Isiseko Senkululeko YaseMerika: Isizathu Sokuba Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sikho

IBhili yamaLungelo, equka izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi kwiRiphabliki yase-U.S., yagunyaziswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791. Ime njengentsika engundoqo yokulawula kweMelika, isithintela ngokucacileyo amandla karhulumente wesizwe ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu. UMgaqo-siseko wantlandlolo walungiselela ulwakhiwo lwerebhubhuliki entsha kodwa ungenazo izikhuselo ezicacileyo zenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Oku kwaba yincopho enkulu yomthetho wokungamela amalungelo abantu ngexesha lengxoxo. UAnti-Federalist, kuquka amanani afana noGajiklkn noGeorge Mason, waphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kwamalungelo, urhulumente ombini uyangenelela ngokungenakuthintelwa amalungelo abemi, ukhuseleko olulunyukelweyo, urhulumente othe ngaphaya kwegunyaziweyo, urhulumente othe nyakathobayo, nongawagunyaziyo, umqulu ophantsi kweminye walelela ekuquluvo olu ludweyo.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu Ebalulekileyo

UHlaliso Lokuqala lusisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Lukhusela amandla abemi okubamba, ukuvakalisa, nokunxibelelana ngeenkolelo zabo ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa urhulumente. IConal ayiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

Olu khuselo alunwenwa kumazwi athethwayo kuphela kodwa lukwaquka izenzo zokomfuziselo, ubugcisa, kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente unamandla alinganiselweyo okulawula oko kuqulethwe yintetho esekelwe kwisigidimi okanye kwiingcamango zayo. Ngoxa intetho ikhuselwe ngokubanzi, iindidi ezithile azikhuselwa ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, kuquka ukuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukunyeliswa, ukuhlazeka, ukuhlazeka, kunye nezisongelo zokwenene. Imigaqo yeSinyusi Sokuqala sisebenza ngamandla apheleleyo kwi-Internet; iqonga leendaba azinanto zisisikwenzi soluntu. Urhulumente akanako ukubohlwaya umntu ngenxa yokuvakalisa imbono engathandekiyo kwi-intanethi, nangona iinkampani zabucala zinokuwenza ubenolungele iiplatifomu zazo njengoko zibona kufanelekile, zidala iingxoxo ezibalulekileyo ngenkululeko yokuthetha ngasese.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

Le ngxelo iquka iimvavanyo ezimbini ezahlukileyo. Ukuqinisekisa uClaus kuthintela urhulumente ukuba ayile unqulo olusemthethweni okanye akhethe unqulo olunye ngokungafanelekanga kolunye. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ukuvavanya ezi, kuquka uvavanyo lweLemon ku . Umnqathezeli-gazi we-'. Umkhuphi woburhulumente [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [1901], oluthi lwabonisa ukuba umthetho unenjongo yehlabathi, umphumo ophambili ongaluqhubeliyo okanye oluphazamisayo unqulo, kwaye lungaqhutyeki kakhulu nonqulo. Ukhuseli olukhulu [FLT] ukhusela abantu ekunene [FLT] ngaphandle kokuchasana nomthetho womthetho wobupolitiko.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njengesixhobo sokugada uwonke-wonke. Urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuwagxeka amaphephandaba kusengaphambili, umgaqo owaziwa njengothintelo lwangaphambili. Umatshini wokushicilela ukhuselekile xa unikela ingxelo ngemicimbi yoluntu ngokubanzi, nokuba ulwazi luyimpikiswano okanye lubangela iintloni kumagosa kawonke-wonke, njengoko lumiselwe kwi-New York Times v. Sullivan [1964], efuna amanani kawonke-wonke ukungqina ubungendawo bokwenene kwiimeko ezixokisiweyo. Oku kuyimfuneko ekubekeni amagosa karhulumente ukuba aphendulele nasekuqinisekiseni umvoti onolwazi.

