Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngexesha lokuqulunqwa komthetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na ongenela enkundla okanye obandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokugweba (ngokuba ungummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, ummangaleli, okanye ixhoba. Lo mthetho unika imimiselo yokhuseleko olusisiseko ecetyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa, kwaye unika wonke umntu ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa. Ngaphandle kolwazi lwala malungelo, abantu basengozini yokuwachasa bengazi, nto leyo enokuba neziphumo ezibuhlungu kwiziphumo zetyala. Lo myalelo unika ingqwalasela elona lungelo libalulekileyo elikuwo nanini nanini na ekuqhubekeni ngokusemthethweni, uchaza indlela abasebenza ngayo ekuqheliseni, kwaye unikela icebiso ngendlela yokuwaphakamisa ngokunempumelelo.

Imboniselo yamalungelo asemthethweni

Amalungelo asemthethweni anelungelo elifanelekileyo kunye nesokhuselo esinikwe abantu ngabanye ngomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, nemimiselo, nomthetho wetyala. Akha isiseko senkqubo yokugweba, eqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. La malungelo akangomqathango; anokuthotyelwa imiqathango esengqiqweni, kodwa akhoyo ukuze athintele ukusetyenziswa korhulumente okungekho mthethweni, akhusele isidima somntu ngamnye, kwaye agcine intembelo yakhe kumthetho. EUnited States, la malungelo amaninzi asuka kwiBhili lamaLungelo nakurhoxiwa kwawo, ngoxa amanye amazwe enomiselo olufanayo. Ukuqonda ukuba la malungelo ayasebenza kwisigaba ngasinye, ekubanjwani nasemlingweni kunye nokubhexelelwa komthetho ngetyala kunye nenyathelo lokuqala lokuqhuba i-mo yelizwe ngokuthembeka.

Ilayini esuka kwilayini ye Marcus

Elinye lamalungelo asisiseko ngexesha lokuqhubekeka okusemthethweni lilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni. Eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangafuna uncedo lwegqwetha ukuba lincede ekuqhubeni imigaqo enzima. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, uHlaziyo lweSithandathu loMgaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa, kwaye ityala lento ephawulayo Gideon v. I-wainright ingenza ukunceda abantu basebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo enzima esemthethweni. [1963]) lo gunya le likwandiswa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente zabamangalelwa abagwebi. Abo bangakwazi ukunikela igqwetha, inkundla kufuneka bamisele umkhuseli kawonke. Noko ke, abanawo umbutho wasemthethweni wokunikela ngenkululeko, nangona ezinye iinkundla zinokumisela elinye kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo ezibandakanya uwisothotho olungolwano olungoluvo olungoluyedwa.

  • [[UMTL:0] Abameli banelungelo kwigqwetha kuwo onke amanqanaba abalulekileyo etyala lolwaphulo-mthetho , kuquka ukuncinwa kwegunya, ukuvavanywa, nokugwetywa. Eli lungelo likwasebenza nakwisicelo sokucela izicelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Abantu bangakhetha ukuzimela ngokwabo (ipro se), kodwa oku kusoloko kudideka ngenxa yobunkimbini bemithetho yobungqina, inkqubo, kunye necebo. Abagwebi bangafuna i-edigtation eninzi ukubonisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kwesiluleko.
  • Abakhuseli bePublic bakhona kwabo bafaneleke ngokwemali. Ingcaciso ye "indigig" iyahluka ngokwegunya, kodwa ibandakanya ingeniso kunye nemiqobo ye-asethi.

Ukuba ukhe uphandwe ngumthetho onyanzelisayo, kufuneka ucele igqwetha ngoko nangoko uhlale uthule de omnye abekho. Ilungelo lokucebisa liyasebenza kuphela ukuba ulibiza ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo. Ukhokelo oluninzi oluzinkcukacha, iMelika Bar Association inikeza ushwankathelo olubanzi lwelungelo kwicebo.

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokusesikweni lisiseko somthetho kwaye libekwe kwiSihlaziyo seSithandathu. Iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baya kuchotshelwa ngokungakhethiyo phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala, bengenalo ikhethe okanye impembelelo yangaphandle. Eli lungelo liquka iziqinisekiso eziliqela ezingqalileyo ezisebenza kunye ukugcina ingqibelelo.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ityala kufuneka lenziwe ngendlela efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo. I "ityala lesantya" ekunene likhusela ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina abusebenzi. Ukulibazisa okucelwe ngummangalelwa, nokokuba, kungakha umngxumi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Abantu banelungelo lokunikela ubungqina kunye nokubiza amangqina. Ummangalelwa anganyanzela ukuba abekho amangqina alungileyo ngakwiziqendu ezincinci kwaye anelungelo lokunqamleza amangqina aphikisanayo.
  • Ityala kufuneka libe nguwonke-wonke , ngaphandle kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo ezifana nokukhusela ingqina elincinane okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Iimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke zidimaza ukungahambi kakuhle kwaye zikhuthaza ukuba cace.

