Table of Contents
Unyulo lwemida lumela enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi yaseMelika, esenzeka kanye kwinqanaba lomongameli elikwiminyaka emine. Olu nyulo lusebenza njengenkqubo enamandla kubavoti ukuvakalisa ulwaneliseko lwabo okanye ukunganeliseki kolawulo lwangoku, ukubumba ucwangciso lwemithetho lwexesha eliseleyo lomongameli, kwaye ngokusisiseko luguqula ulungelelwaniso lwamandla eWashington. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo phakathi konyulo lweminyaka emiphakathi kunye nesizathu sokuba kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente waseMerika kunye nendlela abemi abanokuphembelela ngayo ulawulo lwenkqubo.
Ukuqonda Umjikelo Wokhetho
Unyulo lwemiba yexeshana luba lunyulo lweminyaka emibini lubanjwe ngokupheleleyo kwigama lomongameli leminyaka emine, esenzeka kwiminyaka ephakathi konyulo lomongameli, enegama elithi "ixesha eliphakathi" elisuka kwindawo yalo kwinqanaba lolawulo lomongameli. Olu nyulo lulandela ucwangciso olugunyazisiweyo oluqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva kunye nomelo kurhulumente wesizwe.
Unyulo lwexesha eliphakathi luthatha ixesha ngoSuku loNnyulo, oluthi lufike ngoLwesibini emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba. Eli xesha limiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe ukulungiselela ukuguquguquka nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwinkqubo yokunyulwa, ukuvumela abavoti, abathathi-nxaxheba namagosa onyulo ukuba balungiselele kakuhle kusengaphambili.
Ziziphi Iindawo Ezivavanywa Ngexesha Lokhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha Lokhetho
Iingqungquthela
Phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., zonke izihlalo ezingama-435 kwiNdlu yabameli kufuneka zijongene nabavoti rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, ekubeni abameli besebenzisa amagama eminyaka emibini. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilungu ngalinye leNdlu kufuneka lilwenze iphulo lokunyulwa kwakhona phakathi kweminyaka, lenze olunyulo lube nesiphumo esikhethekileyo sokuqanjwa kwegumbi elisezantsi leCandelo.
ICandelo leCandelo eliyi100 lahlulwe laziiklasi ezintathu ezijikelezayo, okuthetha ukuba inye kwisithathu sezihlalo zeNtlanga-macandelwana, ngokumalunga no-33 ukuya ku-35/ikhuphisana kulo nawuphi na unyaka wonyulo, kuquka nexesha eliphakathi. Isalathisi sisebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu, anika ukuzinza okungakumbi kwigumbi eliphezulu ngeli lixa siqinisekisa ukuba uthathelwa ityala rhoqo.
Imeko kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni
Ngapha koko kukwindawo zikarhulumente, unyulo phakathi kwexesha lokukhetha luquka uludwe olubanzi lorhulumente kunye nololuntu. Amatyala angamashumi amathathu anesine kumaphondo ase-U.S. anyula abalawuli bawo malunga neminyaka emine phakathi konyulo, ngelixa uVermont noNew Hampshire bekhetha abalawuli abanyuliweyo kumagama akwiminyaka emibini phakathi kwexesha localulo kunye nolonyulo lomongameli, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni abalawuli abangama-36 banyulwe phakathi konyulo lwexesha lexesha lexesha.
Amaphondo amaninzi akwanooomasipala abacholiweyo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zabo kwiminyaka ephakathi, kwaye kukho nonyulo olubanjwe kumgangatho kamasipala, kunye noosodolophu abaninzi, nezinye ii-ofisi zikawonke-wonke zasekuhlaleni, kunye neendlela ezininzi ezichaphazelekayo zommi kunye nemithetho ebhekiswe kwi-operator. Olu hlanga nokhuphiswano lwasekuhlaleni lunokuba nempembelelo enzulu ekulawuleni, ekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo, nasekuphileni kwabemi ngokwemihla ngemihla ngendlela ezingaphaya kwempembelelo yonyulo lwezwe.
