumo

Ukumangalelwa kweklasi kwenza abantu abaye benzakala ngokufanayo badibane kwityala elinye, bekwenza kube nokwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho olusasazekileyo. Izenzo zodidi zibaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu kuba ucalucalulo ludla ngokuchaphazela amaqela amakhulu abantu ngeendlela ezifanayo, kwaye umonakalo womntu ngamnye usenokuba mncinci kakhulu ukuba uthethelelwe iindleko zokumangalelwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho esesikweni, egunyazisiweyo phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo yamalungelo abantu, ivumela iSebe leMimiselo yoLuntu ukuba lilucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo lwenkqubo ngokubonakalisa umgaqo okanye umkhwa wokwaphula. Olu hlobo lokwaphula lungaphumela kwiingcaciso ezibanzi zokuba uhlaziyo loqheliselo lwamaqumrhu nokuthintela ucalucalulo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukukhusela Ucalucalulo Ngokwemibandela Ekhethekileyo

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ithetha ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwiimeko ezininzi, iqonda ukuba ucalucalulo lubonakala ngokwahlukileyo kwimisebenzi, imfundo, izindlu, ukuvota nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi.

Ucalucalulo Ngemisebenzi

Isihloko se-VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 silwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi esekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Olu khuselo luquka zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukudubula, ukunyuselwa, imbuyiselo, izabelo zemisebenzi, kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Umthetho uyalwalela ukucalucalulwa, apho umqeshi akhetha umntu ngokobuqu, kunye nempembelelo echaseneyo, apho inkqubo yobundilele buneziphumo eziqatha kwiqela elikhuselweyo.

Imithetho eyongezelelekileyo karhulumente ikhusela amaqela athile emisebenzi. I-Age Discrection in Accomplication Act iyalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu. I-Prepanal Discrimination Act, ukulungisa i-Word VII, ithintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe ekukhulelweni, ekuzaleni, okanye kwiimeko ezithile zempilo. I-Aumecial Pay Act ifuna ukuba amadoda namabhinqa afumane intlawulo olulinganayo ngomsebenzi.

Amalungelo Nenkuselo Emfundo

Isihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo kaNovil sokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo nakwimisebenzi yezemali efumana uncedo lwemali karhulumente, kuquka izikolo neeyunivesithi. Isihloko se-IX siyalwalela ucalucalulo ngokwesini kwiinkqubo zemfundo nakwimisebenzi yokufumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente, ukuphendula imibandela equka amathuba emidlalo akhokelela ekuhlaselweni ngokwesini nasekuhlaselweni.

Amalungu e-Assembly aneScomment Education Act (IDEA) kufuneka izikolo zikarhulumente zinike abafundi abaneziphene ezincinane ezingakwaziyo ukufikelela kwimfundo yasekuhlaleni. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abaneziphene bafumana imfundo ekhethekileyo kunye neenkonzo ezinxulumene nayo ukuze bangenelwe kwimfundo.

Brown v. Board of Education yafumanisa ukuba izikolo ezicalucalulwe ngokwemvelo azilingani, yaye izigqibo zenkundla ezalandelayo ziye zaxubusha imicimbi yokungahlangani kwesikolo, ukuvuma kwizifundo zasekholeji, kunye namathuba alinganayo okufundisa. IiNkundla ziyaqhubeka zixhathisa imibuzo ngokusetyenziswa kohlanga ngokusemthethweni kwizabelo zabafundi nakwizigqibo ezivumayo.

Izindlu nocalucalulo olungapheliyo

IFair Howard Act iyalwalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, isikhundla sobufazi, kunye nokukhubazeka. Lo mthetho usebenza kumnini-fama, kubanikazi bezindlu, kubantu ababolekisa ngetyala, kunxulumano lwabaninimakhaya, nakuomasipala. Ayikwaleli nje kuphela ukungaqeshi okanye ukuthengisa kuphela ucalucalulo oluchukileyo olufana nokuqhuba, apho abameli belizwe bakhokelela abathengi kwimimandla ethile esekelwe kuhlanga lwabo.