Amalungelo ovavanyo athe anwenwela kukhetho lwejaji. Omabini amacala angabuza abaququzeleli abanokubhenca ucalucalulo, kwaye amagqwetha angasebenzisa imingeni (ngokulawulwa yimida yomgaqo-siseko) kunye nocelomngeni lonobangela. Ukuba ummangalelwa ukholelwa ukuba ukutyala bekungalunganga, umzekelo, ngenxa yempazamo ecacileyo okanye iimpazamo ezicacileyo, angaphakamisa umba wokubhenela. [i-Cornell Institute yolwazi lomthetho unikela ingcaciso olulungileyo kunye nengxoxo yeemfuno ezifanelekileyo zetyala.

Umele Uhlale Uthe Tyaba

Ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka lukhuseleko olubalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, njengoko ikhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba bangqine ngokuchasene nabo. Eli lungelo, elisuka kuMphetho-mda wesihlanu, lisebenza nakweliphi na iqondo xa umntu encinwa okanye egwetywa. Noko ke, asilokhuseli lengubo lokukhusela yonke imibuzo: kwizicwangciso ezingagunyaziswanga, akufuneki ukuba uphendule imibuzo yokunyanzeliswa komthetho, kodwa ukuqhelisela ilungelo lakho akusoloko kubathintela ekuqhubekeni nengxoxo.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Abantu abafuni kuphendula imibuzo enokuyifaka kwityala . Ukutshutshiswa akuzukusebenzisa igama elizolileyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya njengobungqina bokwenza ityala.
  • Eli lungelo lisoloko lithethana ngaphaya ko “Izilumkiso zeMiranda” eUnited States, apho amapolisa kufuneka afunde emva kokubanjwa naphambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Izilumkiso zixelela abarhanelwayo ngelungelo lokuhlala bathi cwaka nelungelo lokuya kwigqwetha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungafihli makubhenelwe ngokucacileyo.""""Ifuna igqwetha" liyeke ukubuza. Ukuthula okanye ukungacacanga nje kungakwanelanga ukucela ilungelo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ilungelo lokuthula alisebenzi kwinkcazelo esisiseko efana negama nedilesi kwimimandla emininzi. Ngaphezu koko, kwimeko yokuvavanya, ummangalelwa wesaphuli-mthetho okhetha ukunikela ubungqina belungelo lokuba unike ityala kwimicimbi egqunywe ngexesha lobungqina babo. ACLU unika ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo ekuqinisekiseni ilungelo lakho lokungathethi xa unxibelelana nomthetho .

Ilungile Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yeyomthetho eqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho eqhelekileyo. Isebenza kwiingxoxo zoluntu nezezaphuli-mthetho kwaye iqinisekiswe kukuLandliswa kweMimiselo yeNhlanu neyeshumi elinesine. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ineenxalenye ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo yokulungisa iproduration kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

  • Abantu kufuneka baziswe ngezenzo zomthetho ezichasene nabo. Oku kuquka ukufumana inkcazelo ecacileyo yezityholo okanye izityholo, nexesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela ukhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Banelungelo lokuzikhusela kwinkundla , equka ithuba lokunika ubungqina, amangqina ee-eximine, kwaye baxambulisana phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho.
  • [[NTLA:0] Inkqubo efunekayo ekhuselayo ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko anjenge-emfihlo, umtshato, kunye nokuthembeka emzimbeni ekungeneleni korhulumente, nokuba kukho ukhuseleko lwemiqathango.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asingomthetho omnye osisigxina; ithambe, ifuna ulwazelelelo lobuqu olusemngciphekweni, ubungozi bokungafunwa ngempazamo, kunye nomdla karhulumente. Umzekelo, umfundi ojongene nokugxothwa esikolweni sikawonke-wonke unelungelo lokuqaphela nokuphulaphula phambi kokuba kubekwe isohlwayo. I-Cornell Information Institute inika ukonakalisa okuneenkcukacha kwemigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo [.

Ukufanele Ubhenele

Ilungelo lokubhena livumela abantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni isigqibo senkundla yamatyala. Eli lungelo libalulekile ekulungiseni iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni nasekuqinisekiseni okusesikweni. Izibheno aziyi kuphinda zichotshelwa; kunoko, inkundla evavanyweyo ihlola ingxelo yokuvavanywa kweempazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo esenokuba ichaphazele iziphumo.