Umzekelo wembali: Isizathu sokuba iQela loMongameli lisoloko lilahlekelwa
Enye yezona ndlela zithe ngqo kwezobupolitika zamaMelika kutyekelo lokuba iqela lomongameli liphulukane nezihlalo ebudeni bonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo. Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iqela lomongameli liye laphulukana nomlinganiselo wezihlalo ezingama-26 kwindlu kunye nomlinganiselo wezihlalo ezine kwiNdlu yeNdlu. Le nto ithembeke kakhulu kangangokuba izazinzulu zezobupolitika nabahlalutyi bayilindele njengeqhelekileyo kunokuba ingabikho.
Kunyulo lwaphakathi kuma-22 lwexesha lesibini ukusuka ngo1934-2018, iqela lomongameli liye lalahlekelwa ngokwe-avareji zizihlalo ezingamashumi mathathu nezihlalo ezine zendlu, ithepati lomongameli lifumana izihlalo kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimi kathathu kuphela kodwa lifumana izihlalo kwizihlandlo ezintandathu. Ezi manani zigxininisa indlela ekunzima ngayo kwiqela elilawula iWhite House ukugcina okanye ukwandisa izihlalo zalo eziphambili phakathi kweminyaka emithandathu.
Ezikhethekileyo Kumthetho
Ukususela oko kwaveliswa unyulo olungqalileyo phakathi kwexesha loluntu, kwiimeko ezisibhozo kuphela apho iqela lomongameli lifumene izihlalo kwiNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi, kunye nezimbini kuphela (1634) phantsi kweFranklin D. Roosevelt no-2002 phantsi koGeorge W. Bush-wash
Iqela lomongameli lifumene izihlalo zendlu phakathi kwisiqingatha sezihlandlo ezine kuphela ukususela kwi1930: ngo1934 ngexesha lobunzulu boxinzelelo olukhulu lomoya, ngo1962 emva nje kwengxaki yeCuban Missile, 1998 phakathi komjikelezo womgudu weClinton, kwaye ngonyaka wama2002 emva konyaka ka-1999, ngamnye waba baninzi aba yenzeka ngexesha lonyaka wesi-11.
I-Icky yonyaka we-Six"
Ukulahlekelwa okuye kwabangelwa ngexesha lesibini lomongameli phakathi kudla ngokubizwa kakhulu kunakwixesha lokuqala phakathi, koko kuchazwa njenge-"i-intshi yeminyaka emithandathu". Le ndlela ibonisa ukuba ukudinwa kovoti nolawulo kuqokelelwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba oomongameli bagcine inkxaso yengqungquthela njengoko besandisa.
Isizathu sokuba Unyulo lwexesha Eliphakathi: Ulawulo
Ulawulo lweBhunga lokuQonda
Unyulo lweMidterm lumisela ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kwiBhunga, ukumisela ucwangciso lwemithetho lwegama eliseleyo lomongameli, kwaye ngokwembali lusebenza njenge-arhente kumsebenzi nemigaqo yomongameli ohleliyo. Iqela elilawula iKhomishini lisebenzisa impembelelo enkulu enokuthi amatyala aqwalaselwe, yiyiphi imigaqo-nkqubo, nokuba umongameli ungayiphumeza njani ingxubusho yabo.
Ukususela ekuqalweni kwenkqubo yeqela lale mihla kwishumi leminyaka phambi kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iNdlu iye yatshintsha unyulo phakathi kwexesha, lungaphezulu kancinci kwesithathu sexesha, kodwa kutshintsho lweNdlu ye-19 lwexesha, ngaphezu kweekota ezintathu zenzeke phakathi. Oku kubonisa ukuba phakathi kusetyenziswa ngamandla aphambili phakathi kwamaqela eBhunga.
Impembelelo kuMongameli Agenda
Xa iqela lenkcaso lifumana ulawulo lwegumbi elinye okanye zombini leNgqungquthela ebudeni bonyulo lwaphakathi, amandla kamongameli okuphuhlisa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimithetho-mthetho athintelwa ngokuphawulekayo. IBhunga elilawulwa liqela lenkcaso lingathintela amanyathelo omongameli, lingakuvumeli ukuqinisekisa abalawuli, liqhube uphando olunobundlobongela, lize liphicosele ngokupheleleyo izinto eziza kuqala zenkqubo eyahlukileyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iqela lomongameli ligcina okanye landisa izinto zalo ezinkulu ezingundoqo, qha, ukubonakala okunqabileyo, ulawulo lufumana inkululeko engakumbi yokulandela ucwangciso lwalo ngaphandle kwemiqobo ebalulekileyo yemithetho. Oku kungakhokelela kumaxesha karhulumente omanyano apho utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo lunokwenzeka.