UMthetho weCreditment Act omental Walenqabela ucalucalulo ngokusekelwe kwisizwe, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ukuma komtshato, ubudala, okanye i-risithi yoncedo lukawonke-wonke. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zokutyala zisekelwe ekufanelekeni kwetyala komfaki-tyala kunokuba kuthintelwe iimpawu zetyala.

UMthetho weNtlalo-ntle kaRhulumente ufuna iibhanki zihlangabezane neemfuno zokuthenga ngetyala zoluntu abalukhonzayo, kuquka imimandla ephantsi nengenamali. Lo mthetho uthetha ngokusetyenziswa kokuncitshiswa kwemali, apho amaziko emali engavumi ukunikela iinkonzo kubemi bengingqi ezithile abasekelwe kwimvelaphi yobuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga babo.

Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Ilungelo lokuvota lisisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kwaye inkqubo esemthethweni inika ukhuseleko oluninzi ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwivoti. UMthetho-mvume weshumi elinesihlanu uyalela ukungavumi ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, kunye noMthetho oLawulwe ngeshumi elinesithoba uthintela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwisondo. UMthetho-wonga-mthetho ongamashumi amabini anesine oLawulayo uthintela irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamagunya, kwaye uLawulo oluLamlelo-ziweyo lweSihlanu lokukhupha ilungelo lokuvota abemi abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 uthintela izenzo zokuvota kunye neenkqubo ezicalucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kumalungu eqela elincinane lolwimi. ICandelo 2 loMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo wovota liyalwa ukuba kuthintelwe izenzo zokuvota eziphumela ekucalucalulweni, nokuba azilolo lungelo. Eli lungiselelo liye lasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo zonyulo ezinkulu, izicwangciso zokuvota, kunye neemfuno zokhetho ezithobayo ezithomalalisa amandla okuvota amancinane.

UMthetho weSizwe weVoter Regavice ka-1993 wenza kube lula ngabemi ukubhalisa ukuvota ngokufuna ukuba amazwe anike abavoti amathuba okuvota kumasebe emoto nakwezinye ii-ofisi zikarhulumente. UMthetho woncedo lweMelika Vote ka-2002 umisele iinkqubo zokuvota kunye neesiseko sobhaliso

Ukufikelela kwiKhalenda kunye neeNkonzo zikaRhulumente

Isihloko II soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 silwalela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kuquka iihotele, iivenkile zokutyela, amabala nezinye iindawo ezisebenza kuluntu ngokubanzi. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanakungalaliswa okanye banyangwe ngokwahlukileyo ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, unqulo okanye imvelaphi yesizwe sabo.

AmaMerika anesiphene amisela le migaqo yokukhusela abantu abaneziphene, nto leyo efuna ukuba indawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke ifikeleleke kwaye kwenziwe utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo nezenzo zokuhlalisa abantu abaneziphene. ISihloko se-ADA III sisebenza kwimimandla yabucala, esebenzayo, okanye eqeshiweyo yeendawo zikawonke-wonke, ngoxa iSihlomelo II sisebenza kurhulumente nakwimisebenzi neenkqubo zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo amakhaya okuHlanganisa

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka uguquka njengoko iinkundla zitolika imimiselo ekhoyo kwiimeko ezintsha nanjengoko izindlu zowiso - mthetho zimisela ukhuseleko olutsha ukuze zicombulule uhlobo oluvelayo localulo.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo noKhuselo

Umthetho we LGBTQ+ amalungelo utshintshe ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. E-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba uLawulo lweMidangaliso lweshumi elinesine lufuna imithetho yokunika imvume nokuqaphela imitshato efanayo. Esi sigqibo saqonda ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo ekwandiswa kwizibini ezitshatileyo eziziintlobano-eeseli.

