Ulwahlulo lwamagunya karhulumente ngumgaqo osisiseko obumba isakhiwo solawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele. Ngokubeka iimbopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kumasebe ahlukeneyo, le nkqubo ithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni igunya elingathintelwanga. Isiphumo sisakhiwo esilungelelanisiweyo apho isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngokwalo kodwa lisebenzisana ekuncedeni umdla woluntu. Ukuqonda oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yale mihla, indlela esenziwe nenyanzelelwa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwa ngayo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi amandla.

Imvelaphi Karhulumente Omahluleleneyo

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente ilandela imvelaphi yayo kwintanda-bulumko yamandulo yezobupolitika, kodwa uhlobo lwayo lwangoku lwavela ngexesha loKhanyiso. Abacingelayo njengoJohn Locke kunye noBaron de Montesquieu baphikisa ngelithi amandla okunikela ingqalelo kumntu omnye okanye kumzimba akhokelela kulawulo olunzima. Umsebenzi kaMontesquieu "UMoya woMthetho" (1748) waxhasa ukwahlulwa kwemithetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho. Le ngcamango yaphembelela kakhulu abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, abayila urhulumente ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo. Kamva izakhiwo ezifanayo zamkelwa zezinye iintlanga ezininzi, zisebenzisana nomgaqo womthetho okhethekileyo kunye nenkcubeko yazo.

Namhlanje, ulwahlulo lwamagunya luphawu lwedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Ngelixesha ukumiselwa okuchanileyo kolawulo-siseko kuyahluka-hluka, umzekelo, iinkqubo zepalamente zisoloko zidibanisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho ngokusondeleyo kunenkqubo yomongameli.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Kwezona mizekelo ziqhelekileyo, amagunya karhulumente ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu: ezowiso-mthetho, abaphathi, kunye nezogwebo. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi ongundoqo okhethekileyo, kodwa lidityaniswe kwinkqubo yee-check kunye nolungelelwano. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokusebenza ngaphandle kokuvelela kwamanye.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, eli sebe liyipalamente okanye ingqungquthela, esenokuba yi-uncameral (igumbi elinye) okanye i-bimaral (igumbi elibini). Ngokomzekelo, iBhunga laseUnited States liquka iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlalo, ngoxa iPalamente yoMbuso eUnited Kingdom ibunjwe yiNdlu yamaCommons neNdlu. Amalungu anyulwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngabantu bonke, amele izilangazelelo zabo.

Ngaphezu kokubekwa komthetho, isebe lowiso-mthetho linegunya elibalulekileyo lemali. Lilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali nolawulo lwerhafu lukarhulumente, ukuvunywa kwemali okuxhasa iinkonzo zikarhulumente, izibonelelo, kunye nokuzikhusela. Eli gunya lemali linika impembelelo enkulu kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho kwiinkqubo zegunya. Ngaphezu koko, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zisoloko zijonge isebe eliphetheyo ngokuvakalayo, uphando, nokuvunywa kokumiselwa. Ukucingisiswa okubanzi kwamandla owiso-mthetho, iBhunga-mthetho.gov indawo yendlu yendlu yowiso-mthetho. ingumthombo onegunya.

  • Iyila kwaye idlulise umthetho
  • Ilawula imali echithwayo nerhafu elawulwa ngurhulumente
  • Imela unyulo
  • Imisebenzi yezolawulo nokuqinisekisa ukutyunjwa

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza ngokumisa imithetho nokuqhuba imisebenzi yorhulumente yemihla ngemihla. Likhokelwa ngumongameli, umphathi-mikhosi, okanye umongameli, onokuthi anyulwe ngqo ngabavoti okanye amiselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Isebe elilawulayo liquka uthungelwano olukhulu lwamasebe, amasebe, kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni aphumeza iinkqubo nemigaqo.