Ukusebenza njengeNkxaso eBalulekileyo
Unyulo lwaphakathi ludla ngokuthathwa njengophawu lokuthoba kwiqela elinegunya, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukunyulwa kwamalungu eBhunga kunxulumene ngokukhulayo nesimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke kumongameli, nezihlalo zokujinga ngokuqhubekayo ukuya kwiqela elingangeni mqambi xa umongameli wangoku ethoba, kwaye i-asent engathi ulawulo lwabo luqhuba kakuhle.
Umgangatho wokuvunywa kukawonke-wonke komongameli osisigxina kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo, njengoko imvume isithi ibe sisikhulu isihlalo esilahlekileyo seqela lomongameli, kwaye kule ngqiqo isigaba sexesha lophakathi sithathwa njenge-arhente kumongameli osisigxina. Olu nxulumano phakathi kwemvume yobumongameli neziphumo zexesha eliphakathi lunika abavoti iprojekthi yendlela yokuchaza iimbono zabo kwisenzo solawulo.
Ukususela oko umongameli we-FDR, oomongameli abanomlinganiselo osezantsi wokuvunywa kukawonke-wonke baye baphulukana nomlinganiselo wezihlalo zobungquzulwano ezingama-37 ngexesha lophakathi, kwaye kuphela oomongameli ababini ``Bill Clinton noGeorge W. Bush_wabenereji yogunyaziso lukawonke-wonke ngaphezulu kwama-60% ebudeni bonyulo lwaphakathi, ngenxa yoko ukuba ngabona bamongameli ababini kuphela kwimbali yakutshanje ukuphepha ukuqalekiswa kwe-"mizukulwana."
IVoterpout kwi Midter com
Umsantsa
Unyulo lweMidter ngokwembali luvelisa unyulo olusezantsi kunyulo lomongameli, nonyulo lomongameli oluye lwajika malunga nama-50-60% kwiminyaka engama-60 edluleyo ngeli xesha kungama-40% kuphela abo bafanelekele ukuvota ukuya kuvotelwa phakathi konyulo. Lo msantsa ubalulekileyo uthetha ukuba abanyuli abaphakathi kwesigaba sonyulo badla ngoluncinane kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokwahluka konyaka womongameli.
Unyulo olusezantsi phakathi kwexesha lonyulo lunokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwiziphumo zonyulo. Xa bembalwa abantu abavota, ukwenziwa kokhetho lungatshintsha, abathathi-nxaxheba namaqela abaxhasi babo bangenelela ngokuthembeka kunyulo olungekhoyo kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
Ulwando Lwakutshanje Phakathi Kwexesha Elininzi
Unyulo lwakutshanje phakathi kwexesha lonyulo luye lwachaphazeleka ngokwembali ngokufikelela kumgangatho ophakamileyo ongaqhelekanga. Unyulo lonyaka ka-2018 lwaba nesantya esiphezulu esingu-49%, umlinganiselo ophezulu wexesha lobusela phakathi ukususela ngo-1914, kwanalo unyulo lwama-2022, nomlinganiselo ongaphantsi ka-4, ngaphezu kwelo lonke unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonyaka ka-1970. Olu nyuso lunyusiwe lucebisa ukunyanzeleka nokwanda kokubaluleka konyulo lwangaphakathi.
Unyulo lukaNovemba 2018 ludume ngokubanzi ngomvoti walo ophezulu, ugcino-lwazi lweBreau lubonisa unyuko lweqondo le-11 lepesenti ukusuka kunyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lokugqibela lonyaka ka-2014, kunye namashumi amahlanu anesithathu eephesenti abemi bovotelo ngo-2018, olona khetho luphezulu phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amane.