KwiBostock/kuMmandla weClayton (2020), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukuvalwa kweSihloko socalulo ngokwesini kubandakanya ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini nakubuntu besini. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo sanyusa ukukhuselwa kwemisebenzi kwizigidi zeLGBTQ+ abasebenzi kwaye sichaphazela eminye imimiselo yamalungelo abantu ekwalela ukucalucalulwa ngokwesini.

Phezu kwayo nje le nkqubela, abantu abahlala becalucalulo kwimimandla emininzi yobomi, yaye iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka zithetha ngomlinganiselo wokungamkeleki konqulo kwimithetho yamalungelo abantu nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho enqabelayo yokucalucalulwa ngokwesini.

Amalungelo arhoqoleyo nocalucalulo lwesizwe

Inkqubo yomthetho inikela ukhuseleko oluthile kucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe nakwisikhundla sokufuduka. ISihlomelo VII silwalela ucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe, kwaye i-Immig and Nationality Act ilwalela ucalucalulo ekuqeshweni, ekudutyulweni, okanye ekubhalisweni ngokusekelwe kwisikhundla sabemi okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe.

I - Acimity Protection Claus isebenza kubo bonke abantu abahlala eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwindawo enjani na, yaye abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga ngamagama banelungelo elithile lomGaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo yokugxothwa nokufikelela kwimfundo kawonke - wonke yabantwana babo.

Noko ke, umthetho wokufuduka ubangela imibuzo entsonkothileyo malunga nokudibana kokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zicombulula imibandela efana nokuvalelwa komgaqo-siseko, amalungelo abo bafuna indawo yokuhlalisa, nokungavunyelwa kwemigaqo yomthetho kunye nokunyanzeleka koluntu ukuba lungafuduki.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nokukhululeka Kwabemi

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, umsebenzi, kunye nokusebenzisana norhulumente, kuphakama imibuzo emitsha yamalungelo abantu. Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzumeni lusebenza kulwazi lwamanani, kodwa iinkundla zisakhula imilinganiselo yokuba xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumaneka ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yeposi, inkcazelo yendawo, nezinye iinkcukacha ze-elektroniki.

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela intetho esemgangathweni, kodwa kuphakama imibuzo malunga nomlinganiselo amaqonga onxibelelwano anokungeniswa ngawo ngokufanelekileyo nokuba umthetho karhulumente weqonga le-intanethi uyayilwa nomgaqo wokuthetha wesisa. Iingxoxo zocalulo nocalucalulo kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo zizisa ucelomngeni olutsha ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu.

Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Komlinganiselo Wamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Ngoxa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ikhusela amalungelo abantu ngendlela eyomeleleyo, iingxaki eziphawulekayo neentsilelo zichaphazela ukunyanzeliswa kwala malungelo.

Ukubonakalisa Ucalucalulo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kumalungelo abantu kukungqina ukuba ucalucalulo lwenzekile. Ubungqina obucacileyo benjongo yolwaphulo-mthetho bunqabile, yaye abachazi-mthetho kufuneka bathembele kubungqina obuziinkcukacha ezithile kunye nobungqina obungokwemiba ukuze baqinisekise oko bakuthethayo. Iinkundla ziye zavelisa isiseko sokuhlolisisa iingxelo zocalucalulo, kodwa ezi nkqubo zinokuba nzima ukwanelisa, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ikhethe elifihlakeleyo okanye elingekho mva.

Umahluko phakathi konyango olwahlulayo kunye neziphumo zokwahlukana ubangela ukuntsonkotha okungakumbi. Nangona unyango oluzohlukeneyo lufuna ubungqina bocalulo lwequmrhu, iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo zijolise kwiziphumo zemigaqo-nkqubo yobundilele obubonakalayo. Ngoku iDOJ iza kuphengulula kuphela izikhalazo zeSihloko apho umntu uthe waluchaza ngempazamo ucalucalulo. Ayisayi kwenza into ukuba umntu othile uthe wagunyazisa inkqubo okanye aqhelisele ukonzakalisa amaqela athile ngaphandle kokuba oko kungqinelana ukuba umonakalo ukho ngamaqhinga.