Kumazwe amaninzi, umphathi olawulayo ulawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, kunye nokusabela kongxamiseko. Intloko karhulumente isoloko isebenza njengenkomfa yemikhosi exhobileyo kwaye imela urhulumente kwiiNdlela zolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Imiyalelo yegunya kunye nemiyalelo yolawulo ivumela umphathi olawulayo ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwimicimbi ephantsi kwegunya lakhe, kodwa izenzo ezinjalo zinokuba phantsi kohlalutyo lwezomthetho okanye ukulawulwa kwemithetho. Umzekelo, eUnited States, umongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo, kodwa iBhunga lingakhupha imithetho yokuzibhukuqaqa, kwaye iinkundla zingawabetha ukuba adlule imida yemithetho.

  • Imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo enyanzelwayo
  • Ilawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe nonxulumano lwamanye amazwe
  • Ibonelela ngeliso elingaphezulu
  • Ukungenisa uqingqo-mali kunye nezindululo zowiso-mthetho

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize lilawule okusesikweni. Liquka iqumrhu eliphambili leenkundla, ukususela kwiinkundla zamatyala zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiinkundla eziphezulu okanye ezinomGaqo-siseko. ABagwebi bamiselwa okanye banyulwe ngokweemvume ezizinzileyo okanye ubomi babo bonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ngcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Indima ephambili yejaji ingumsebenzi ophambili kukusombulula iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kakuhle. Noko ke, amandla ayo abalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi kukuhlola ngokutsha kwezomthetho.

  • Itolika imithetho nemimiselo
  • Ukucombulula Iingxabano Ezingokwasemthethweni
  • Ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye
  • Ihlolisisa indlela izenzo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana ingundoqo kulwahlulo lwamagunya. Iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye linendlela yokulinganisela izenzo zezinye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Oku kusetyenziswa kwegunya kukwenza ukwahlulwa kwamandla asebenzayo nanamandla aqinileyo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lingahlola igunya elilawulayo ngeendlela ezininzi ezisisiseko. Okokuqala, lilawula ukuxhaswa kwemali: ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho, umphathi-mikhosi akanakuyisebenzisa imali kwiinkqubo okanye kwiinkqubo. Okwesibini, iintlawulo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zingawachasa aze asuse amagosa aphezulu ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Okwesithathu, iinkqubo ezininzi zifuna ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho yokubekwa kwesebe elilawulayo, njengooomabhala-mabhalane, nabagwebi. Okwesine, imigaqo-siseko sowiso-mthetho i-siseko solawulo sinokuba nevoti ephezulu, iqinisekisa ukuba intloko-ofisi ayinakuphinda ikwazi ukuvala imithetho ethintela ngokungenamiqatha.

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, indlu yowiso-mthetho isenokungawunciphisi urhulumente ngokuvota okungenantembelo, ixhokonxa unyulo olutsha okanye utshintsho kukhokelo. La mandla adala iindlela ezinamandla zokuphendula.

  • Ukugunyaziswa koqingqo-mali nenkcitho
  • Ulawulo lomongameli okanye amagosa
  • Uqinisekiso lokumiselwa okwenziwa ngumongameli
  • Ukungahoywa kweevetoes eziphetheyo (apho zisebenzayo)

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

Ngokuchaseneyo, isebe elilawulayo lingayiphembelela indlu yowiso-mthetho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Eyona nto ithe ngqo ngamandla eveto, avumela umphathi-mandla ukuba akwamkele umthetho odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinokusoloko zikhupha i-vetoes, imfuneko ye-odoli enkulu yenza kube nzima ukwenza njalo rhoqo. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zendlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ziqwalasele kwimicimbi engxamisekileyo, imigaqo yemithetho, kunye nemiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo enika amandla omthetho ngaphakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukongezelela, kumazwe amaninzi, umphathi udlala indima ekuqaliseni umthetho ngezantsi, ebeka iindleko zemithetho ephikisanayo nevoti ngoko indlu yowiso-mthetho. Igunya eliphetheyo lisoloko lifumana ubuchule obuyingcaphephe nenkcazelo, linika ilizwi elinamandla ekwenzeni imithetho.