Iipateni Zomzobo Ojikelezayo
Ukususela ngo-1986, amanani abonisa ukuba ukuthabatha inxaxheba kovoti ngokuthe ngqo kuyavumelana nobudala, kunye nabo bakwiminyaka ephezulu basenokuba banokuvota kunyulo phakathi kwexesha, kwaye umnqophiso ofanayo ubukho kunyulo lwamapolisa ukususela ngowe- 1988, nangona ukurhoxa kolu nyulo kungaphezulu kakhulu. Lo msantsa wobudala ekuthabatheni inxaxheba uthetha ukuba abavoti abadala banempembelelo engenakulinganiswa nokuthelekiswa nokufumana iziphumo ezikhoyo phakathi kwemihla.
Ngoko, unyulo lwakutshanje lubonise iimpawu ezikhuthazayo zonyuso lolutsha. Phakathi kwe 18 ukuya ku 29 leminyaka, umvoti urhoxile ukusuka kwi 20% ngo-2014 ukuya ku 36 ekhulwini ngo 2018, incopho enkulu yepesenti yonyuko kulo naliphi na iqela lobudala (a 79 ekhulwini. Oku kunyuka komxhasi oselula kubonisa ukuba imigangatho yokubophelela ingatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo xa iimeko zezobupolitika zikhuthaza ukungaphindi kwamanani.
Amabhinqa aye aqhubeka evota ngexabiso eliphezulu kunamadoda kunyulo ngalunye phakathi kwexesha lonyaka ka-1998, yaye kunyulo lwama-2018 phakathi kwisigaba, ama-55 ekhulwini amabhinqa avote xa kuthelekiswa nama-52 ekhulwini amadoda, umsantsa weqondo eli-3 eepesenti. Lo msantsa wesini uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwiziphumo zonyulo kunye nezinto eziphambili zenkqubo.
Unyulo Lwamaxesha Aphakathi Embalini Olwaguqula UMerika
Imvukelo YaseRiphabliki Yowe - 1994
Ekwindla lowe-1994, utshintsho oluphawulekayo lwezopolitiko lwenzeka eUnited States xa iRiphabliki yaphinda yalawula iKhonklathi ebudeni bonyulo phakathi kwexesha lokunyula, iphawula ixesha elingokwembali njengoko babethabatha iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zoorhulumente okokuqala ukususela ngo-19444. Olu tshintsho luphawulekayo lwaphela iminyaka engama-40 yolawulo lwedemocratic eNd eNdlu yaye ngokusisiseko lwaguqula ummandla wezopolitiko.
Unyulo lwaphakathi lwexesha lonyaka ka1994, olwakhuthazwa nguNewt Gingrich's "Controct kunye noMelika," lwanikezela amaRiphabliki inzuzo eyi 52-slave kunye nolawulo lwendlu okokuqala ukususela ngo1955. Olu nyulo lwamaza lwabonisa amandla omyalezo wephulo lesizwe elilungelelanisiweyo kunye nokuchanabeka kobunkomfa obumiselwe ixesha elide xa iimvo zitshintsha ngokungqongqo.
Iliza Elilawulwa Ngulawulo - melo Lowama - 2006
Abalawuli bafumana iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela emva phayaa ngonyaka ka-2006. Eli xesha liphakathi lenzeka ngexesha loMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, phakathi kokunganeliseki okukhulayo kwabantu ngemfazwe ye-Iraq kunye nezinye iinkqubo zolawulo. Unyulo lwabonisa indlela inkxalabo yemithetho yamanye amazwe kunye neenguqu zogunyaziso zomongameli ezinokuqhuba ngayo iinkokeli ezingundoqo zonyulo.
Igatya Leti Leyesi - 2010
Kunyulo lwexeshana elidlulileyo lwesihlanu phakathi kwexesha lonyulo, iiRiphabliki zafumana ulawulo lweNdlu yowama-2010. Olu nyulo lwenzeka ngexesha legama lokuqala likaMongameli Obama kwaye lwaphumela kokunye kokuzinziswa kwesihlalo esikhulu kwimbali yanamhlanje, kuqhutywa yinkcaso engokwesithethe kuMthetho wesiChwebo esiNgamandla kunye neminye imithetho yezolawulo lwe-Obama. Umbutho weSizwana seSizwe wanika ugunyazisa uvoti-Riphabliki kwaye waqesha abatsha abatsha abacel ’ ukucel ’ umngeni i Democcument kwimbali yale.