Ukufikelela Kubulungisa NakumaZibonelelo Asemthethweni

Abantu abaninzi abafumana ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu abanabo ubuncwane bokufuna ukuhlawuliswa ngokusemthethweni. Amalungelo oluntu anokubiza imali eninzi kwaye afune ukusetyenziswa kwexesha, afuna amangqina angoochule, ukufunyanwa okugqithiseleyo, neminyaka yenkundla. Nangona eminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu inikela iindleko zamagqwetha akhoyo, abantu kufuneka bafumane amagqwetha akulungeleyo ukuthatha amatyala abo baze bathwale ingozi yokufumana ityala.

Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni namaqela alwela amalungelo oluntu anikela uncedo olubalulekileyo kubantu abangakwaziyo ukuthenga amagqwetha, kodwa le mibutho ayinako ukumela wonke umntu ofuna uncedo.

Ukungahambelani Okufanelekileyo Nokuphendula

Imfundiso yokuba amagosa karhulumente afanelekeleyo akhuselekile ekukhuseleni amagosa karhulumente kwityala loburhulumente lokwaphulwa komthetho-siseko ngaphandle kokuba aphule umthetho ocacileyo. Le mfundiso yenza kube nzima ukuba amagosa amapolisa namanye amagosa karhulumente aphendulelwe ngokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kwanaxa ihambo yawo yayingekho mthethweni. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukukhusela abaxhamli abafanelekileyo kulula ukuphendula amagunya ngaphandle kokungafumani tyala, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi kuyawakhusela amagosa ekumangalelweni ngokungenankathazo iimbono, kwaye bayawavumela ukuba enze imisebenzi yawo ngaphandle kokoyika ukuwabeka phantsi.

Izivumelwano zoGunyaziso neNkqutyana

Izigqibo zakutshanje zenkundla iAT&T Mobilelity LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333 (2011) kunye neAmerican Express Co. v. Imibala yaseItali iRestaurant, 133 S. 2304 (2014), itolike iSivumelo soLawulo loMbutho woLawulo lweMbindi woMkhosi wenqanawa, ukukhulula amalungelo kunye namayeza asungulwe phantsi komthetho weSizwe noMbutho woBurhulumente. Njengesiphumo, ezi zigqibile zibangele ukuba imicimbi yezoshishino ikwazi ukuphepha okanye ukuphelisa imisebenzi esemthethweni eyasungulwa yi-Rhulumente eUnited States, okuphumela ekubeni izigidi zabantu zingakwazi ukuthethelela amalungelo azo kwiRhulumente nakwiinkundla zoBukhosi.

Izivumelwano zokwahlula, ezifunwa ngabaqeshi abaninzi namashishini njengemeko yomsebenzi okanye inkonzo, zingamisela umlinganiselo wamandla abantu okufuna amalungelo abantu enkundleni. Xa zidityaniswe nabarhwebi bezenzo zodidi, ezi zivumelwano zinokwenza kube lula ngokwezoqoqosho ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibangela umonakalo okhoyo kubantu abambalwa.

Indima Karhulumente Nemithetho Yasekuhlaleni Kukhuseleko Lwamalungelo

Ngoxa umthetho karhulumente unikela umgaqo - siseko wokukhusela amalungelo abantu, amazwe amaninzi nemimandla iye yamisela imithetho enikela ukhuselo oluphangaleleyo okanye iindlela zocalulo ezingaqukwanga ngumthetho karhulumente.

Imithetho yamalungelo karhulumente

Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho yamalungelo abantu ebonakalisa ukhuseleko lwamaqumrhu kodwa isebenza kubaqeshi abancinane okanye ibonelele ngeendidi ezongezelelekileyo. Ngo-2025, uludwe lwemithetho emitsha yamalungelo abantu enyanzeliswa okanye enxulumene nomsebenzi we-CRD ngoku iyasebenza. Imizekelo embalwa engundoqo iquka: Nentiba: Phantsi kweNdibano 3024, umthetho karhulumente onqanda ugonyamelo ngoku ukhusela abantu ekujolisweni kwizinto ezizotheyo, njengeenqwelo-ntakamputha okanye izibhengezo, kwimpahla yabo yabucala ngenjongo yokubahlasela.