  • Abantu bangabhenela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi, nangona izindululo zahlukile. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angabhenela kwityala, kodwa umtshutshisi ngokuqhelekileyo akanakubhenela kumgwebi ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini.
  • [[FLT: 0] IiAppal kufuneka zigcinwe ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esithile sexesha emva kwesigqibo sokuqala, ngokunjalo iintsuku ezingama-30 kwimimandla emininzi. Ukungahambi kwexesha elimisiweyo kuphazamisa ilungelo lokubhenela.
  • Asiyo yonke imiba enokunyuswa kwisibheno . Ngokuqhelekileyo, umfaki kufuneka alwele impazamo ekuzameni ukugcina umba wokhangelo.

Ukuba ucinga ngesibheno, kubaluleke ukusebenza negqwetha elinamava, njengoko inkqubo ibandakanya imithetho engqongqo engqongqo kunye nemifutshane ebhaliweyo. Kukhokelo olusebenzisekayo, ushwankathelo lwenkqubo yesibheno lunguvimba oluncedo.

Amalungelo Amaxhoba

Amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho aye amkela amalungelo ngexesha lokuqulunqwa kwasemthethweni, enenjongo yokuwanika isidima, intlonelo, nelizwi. Kwimimandla emininzi, la malungelo akhutshelwa kumatyala amaxhoba asemthethweni amalungelo okanye alungiswayo.

  • IVictim zinelungelo lokuziswa ngetyala elinxulumene nomthetho elinxulumene netyala labo [, kuquka imeko yophando, imihla yenkundla, kunye nezivumelwano zesicelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Banganikezela ngegalelo ngexesha lokwamlwa kwesigaba , rhoqo ngeziphumo zempembelelo yexhoba, ezibavumela ukuba bachaze umonakalo owenziweyo kwaye bacebise isivakalisi esifanelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Victim zinokuba nelungelo lokubuyisela (imbuyiselo yemali evela kumenzi wobubi) nokuze abekho xa kuchotshelwa, nangona zinokukhutshwa ngaphandle enkundleni yenkundla ukuba zingamangqina ukuthintela ukuchanabeka kwabo ekuphenjelweni.

Amalungelo amaxhoba ayanyanzeleka: ukuba ilungelo liphulwe, amaxhoba angacela uncedo kwinkundla. Isebe leJaji lichaza amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho lwaseluntwini oluseluntwini [[FLT: 1] kwaye linika abameli abaxhamli ulwazi lokunxibelelana.

Amalungelo Ongezelelweyo Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo aphambili asele kuxutyushwa ngawo, abamangalelwa zizigwebi banelungelo lokufumana imigaqo ekhethekileyo ekhuselayo esetyenziswa ngamanqanaba awahlukeneyo.

Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo ukuthintela ukuvalelwa kwamasango nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olungagwetywanga luchanile. Iinkundla zilungelelanisa oothunywashe abane xa zivavanya ityala elikhawulezileyo: ubude betyala elilibazisiweyo, isizathu sokulibaziseka, ukuma kwelungelo lommangalelwa, kunye nekhethe kummangalelwa.

Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina

IBhastiso linika abamangalelwa ilungelo lokujongana nabamangaleli babo enkundleni. Oku kuquka ithuba lokunqumla amangqina akwi-examine nokubakho ngexesha lobungqina babo. Iingxelo zokuva zokungalifumani ithuba lokuhlola ukunqamleza azinakuguqulwa, nangona kukho ukungacaluli.

Ukujamelana Netyala Lejaji

Kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu (ngokufuziselayo olo lugwetywa ziinyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu) ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchotshelwa lityala ngabachopheli-tyala. Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bangacalucalucalulo, bakhethwe kwicandelo elimele ukunqumla uluntu, kwaye isigqibo sabo kufuneka singqinelane kwityala likarhulumente (ezona mimandla ininzi ifuna ukungalingani). Ummangalelwa angalichasa eli lungelo aze akhethe ibheri phambi kwejaji kuphela.

Amalungelo Kwimicimbi Yamakhaya

Ngoxa inkoliso yamalungelo adumileyo esebenza kwiimeko zolwaphulo - mthetho, amagosa asekuhlaleni nawo afumana inkxaso ephawulekayo, nangona engaphangalelenga kangako.

Ukufumana Ithuba

Bobabini abasemagunyeni banelungelo lokufumana ubungqina omnye komnye ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokufumanisa ezifana nokuncina amaxwebhu, ukucela amaxwebhu, kunye nokufaka isiqinisekiso.