Ukubuyela Kwedemokhrasi Ngo - 2018
Unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonyaka ka-2018 lwabona ooDemocrates befumana kwakhona ulawulo lweNdlu yabameli ngexesha lokuqala loMongameli uTrump. Olu nyulo lwaluphawuleka kungekuphela nje ngenxa yotshintsho kulawulo lwendlu kodwa kwanangenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olubhaliweyo nolwandiso lwemigangatho yokurhoxa ebhaliweyo kunye nolwandiso phakathi kwabavoti abaselula kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo. Olu nyulo lwabonisa ukubotshelelwa koluntu oluhlaziyiweyo kunye namandla okulungelelaniswa kweengca.
Izinto Ezinempembelelo Kwiziphumo Eziphakathi Kwexesha Lonyulo
Ukulinganiselwa kokunconywa nguMongameli
Ulwandiso lobuongameli lwemvume lusebenza njengenye yezixeli zoqilima ezinamandla zeziphumo zonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo. Umntu angabona unxulumano olululo phakathi kogunyaziso kunye nokulahleka kwesihlalo/ukufumana intsebenziswano kuzo zombini iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu, kunye nokuhlobana okunamandla ngokulinganayo: r=0.61 kwiNdlu, r = 0.45 yeCandelo. Abameli abanemigangatho ephezulu yogunyaziso badla ngokubona amaqela abo ephulukana nezihlalo ezimbalwa, ngexa abo banentelelo ephantsi bejongeneengozi ezinkulu.
Inani leenqanawa ezikhuselweyo
Inani lezihlalo kwindlu nganye yeBhunga lonyulo olulawulwa yimibandela yeqela lomongameli, njengoko inani lezihlalo zokukhusela linyuka, inani leesihlalo elininzi elilahlekileyo. Oku kuyinyaniso kwezibalo kuthetha ukuba amaqela anezihlalo ezinkulu anezihlalo ezingaphezulu kwaye ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba alahlekelwe kakhulu.
Iimeko zezoqoqosho
Ngeli xesha oothunywashe bezoqoqosho bebonakala bebalulekile, ulwalamano lwabo neziphumo zexeshana lunzima kakhulu kunokuba kusoloko kucingwa. Kuyamangalisa ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali okanye ukukhula kwemisebenzi akunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nengeniso yesihlalo esiphakathi okanye ukulahlekelwa, nokuncitshiswa kwamaxabiso okungalinganiyo kwizihlalo zendlu kodwa kungena ngqungquthela yeKhathene, kunye nokukhula okanye ukuhla komsebenzi ube nongquzulwano olungaphelekanga kwimpumelelo yendlu nesihlalo seNdlukwano yeqela lomongameli.
Oku akuthethi ukuba iimeko zezoqoqosho azisebenzi .* ziphembelela isimo sengqondo sovoti kunye nereyithi yemvume yomongameli qha kodwa iziphumo zazo ezithe ngqo kutshintsho lwezihlalo azikwaziwa kanye kunoonobumba bezobupolitika abafana nemvume yomongameli kunye nenani lezihlalo ezisemngciphekweni.
Imeko - bume Yezobupolitika
Imeko yezobupolitika iyonke, kuquka iziganeko eziphambili, iingxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo, neempikiswano zenkcubeko, zitshintsha iziphumo eziphakathi. Iimfazwe, amahlazo, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye nentlalo elungelelanisiweyo zinokunika amandla okanye zityhafe iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zabanyuli, ezichaphazela ukhetho oluchaphazelekayo kunye nokhetho lwevoti.
Indima Yezithili NeeMerika Ezikhuphisanayo
Asizizo zonke izihlalo zengingqi kunye nezihlalo zeNdlu yemikhosi engqukuva ezikhuphisana ngokulinganayo. Isithili ezininzi zithathwa njenge "zikhuselekileyo" kwiqela elinye okanye elinye ngenxa yokubalwa kwazo kwabemi, imbali yokurhoxa, nemida yesithili. Unyulo lwexesha eliphakathi lusoloko lugqitywa ngeziphumo kwinani elincinane lokukhuphisana "ukutsala" iziqithi namazwe.