Imithetho karhulumente isenokulwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezingakhuselwanga phantsi komthetho wesizwe, ezifana nendlela esiba ngayo isini, ubuni, ukuba ngumntu otshatileyo, okanye ukuma kunye nezobupolitika. Amanye amazwe anikela ukhuseleko olunamandla ekucalucalulweni kwezindlu, ucalucalulo ngemisebenzi okanye ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke wonke kunokuba umthetho karhulumente ufuna.

IMithetho yaMalungelo oLuntu yasekuhlaleni

Le mithetho isenokumisela iikhomishini zasekuhlaleni zokuphanda izikhalazo zocalucalulo, imigaqo-nkqubo yezemfundo yoluntu, nokukhuthaza iinguqu zemigaqo-nkqubo. Imithetho yasekuhlaleni inokuba nendima engakumbi kwiimfuno neenkxalabo ezikhethekileyo zengingqi ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko uqulathe amalungiselelo okukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye achazwa ngokuzimeleyo ngomGaqo-siseko wezwe. Iinkundla zelizwana ezitolika imiGaqo-siseko yazo zinganikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kuneNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Le nkqubo yowiso-mthetho ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengeeklasi zokukhusela amalungelo abantu nokusabela kumaxabiso athile nenkxalabo yabemi bawo.

UMthetho waMalungelo abantu beZizwe Ngezizwe Namalungelo

Ngoxa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni yaseUnited States ixhomekeke ngokuyintloko kumthetho wasekhaya ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe olwela amalungelo abantu unikela ilungiselelo elingakumbi lokuqonda nokukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Iintlanganiso Neendibano Zamazwe Ngamazwe

IUnited States iye yavuma izivumelwano eziliqela zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka iSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe Samalungelo Abantu, iNdibano Yokulwa Nokuchasana Nokuphathwa, neNdibano yezizwe Ngezizwe Ngokupheliswa Kwazo Zonke Iintlobo Zocalulo Lobuhlanga. Nangona ezi zivumelwano zingawafaki ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo anyanzelekayo kwiinkundla zaseUnited States, zibonakalisa ukuvumelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamalungelo abantu asisiseko yaye zinokuchaza ukucaciswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe - 1948, sichaza amalungelo abantu asisiseko afanele akhuselwe emhlabeni wonke. Nangona singanyanzeliswanga ngokusemthethweni, esi Sindululo siye saphembelela ukuphuhliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke kwaye simisela inkqubo yokuziphatha yokuvavanya ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ayinyanzelisi ngokwahlukileyo; ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwafunyanwa ngemigudu eqhubekayo yemibutho yoluntu, imibutho yokwabelana ngemicimbi yezakhono, nabantu abaye bacel ’ umngeni ukungabikho kokusesikweni nabafuna utshintsho.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo1950 nowee-1960 waguqula ibutho loluntu nomthetho ngokudibanisa igalelo, umthetho, kunye nezenzo ezingqalileyo. Iintlangano ezinjengeNaACP Legal Defense Fund zalandela inkcaso ecwangcisiweyo ukuvavanya ukungabikho kohlanga nocalulo, ukuqukumbela kwiimpumelelo eziphawulekayo ezifana neBrown v. IBrown. iBhodi yemfundo. IGrasrootsroots ziququze izikhuphiso, ukuhlalisa, inkululeko, kunye nohambo olwatsala ingqalelo yesizwe ekungabi nabulungisa bobuhlanga kwaye zadala ingcinezelo yezopoliti yemithetho elungelelanisayo.