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa Nokucela

Abami banelungelo lokuhlanganisana ngamaqela emibhiyozo, iintlanganiso kunye neentlanganiso. Urhulumente ungazimisela ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, nendlela yokuzibophelela kule misebenzi, kodwa akunakukuvala ukuqhankqalaza okusekelwe kwisigidimi sakhe. Ilungelo lokucela livumela abantu namaqela ukuba bavuselele urhulumente ukuba atshintshe inkqubo okanye afune ukupheliswa kwezikhalazo, isixhobo esingqalileyo sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ukukhusela Umntu, Ikhaya Nezinto: UMthetho Wesibini, Wesithathu nowesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba

UMthetho Wesibini Wokwenziwa Komthetho: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

Ukucaciswa kwale ngxaki kutshintshile kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. [[FLT: 0]A elawulwa kakuhle iMilitia, kuba iyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Ii-XS, ayiyi kuphazanyiswa. Ku [[FLT]] iHeller [2003]] [iNkuvukelo yeNkuhlahlo leNkuhla yesibini iqinisekisa ukuba iSinyuko sesibini sikhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nesixhobo esingadityaniswangadityaniswanga nenkonzo ye-ast, kuba iinjongo ezisemthethweni ezifana nokuziphethe ngokwesiqu ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Oku kuwiswa kwemeko yelizwe kurhulumente [FLT] [FT] [2004], iNkGenec.[20]

IsiHlomelo Sesithathu: Amajoni Alungelelanisiweyo

[[FLT: 0] Le sigqibo asinqabile ukubekwa kwiinkundla zale mihla, kodwa simisela umgaqo onamandla wolawulo lwemfihlo nolwasemkhosini. INkundla Ephakamileyo yabhekisela kuMnikazi, okanye kwixesha lemfazwe, kodwa ngendlela yokunikwa imiyalelo yomthetho. Le ntshukumo ayifane ibekwe kwinkundla yanamhlanje, kodwa imisela umgaqo onamandla wokulawula umkhosi. Inkundla ephakamileyo yabhekisela kuMgqibo wesiThathu e Gristold v.Connecticut njengenxalenye yamalungelo e-mfihlekileyo e-bucala akhusela abemi borhulumente ekungeneni emakhaya abo.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Kwezono: Uphando Nezinto Ezingekho Mthethweni

[ Ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphandwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, alizukophulwa, kwaye akukho Mphathiswa oya kupapashwa, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, exhaswe ngu-Otath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [iindlela] egqithisweyo ifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo esikhoyo okanye kwimpahla yabo. [[FLT]] umgaqo othenjiweyo othenjiweyo, umele usebenze kwingxelo ye-data entsha. [indlela esetyenziswayo]

Amalungelo Kwinkqubo Yezobulungisa: Uhlaziyo Lwesihlanu, Lwesithandathu, Lwesixhenxe Nolwesibhozo

Le migaqo ichaza amalungelo abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho okanye abandakanyekileyo kwiimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

[[[FLT:] Akukho mntu uya kunyanzeleka ukuba aphendule kwikomkhulu, okanye ngenye indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi, ngaphandle kokuba kunikelwe okanye kumangalelwa iGrand Jury... okanye nabani na umntu obekelwe ityala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye umlenze; okanye anyanzeleke ukuba anikezelwe naliphi na ityala elichasene nomthetho, okanye ahlulwe ubomi, okanye angabi nanto, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye angayi kuthatyathwa ukuze asetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, ngaphandle kwentlawulo oluqhelekileyo.[[[FFF:] IsiHlanu] IsiHlanu sinikezela ngeenqobo. [iingxaki ekwakhefuthene nengalo ligosasele igosa. [ingxaki:] [FFFUFU] ifuna ulawulo oluthe k'unt.[10]

IsiHlomelo Sesithandathu: Ilungelo Lokugwetywa Ngetyala Elifanelekileyo

[[[FLT]] kuzo zonke izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa uza kunandipha ilungelo lokufumana ityala elikhawulezayo nelingokwabantu bonke, liququzelela iSizwe nesithi sibekwe kuso ngokungakhethiyo... ukuze axelelwe ngendalo kunye nesizathu saso; adibane namangqina; abe nenkqubo enyanzelekileyo yokufumana amangqina ekholekileyo, kwaye afumane isalathisi soncedo lwemigaqo yezokhuselo lwakhe. [[FLT:] [[1]] [ityala] [i-FFON] eliqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ethintela urhulumente ukuba angabi namntu ungamphulanga. [[FFFFFON], imvume yokwakhefu] [e.[19] [e-evogrounce] [e.[19]