Ukuya Kwityala LasebuJuli Kwityala Lasekuhlaleni

ISichibiyelo seSexube sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya umthetho oqhelekileyo apho imali ekwimpikiswano ingaphezulu lee-R2 (umqobo ode uphelelwe lixesha, kodwa eseleyo). Umgaqo-siseko omninzi wesizwe unikela ukhuseleko olufanayo. Asizizo zonke iingxelo zoluntu ezifanelekileyo: amatyala akwi-equity (umz., imimiselo) ayavavanywa kumgwebi.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubomi

Imicimbi idla ngokuzinzisa izicombululo zayo naninina phambi komgwebo wokugqibela. Nangona ingelolungelo lomGaqo-siseko, ukukwazi ukuxubusha nokucombulula ityala ngaphandle kwetyala kuyinxalenye engundoqo yezobulungisa basekuhlaleni. Iinkundla zidla ngokukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kweengqungquthela nakumajelo eendaba.

Indlela Yokukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Nawa amanyathelo asebenzisekayo okukhusela izilangazelelo zakho ezingokwasemthethweni:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uvula igqwetha kwangoko kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Musa ukuzama ukuqhuba inkqubo yomthetho yedwa ukuba ungayiphepha. Kwano kukhangelo lungacacisa ukhetho lwakho.
  • Amalungelo okulahla ngaphandle kokuqonda iziphumo. Umzekelo, ukuvuma ukuthetha namapolisa ngaphandle kwegqwetha, okanye ukutyikitya isiqwenga ngaphandle kokufunda, kungenza iziphumo ezingalungisekiyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uxwebhu yonke into [[FLT: 1]. Gcina imibhalo yephepha lenkundla, uqhagamshelwano, kunye nobungqina. Iingxelo ezibhaliweyo zinceda igqwetha lakho kwaye zigcina imiba yobheno.
  • intshukumo zefayile ukuqinisekisa amalungelo enkundleni. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ilungelo liyaphulwa, cela igqwetha lakho ukuba liyifakele intshukumo yokucinezela ubungqina (okwesine okanye okwesihlanu ulwaphulo loMphetho-mda) okanye ukushukuma kokuqhubekeka ukuba ufuna ixesha elininzi lokulungiselela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Yazi amaxesha okufika kwexesha. Iimithetho zosithintelo kunye nemiqathango yexesha lokufaka isibheno zingqongqo. Ukungalifumani ilungelo lakho lokuzisa okanye ukucel ’ umngeni umthetho.

Ukungaqondani Okuqhelekileyo Ngamalungelo Asemthethweni

Nantsi iintsomi eziliqela nento ebangela ukuba zifumane amalungelo asemthethweni:

  • “ Kufuneka ndiphendule imibuzo yamapolisa.” Awuyi mpendulo, ngaphandle kokuba uvalelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba ufumane igama lomntu okanye xa ulingqina lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ungenatyala. Liqinisekise ilungelo lakho lokuhlala uthulile.
  • Ndingathetha into endiyifunayo enkundleni.” Intetho yenkundla ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo yimithetho yobungqina kunye nenkqubo. Iingxelo ezingadibaniyo, okanye iintetho zempikiswano zingabetha okanye ziphumele ekudeleni.
  • "Ukuba ndizimela mna ngokwam, ijaji iza kundinceda. Abagwebi abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye abanako ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. I-proligigns zigcinwa kwimigangatho efanayo namagqwetha, zizenza zizimele ukhetho oluphezulu.
  • “ Amalungelo am aphela xa ndigwetyelwe.” Nasemva kokuvalwa, abamangalelwa bahlala benamalungelo, kuquka ilungelo lokubhena, ilungelo lokulwa nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, nelungelo lokucela isiqabu emva kokufumana isiqabu.

Isiphelo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho ngexesha lokuqhuba ngokusemthethweni kubalulekile. La malungelo akha isiseko esikhuselayo esiqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yomthetho ilungile kwaye inceda bonke ababandakanyekileyo. Nokuba ngaba ungummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, okanye ulixhoba, ukuqonda la malungelo kukunika amandla okulawula imimandla esemthethweni ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi nokubona ukuba kungenzeka ukuba uphulwa xa kuvela. Ikhondo elingcono lokusebenza nakweyiphi na into engokwasemthethweni kukubuza igqwetha elifanelekileyo elinokuchaza indlela lamalungelo asebenza ngayo kwimeko ethile. Ubulungisa akufunekangathethi ngenkalo, ulwazi, nenkalipho yokuthetha xa unelungelo lakho lisengozini.