Impumelelo yequmrhu ekufikeleleni kuMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wesiZwe ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wabonakalisa amandla okudibanisa ukuququzelelwa komthetho nokuququzelelwa kwentsebenziswano. Ezi zinto zabonisa ukuba utshintsho olusemthethweni lufuna ukugcinwa komanyano lwezopolitiko oluqhubekayo kwaye imithetho iyodwa ayinakuphelisa ucalucalulo olunzulu ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa notshintsho lwenkcubeko.

IMibutho yaMalungelo aBantwana

Imibutho emininzi iyaqhubeka ixhasa amalungelo abantu ngokusetyenziswa kwelixa, inkqubo yokubhalisa, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. INaACP Legal Defense, iNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo lwasemthethweni neyokufundisa yaseMerika, iNgxowa-mthetho yeSizwe yaseMerika, iNgxowa-mthetho neNgxowa-mali yezemfundo, iLambda esemthethweni, neminye imibutho emininzi inikela umelo olusemthethweni kubantu abamalungelo abo aphulweyo aze aphule alandele imigaqo-nkqubo yokuvavanyanisa i-CD-mvume neyo.

Le mibutho ikwabandakanyeka ekuxhaseni imithetho yowiso-mthetho, isebenzela ukuqinisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu nokuchasa imigudu yokudodobalisa ukukhusela. Iqhuba uphando, ipapashe iingxelo, ifundisa uluntu ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu, inceda ukukhulisa inkxaso yokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, igcina namaziko ebeke ityala.

Ikamva Lokukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Abemi

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, uphuhliso lobugcisa, kunye neempembelelo ezitshintshayo zezobupolitika. Imibandela emininzi eqhambukayo iza kubumba ikamva lokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nocalucalulo Lwemithetho Yomthetho

Njengoko iinkqubo zobuchule bokwenziwa kunye nokufundiswa koomatshini zisetyenziswa ngokukhulayo ukwenza izigqibo eziphathelele umsebenzi, ityala, izindlu, ukwahlulela ngokusesikweni, nezinye iindawo, kuphakama imibuzo ngendlela imithetho yamalungelo abantu esetyenziswa ngayo ekwenzeni izigqibo zemithetho-siseko. Iimithetho-mthetho zinokukhuthaza zize zikhulise ikhethe elikhoyo ukuba ziqeqeshelwe ugcino-lwazi olunekhethe okanye zenziwe ngaphandle kwengqalelo eyaneleyo yokusesikweni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezilawulwa yinqwelo-mafutha zivumelana nemithetho yamalungelo abantu kuya kufuna iindlela ezintsha zokuvavanya, ukuphicotha, nokulawula ezi zixhobo zobugcisa.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho Namalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezoqoqosho kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nolwalamano lwamalungelo abantu kunye nokulunga kwezoqoqosho. Ngoxa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ithetha ngokuyintloko ngocalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimeko ezikhuselweyo, ukungonwabi kwezoqoqosho okudla ngokudibana kwamahlelo ajongene nobuhlanga, ubufanasini, nezinye iindidi ezikhuselweyo. Abameli bahlola indlela amalungelo asekuhlaleni anokuhlangabezana ngayo nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokufumana amathuba okuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho.

Okusesikweni Kwemozulu Namalungelo Okusingqongileyo

Iingozi zokusingqongileyo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto zichaphazela uluntu olufumana imibala ephantsi, zinyusa inkxalabo yamalungelo abantu ngokumanyana kwemekobume. ISihlomelo VI soMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi sisetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni ukuhlaliswa kwezibonelelo zokungcolisa kuluntu oluncinane, kwaye abameli basebenza ukuqinisa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni nxamnye nocalulo lwemeko-bume. Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu lusanda, imibuzo ephathelele umgangatho wamalungelo abantu wenkqubo yokusingqongileyo iya kubaluleka ngakumbi.