  • Umthetho onika ingxelo owiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho
  • Ukubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zendlu yowiso-mthetho
  • Ukukhupha imiyalelo yegunya nemiyalelo
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuba

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Isebe eligwebayo linikela uhlolo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nawolawulo oluphezulu ngamandla okuhlola isigwebo. Iinkundla zingawisa imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko, kwaye zinokwenza izenzo zokulawula ezingaphaya kwegunya elisemthethweni okanye eziphazamisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe asebenza ngokwemida yawo emiselweyo.

Kwakhona aBagwebi batolika umthetho odidayo, becacisa indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile. Izigqibo zabo zimisela imizekelo ekhokelayo kwimicimbi yexesha elizayo yemithetho kunye neyolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, ijaji ikhusela amalungelo abantu ngokuphulaphula amatyala apho abemi bacela umvukelo kurhulumente ochukunyiswayo. Umzekelo, iinkundla ziye zaxhasa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukujonga okungenagunya, kwaye zifuna inkqubo efunekayo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuzimela kwejaji-mthetho (ngokufuthi kukhuselekile kubomi babo okanye kumagunya amisiweyo) kubalulekile ukuba ezi nzame ukuphumelela.

  • Ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho nezenzo zolawulo
  • Imithetho elawulayo iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko
  • Ukutolika umthetho ongaqondakaliyo
  • Ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngomthetho wetyala

Umanyano: Omnye Ummandla Wokwahlulwa Kwamandla

Kumazwe amaninzi, ulwahlulo lwamagunya ludlulela ngaphaya korhulumente wesizwe luquka oorhulumente bengingqi okanye besizwe. Iinkqubo zomanyano, njengaleyo yaseUnited States, eKhanada, eOstreliya, naseJamani, zahlula amagunya athile kurhulumente ombindi (owesizwe okanye wephondo) kunye namanye koorhulumente besizwe (owephondo). Le nkqubo `eyaziwa njenge-constalistism , `enye ingxwexwexwe kulwahlulo lwamagunya.

Umanyano luvumela ukuzimela ngokwasekuhlaleni ngeli xesha lugcina ulungiselelo lwesizwe esimanyeneyo. Umzekelo, amaphondo angalawula imfundo, ezothutho, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke, ngelixa urhulumente wesizwe esingatha ukhuseleko, ukufuduka, kunye norhwebo lwangaphakathi. Eli candelo lithintela ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwemigaqo-nkqubo ebonakalisa iinjongo zengingqi. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente zombini ziqhelisela uhlalutyo lwezomthetho ngaphakathi kwemiqathango yazo, zidala iinkqubo zomthetho ezithe tyaba kodwa ezahlukileyo.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamagunya orhulumente norhulumente ludla ngokuba ngumthombo wengxoxo yezopolitiko. EUnited States, ugcino lwe 10 loMthambeko olungagunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu, umgaqo oxhaswe zimithetho zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ukuqonda urhulumente kungundoqo wokuqonda indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kumazwe amakhulu, awahlukeneyo. Okungakumbi kulo mbandela, tyelela i-Legal Information Institute of commentism .

Ukubaluleka Kokwahlula Amandla

Amagunya karhulumente okuqhawula umanyano abalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi nasekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu. Kuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla, nto leyo embali ebangele ukuxhatshazwa nokucinezelwa. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kodwa ngentsebenziswano, inkqubo ikhuthaza ukuphendula, ukubaneka, nokuzinza.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula

Xa igunya lahlulwe, isebe ngalinye linokuba netyala kwabanye. Oku kugada kunciphisa ubungozi bokonakala kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu. Umzekelo, ukuva imigaqo-mthetho kunokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi kwegunya, kwaye izigqibo zomthetho zingayibhukuqa imithetho engamiselwanga. Ukuphendula kuyasebenza ngonyulo: abavoti bangathatha indawo yabenzi bomthetho okanye abalawuli abangayixhasiyo imisebenzi yabo. Ukudlala kwamasebe kwenza iingongoma ezininzi zokuhlola, kuyenze ibe nzima nabani na odlalayo ukuphepha imbopheleleko.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya lukwakhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko. Icandelo elizimeleyo lejaji linika abemi igunya lokucel ’ umngeni imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ezichasa amalungelo abo. Isebe lemithetho lingakhupha imithetho ukuze likhusele inkululeko yabemi, kwaye isebe eliphetheyo limele linyanzelise loo mithetho ngokuthembeka. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente unokuzinika amacandelo awongezelelekileyo okhuseleko: ukuba umgangatho omnye karhulumente uthintela amalungelo, omnye umgangatho unganika inkululeko engakumbi. Oku kukhutshwa kwedemokhrasi kwenza iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zikwazi ukumelana nedemokhrasi.

Ukukhusela Ubuchule

Imbali inika imizekelo emininzi yamandla ajoliswe ezandleni zomlawuli omnye okanye iqela elikhokelela kwingcinezelo. Icandelo lamagunya liyilelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukukhusela iziphumo ezinjalo. Ngokufuna abadlali abaninzi ukuba bavumelane ngaphambi kokuba inyathelo likarhulumente lithatyathwe, inkqubo icotha phantsi ukwenza izigqibo kwaye ikhuthaze ukucinga. Oku ngamanye amaxesha kungaphumela kwiqhina le-grid, kodwa kwakhona kuthintela izenzo ezikhawulezayo okanye ezingekho ngqiqweni. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baphikisa ngokudumileyo ukuba iphulo kufuneka lenziwe ukulwa nephulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokulawula abanye.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Lokwahlula Amandla

Nangona ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusenguwona siseko wedemokhrasi, ulawulo lwale mihla lujongene neengxaki ezintsha. Ukwanda kwabameli bolawulo, abadibanisa imisebenzi yezowiso-mthetho, yezolawulo neyokugweba, kuye kwasithela imida yesithethe. Imiyalelo yezolawulo kunye namagunya ongxamiseko akhulayo kumazwe amaninzi, maxa wambi kubangela inkxalabo ngokuphangalazanyiswa. Ukungalawuleki kwezobupolitika kusenokuphazamisa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, njengoko amasebe alawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo enokubandakanye abandakanye kwiimfazwe ezihlala zihleli okanye, ngokuphikisana noko, iqela elinye elilawula amasebe lawo omabini asenokuwonakalisa ulawulo.

Utshintsho lobugcisa luye lwabangela ulwahlulo lwamandla lube nzima. Ubuchule bokusebenza, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo zemithetho-algorith ingagxininisa kumaziko alawulayo nakubadlali babucala, ikhuphe iingqikelelo zesithethe. Iinkundla zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuchaza indlela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko esebenza ngayo kwi-mfihlo yamanani, kwi-intanethi, nakwi-intanethi, kunye nobuchule obungeyoyamvelo. Imithetho izama ukugcina isantya ngokukhawulezileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizithuba ezisemthethweni. Ngaphandle koko, imigaqo esisiseko yokwahlula amandla ihlala ifanelekile kwaye ibhetyeniswa.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela amagunya karhulumente ahlukene ngayo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nakubemi abatshayelelwe ngokufanayo. Olu lwazi lunika amandla abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kurhulumente wabo, bamele balwenze, bahlolisise inkqubela yabo yezobupolitika. Ngokukhuthaza abemi abanolwazi, siqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yedemokhrasi ihlale ikho. Icandelo lamagunya aliyongcamango nje ethethwayo, kwaye liyindawo eluncedo ebumbe uzinzo nenkululeko yezizwe kangangeenkulungwane. Ukuba ufunda izithethe, ufundisa abanye, okanye ngokulula ukuba ufune ukuba ngumvoti ongowodwa, ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolawulo-mthetho, ulawulo-mthetho, kunye negunya lokugweba liyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo yedemokhrasi ekhusela inkululeko nebulungisa.