Inani nendawo yezihlalo zokhuphiswano zingahluka-hluka kunyulo ukuya kunyulo olusekelwe kunyulo olusekelwe kumgangatho wokuzimela, kumgangatho wokubhatala, ukuqokelela, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwezobupolitika kwesizwe. Kwizihlalo zamaza, kwanezihlalo ezikhuselekileyo ngokwesithethe zingakhuphisana njengoko ukurhoxa konyulo lwezobupolitika kutshintsha ngokungqongqo ngakwicala elinye.
Ulawulo lweCandelo
Ukwenziwa kobuzwe kweMikhankaso yeXesha Eliphakathi
Unyulo lwaphakathi luye lwakhula kakhulu, kunye nentlalo zombutho wasekuhlaleni zisoloko zijoliswe kwimiba yesizwe nakwimisebenzi kamongameli endaweni yenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho luthetha ukuba amashwa abantu abaza kubhaptizwa anxulumene kakhulu nohlobo lwesizwe lombutho womongameli kunye nodumo lomongameli.
Imibutho yesizwe, amaqela angaphandle kwenkcitho, namaphulo alungelelanisiweyo andise le ngxaki, aguqula eyona nto yayiyimilo yasekuhlaleni ukuba ibe ngamadabi kulawulo lwesizwe nakumsebenzi womongameli.
Ukubaluleka Kophawu Oluyinkawu
Naphezu kokubekwa kwesizwe, umgangatho wokufumana umgangatho usebalulekile. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanamandla abanobuchule bokuthumela ingxowa-mali, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo, kunye nonxulumano olunzulu loluntu lungalugqitha ulungiso lwesizwe lwamaqela abo, ngeli lixa abathathi-nxaxheba ababuthathaka bengenza ngaphantsi kokusebenza kwimekobume ezintle.
Ukufumana i-odoli kuye kwaba yinto ephambili kumaqela omabini ajongiswe kunyulo phakathi ngexesha lomhla, njengokuba ukukhusela abathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu abakwizihlalo zokhuphiswano kunokwenza umahluko phakathi kokuphumelela nokuphulukana nolawulo lweBhunga.
Impembelelo Yemali Kukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha
Iintlanga zoorhulumente ziye zabiza imali eninzi, yaye ukukhuphisana kwemizwa yaseKhaya kudla ngokubiza izigidi zeerandi neNtlanga yeeNtlanga kumazwe amakhulu maxa wambi imali engaphaya kwama - R250 ezigidi.
Ngaphandle kokuchithwa ziiPaC ezinkulu, amaqela emali amnyama, nemibutho elawulwa ngamaqela iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo kwimijikelo yonyulo yakutshanje, maxa wambi ingqinelana okanye igqitha oko abaza kunyuselwa ngokwabo banokukunyusa nokukuchitha. Le mvundla yemali yezibhengezo zikamabonwakude, amaphulo amanani, iposi engqalileyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuphuma kwimibutho enokuthi iphembele ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zonyulo.
ISiqwenga samajelo eendaba neNkxaso kaRhulumente
Unyulo lweMidter lungafumani ngqalelo ininzi yonxibelelwano nocholo loluntu kunelo mongameli, lufak' isandla ekuthobeni unyulo kwaye lungazazi kakuhle. Noko ke, ukuthabatha izihlalo eziphezulu phakathi nolawulo lweBhunga elixhonywe kumlinganiselo lungabangela umdla omkhulu wogcino-lwazi kunye nomanyano lukawonke-wonke.
Ukuvela kwe-intanethi kunye neendaba zezentlalo nezokusebenza kwamanani kuye kwaguqula indlela inkcazelo ephathelele unyulo olusasazeka ngayo phakathi kwexeshana nendlela amaphulo anxibelelana ngayo nabavoti. Ngoku abavoti banokufikelela ngqo kubavoti kwii-cudies zezeze-webhsayithi, ngoxa intembeko kunye nokungahoywa kolwazi kusiba yinkxalabo ekhulayo.