Ukukhusela Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Ukunika amalungelo kuseyimbambano egxeka amalungelo abantu, ngokuqhubekayo impikiswano emalunga neemfuno zokwahlula, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, nokuphinda iposi iphinde isetyenziswe. Ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwi-colotor nokuthintela ukuthotyelwa komvoti kufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okhoyo nokunyanzeleka ukuba ucoselelo olutsha lokuvela kwezisongelo zokuvota. Ingqibelelo yamaqumrhu olawulo-demokhrasi ixhomekeke ekukhuseleni ilungelo labo bonke abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Indlela Abantu Abanokuwakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Abo Asekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho nokukwazi ukuwangqina kubalulekile ukuze uzikhusele uze uphendulise amaziko.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

"Ngowama2025, urhulumente wethu uyaqhubeka ekhokela ekulweni amalungelo abantu," utsho uMlawuli uKevin Kish" kwaye, ngokusebenzisa iishiti ezintsha kunye noqeqesho, sisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi belizwe lethu banezixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze bahlale befundile. Xa usazi ngamalungelo akho, unganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akho akhuselekile. Ukuzifundisa ngamalungelo abantu nendlela asebenza ngayo kwimeko yakho linyathelo lokuqala ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho. Amaziko karhulumente, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kunye noncedo lwamaqumrhu olusemthethweni lunika amalungelo akho okuchaza amalungelo eemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ixwebhu

Ukuba ucalucalulwe, bhala ingxelo epheleleyo yoko kwenzekayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Gcina iingxelo zeengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, kunye nobunye ubungqina. Qaphela imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, namangqina kwiziganeko ezichaphazelekayo. Olu xwebhu luza kuba lubalulekileyo ukuba ugqiba ukubhala isikhalazo okanye ukumangalelana.

Izikhalazo Zefayile Ezineenjongo Ezifanelekileyo

Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu ifuna ukuba ufake isikhalazo kwisebe lolawulo ngaphambi kokuba ubhale ityala lakho. Ukuze uthathe inxaxheba emsebenzini, kufuneka ufake isityholo kwi-EEOC okanye umbutho obonisa intsebenziswano yemisebenzi karhulumente. Ukuhlahlela izithuba, ungafaka isikhalazo kwi-HUD okanye kwisebe lengingqi okanye kwisebe lengingqi lengingqi. La masebe aza kuphengulula isikhalazo sakho kwaye azame ukusicombulula ngokuqululela okanye ngokutyalana kwakho.

Funa Uncedo Lwasemthethweni

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho asekuhlaleni aphulwe, dibana negqwetha elinolwazi olungokwamalungelo abantu. Amagqwetha amaninzi alwela amalungelo abantu anikela uhlolo lwamahlawulo lwamahala aqalayo kwaye asebenze ngesiseko semali ehlawulwayo, okuthetha ukuba ahlawulwa kuphela ukuba uphumelele kwityala lakho. Iintlangano zoncedo olungokwasemthethweni namalungelo obugqeba nazo zisenokukwazi ukunikela uncedo olukhululekileyo olusemthethweni ukuba uhlangabezana nemilinganiselo yazo yokungalawuleki.

Qonda Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo

Amatyala asekuhlaleni aphantsi kwemida engqongqo yexesha, eyaziwa njengemimiselo yokwahlula. Kwizinto ezithethwa ngabaqeshwa phantsi kweSihloko VII, kufuneka ubeke ityala nge-EEOC iintsuku ezili-180 zesenzo sokukhupha ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 ukuba urhulumente wakho unemiqathango esesikweni yokusebenza. Ukungalufumani olu cwangciso lungabangela ukuphulukana nelungelo lakho lokuziphumeza ityala lakho, ngoko kubalulekile ukwenza ngokukhawuleza.

Imithombo yolwazi lwamalungelo oluntu noncedo

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanceda abantu baqonde amalungelo abo baze bafumane uncedo xa amalungelo abo ephulwa.