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Izilingo Zomtshato

Kwizihluzi kumthetho oqhelekileyo, apho ixabiso lempikiswano liza kugqitha ii-irandi ezingamashumi amabini, ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala liza kugcinwa, kwaye akukho nyaniso iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala, izakuphinda ihlolwe kwakhona nakweyiphi na iNkundla yaseUnited States, kunokuba ngokwemithetho yomthetho oqhelekileyo. Le ngxelo igcina ilungelo lokuchophela kwityala likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezizizo zenyani ezenziwe ngabachopheli-tyala kwiinkundla zamakhaya zihlonelwa ziinkundla zenkundla zetyala.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

[[[FLT: 0]] Ibheyile yebheyile ayizukufunwa, okanye intlawulo egqithisileyo, okanye isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga esibekiweyo. Le nto ilungisa urhulumente ekubekeni iziphumo ezingqongqo ngokugqithisileyo. [] I-'activebial Bail[[[FLT:]] iqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri ibekwe ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kommangalelwa. [[FLT] I-EFLT] I-E projectssting [[5], isetyenziswa kumanqaku . [impepho egqithisweyokungagunyazelelwayo, i-T] i-ANTIOM] ingu-Xhosalgravity, imiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha, ingaqhubeki, imo-209] ingulo yemiqatha yemingculo esetyenziswayo. [FFT.[5] kunye neso i-T.IT.IS

IziHlayiso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi: Ukusikelwa Imilinganiselo Yamandla

Ezi zindululo zithetha ngomlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente namalungelo abantu namazwe, zimisela isiseko somGaqo-siseko soburhulumente.

UHlaliso lweNtlalo-ntle: Amalungelo angephi

Ubalo kuMgaqo-siseko, lwamalungelo athile, aluzukuthathwa njengokhanyelo okanye ucalucalulo kwabanye abantu. Le mithetho ilungisa ngokucacileyo ukuba uluhlu lwamalungelo kwiBhili yamaLungelo alugqibekanga. Abantu bagcina amalungelo angadweliswanga ngqo, njengamalungelo e-mfihlo, njengasekunene kokuhamba, nasekunene kokuzimela ngokwawo. Lo mgaqo usetyenzisiwe ukuxhasa ukuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo okusenokuba abalathiwe ngummiselo.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe EUnited States

Amandla angazange anikezelwe eUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo eUnited States, agcinwe eUnited States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu. Le sivumelwano sichaza isakhiwo solawulo lwamaMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe unawo kuphela loo mandla akhethekileyo awanikwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Onke amanye amandla, anjengamandla okuyila imithetho ephathelele imfundo, umtshato, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, agcinelwe kumaphondo.

Indlela Amalungelo Asetyenziswa Ngayo Namhlanje

IBhili yamaLungelo yayiyingqwalasela yasekuqaleni kumandla karhulumente kuphela. Ngonyaka we-14 uMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo we-Accoration i-Accompliste, ivunyiwe ngo-1868, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo ukuba ilawule kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa inkqubo yokuquququzelela. Oku kuthetha ukuba amalungelo ommi eKhali eCalifornia, eTexas, okanye eNew York akwimeko efanayo ngokuphathelele ezi ziko. Ngaphandle kokuqululekiswa komthetho, urhulumente unokuthi ngokuthelekelela, uthintele, okanye ukuphumeza ityala ngaphandle kwejajinganiso. Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kummi ngamnye. Inika abantu inxaxheba kurhulumente, inxaxheba kwintetho kawonke, kwaye izikhundlalo ezithelelana rhoqo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwakho ngeBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo eUnited States, ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zinika igunya, ulwazi olunzulu.