Uxanduva lwesigaba seRhulumente loNkqolo lweNkqutyana
Ngelixesha amaqela afumana eyona ngqalelo iphambili, iziphumo zomgangatho karhulumente phakathi kunyulo lunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu nezihlala zihleli. IiRhuluneli ezinyulwe phakathi kwiminyaka ziya kubumba inkqubo karhulumente kwimfundo, unyango, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neminye imibandela emininzi echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.
Unyulo lwemithetho yesizwe olubanjwe phakathi kwexesha lokulawula ukuncitshiswa kwemiba emva kokubalwa kwabantu okuphelelisiweyo, ukuphembelela iimaphu zomthetho zowiso-mthetho zowiso-mthetho kunye norhulumente weminyaka elishumi elandelayo. Oku kwenza unyulo phakathi kwiminyaka ephela ku "0" ngokukodwa olunesiphumo kumandla ezobupolitika exesha elide.
Ikamva Lonyulo Oluphakathi Kwexesha
Ukutshintsha Ii-Demographics
Ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu baseMelika − kuquka ukunyuka kwendidi yeentlanga nezizwe, ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwesizukulwana kunye nemfundo ekwindawo ebandayo (----antinations--dverimes. Olu tshintsho lwamanani ludala amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kuwo omabini amaqela aphambili njengoko efuna ukuphumelela.
Ukuzibandakanya okukhulayo kwezobupolitika kwabavoti abaselula, ukuba bathe baxhaswa, kungaguqula ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo yesithethe phakathi. Ukurhoxa kolutsha oluphezulu kunganceda abathathi-nxaxheba namaqela abhenela ngokunempumelelo kwizinto eziphambili namaxabiso aselula amaMelika.
Iindlela zokusasaza kunye nokufikelela
Ukwanda kokuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, nezinye iindlela zokuvota zitshintshwe indlela amaMerika aba nenxaxheba ngayo kunyulo phakathi kwexesha. Ngo-2018, ama-40 ekhulwini abavoti asebenzisa enye indlela yokuvota. Olu tshintsho lungandisa ukufumaneka nokuvuselelwa, kodwa lukwadala imingeni emitsha kulawulo lonyulo nokhuseleko.
Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele amalungelo okuvota, ukhuseleko lonyulo nokungena kombutho ziya kuqhubeka zisenza sitshintshe indlela oluqhutywa ngayo unyulo phakathi ngexesha elithile nakwabo banenxaxheba kulo.
Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nohlobo lokuzidityanisa
Ukwanda kokuhlahlela kwezobupolitika kunye nokukhetha okuququzelelayo.
Ngoko, ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kwandisa izithintelo zonyulo kwaye zingaqhuba i-chweba eliphezulu njengabaququzeleli kumacala omabini ijonga unyulo njengamadabi akhoyo kunokuba luqhubekeke uqheliselo lwedemokhrasi.
Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nayo Kukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha
Ukubhalisa nokuhlaziya
Eyona ndlela ingundoqo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuvota kukubhalisa nokuphosa ivoti. Iimfuno zobhaliso lwevoter ziyahluka ngokwemeko, ezinye iindawo zinika ubhaliso olufanayo kwaye ezinye zifuna ubhaliso lweeveki phambi koSuku loNnyulo. Ukuqonda iimfuno zelizwe lakho kunye neentsuku ezimisiweyo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa.
Ngoku amazwe amaninzi anika ukhetho oluninzi lokuvota, kuquka ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota iposi, nokuvota okungokwesithethe. Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto kungenza ukuvota kube luncedo kwaye kuncede ekuphepheni imigca emide okanye ingquzulwano yokucwangcisa.
Ukuhlala Unolwazi
Ukwenza izigqibo zokuvota ngolwazi kufuna ukuba ubaqonde abo baza kuvota, ukuma kwabo kwimibandela, nokufaneleka kwabo kwisikhundla. Imithombo yolwazi ethembekileyo iquka iiwebhsayithi ezifuna ukuvota, abakhokeli abangengomalungu ecawa, ukuchonga kweendaba kwasekuhlaleni, iingxoxo okanye iingxoxo.