Ingxakeko yomanyano

IKhomishini ye-Union Opportunity Commission (] www.eoc.gooc.gov) inyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente elwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi inikezele ulwazi ngokuqokelela iindleko nokuqonda amalungelo akho. ISebe leJaji ye-Cuvil Rights Divil Division ([] i-wwwww.govt.[FLT]]]) inyanzela ukuba kunyanzelwe imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu kwaye linika oovimba bamalungelo okuvota, ucalucalucalucalucaluca, amalungelo okukhubazeka, namanye amalungelo abemi.

ISebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu kunye noPhuhliso lweZindlu neUrban ( www.hud.gov) linyanzelisa uMthetho weFair House Act linikezele ulwazi ngokulungisa izikhalazo zokucalucalucalulo. ISebe le-Fream Office for Populan Rights ([]'wwww.govr[[FLT]] [[FLT]]]) linyanzela imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo kwaye liphengulula izikhalazo zocalulo lwamatyala ocalulo ezikolweni naseyunivesithi.

Imibutho yamalungelo asekuhlaleni

I-Libresions Union ( www.aclu.org) isebenzela ukukhusela nokugcina amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabo ngokwamahlandla, ukubhalisa, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. INaACP Ekhompute Confic and Educational Fund ( www.naacpldf.org ) isukela ukugweba kohlanga ngoluvo kunye ne-advocacy. Lambda esemthethweni ([[FLT:] www.5]).org[FLT:] [5]) abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu abahlala kwi-LGBQ+ abantu abaphila nge-HIVXE-HIV ngeziphumo zemfundo kawonke.

Iinkonzo zoNcedo loMgaqo-siseko

Iqumrhu leeNkonzo zomthetho ([[Nkqutyana:0] www.lsc.gov) linikezela ngemali kwiintlangano zoncedo olusemthethweni ezinikela uncedo lwasemthethweni ngokukhululekileyo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi. Iinkonzo ezininzi zesebe lasekuhlaleni zisebenzisa igqwetha elisebenzisa iinkonzo kunye neenkqubo ze-probono ezinokukudibanisa namagqwetha anikezela ngesisa okanye anciphisa iinkonzo zomthetho.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yomthetho idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe nowaseburhulumenteni, ukutolikwa kwezasemthethweni, kunye nomthetho wokunyanzelisa. Ukusuka kwisiseko sokhuseleko lwamalungelo kunye noHlaziyo loMmiselo weSimiselo wamaLungelo oMsebenzi we-1964, kunye neMithetho yeZiphene, umthetho umisela amalungelo anyanzeliswayo akhusela abantu ekucalucalucalucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana unyango olulinganayo.

Iinkundla ziyayichaza kwaye ziyisebenzise le mithetho, zibetha imigaqo engekho mthethweni zize zinike izicombululo zokwaphula umthetho. Amasebe aseburhulumenteni aphengulula izikhalazo aze anyanzelise imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ngoxa abantu abazimeleyo benokuzifunela izinto zabo ngokuzithethelela. Imithetho yasekuhlaleni isoloko inikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya kwemilinganiselo yorhulumente.

Kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba ucalucalulo lusekho, abantu abaninzi banokufumana ubuncwane obusemthethweni kuphela, yaye iimfundiso ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni zinokubakhusela abo baphula umthetho ukuba bangaphenduliswa. Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kuyaqhubeka kuguquka njengoko ibutho lijamelana neentlobo ezintsha zocalucalulo yaye njengoko abameli benyanzelela ukukhuselwa okungakumbi nokugcinwa komthetho okunempumelelo.

Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yomthetho ekhusela ngayo amalungelo abantu kunika amandla abantu ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo, bagcine amaziko etyala, bathabathe inxaxheba kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelilinganayo. Amalungelo oluntu awazibulali; afuna ukunyanzeliswa ngokuphandle, aqhubeke ekhuselwe, kunye nokuzibophelela kwabantu abangafuni ukulwa nocalucalulo nokungalingani. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho, ukubhalisa ukwaphula umthetho, ukufuna uncedo xa kuyimfuneko, kunye nemibutho exhasayo elwela okusesikweni, unganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni izalisekise isithembiso sayo sokukhusela amalungelo abantu bonke.