Kubalulekile ukufuna imithombo emininzi yolwazi nokugxeka amatyala enziwe kwizibhengezo zezobupolitika, ezisenokuba ziyalahlekisa okanye azikhutshwa ngokomongo. Imibutho ekhangela inyaniso inganceda abavoti bahlule inyaniso kwintsomi kwintshumayelo yephulo.
Ukunikela Nokuthabatha Inyathelo
Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuvota ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela kwiphulo lokuthabatha inxaxheba, ngokunikela kwabo baza kubhaptizwa okanye ngezizathu zokuxhasa, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu nakwiziganeko zokubhalisa, kunye nokukhuthaza abahlobo kunye nentsapho ukuba bavote.
Kwaneminikelo emincinane yexesha okanye imali inokwenza umahluko kunyulo olusondeleyo, apho imida yoloyiso idla ngokulinganiswa kumawaka okanye amawaka evoti.
Ukuqonda Imo Ebanzi
Unyulo lwaphakathi alukho xa kukhethwa abantu ngokwabo, kodwa luyinxalenye yomjikelo oqhubekayo wokuphendula ngedemokhrasi kunye nokumela. Iziphumo zonyulo phakathi kwexesha lokusebenza kwemithetho ziphembelela kungekuphela nje ucwangciso olukhawulezileyo lwemithetho kodwa zikwamisela iqonga kunyulo olulandelayo lomongameli.
Abalawuli abalahlekelwa kakhulu phakathi kwexesha elithile basoloko belungisa iindlela zabo, mhlawumbi besiya kwiziko lezobupolitika ukuze basebenze ngenkcaso okanye baphindeke kabini kwisiseko sabo ukulungiselela ukuphinda-phinda unyulo. Izakhiwo eziphambili ezifunyenwe phakathi kwimiba zinika amaqela akwiqonga ukuphuhlisa izinto zawo eziza kuqala nokubonisa umbono wawo olawulayo kubavoti.
Imbono Eqhelekileyo malunga nokhetho lwexesha eliphakathi
Amaxa Aphakathi Abaluleke Kancinane Kunokhetho Lobuongameli
Ngeli xesha unyulo lomongameli lufumana ingqalelo engakumbi kunye nonyulo oluphezulu, unyulo phakathi kwexesha lubalulekile ngokulinganayo ekumiseleni iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo nolwalathiso lwelizwe. Ingqungquthela inika imithetho, ulawulo lokuchitha imali, ulawulo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ./onke imisebenzi echaphazela ubomi babantu baseMerika ngokungqalileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani othatha iNdlu emhlophe.
Ingxolo Yomntu Ngamnye Ayinamsebenzi
Unyulo oluninzi phakathi kwexesha lugqitywa ngemida exineneyo, ezinye iintlanga zihla ziye kutsho kumakhulu okanye kwanakuninzi kweevoti. Kulo khuphiswano lusondeleyo, ivoti nganye kunye nokujikana okuncinane komjikelo kungamisela iziphumo. Isiphumo sonyuselo lwabantu abaninzi abagqiba ukuvota kwabo asinto ibalulekileyo.
Iziphumo eziphakathi zimiselwe kwangaphambili
Ngelixesha imizekelo yembali icebisa ukuba iqela lomongameli liphulukana nezihlalo, ubukhulu bezo lahleko buyehluka kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo lweBhunga lusoloko lubalulwe ngokwenene ukuze lufumaneke. Iphulo, umgangatho womncopheko, imigudu yokujika, kunye neziganeko ezingalindelekilenga zonke zingaphembelela ngeendlela ezingacacanga uqikelelo olulula.
Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi malunga nonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. USUSA.gov iphepha lonyulo linikela ulwazi olusemthethweni malunga nokuvota kunye nonyulo. Iziko lophando lwePhondo [ lipapasha ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu lwendlela yokuziphatha nokhetho. .S.[CUBroup ]
Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente nezezinyulo zasekuhlaleni zinikela inkcazelo engqalileyo malunga nexesha lokubhaliswa konyulo, iindawo zokuvota, namanyathelo okuvota kummandla wakho. Imibutho yoManyano lwaManyano lwabesifazane inika ukhokelo lwabavoti kunye nolwazi lonyulo ukunceda abemi benze izigqibo ezithelekelelwa.
Isiphelo
Unyulo lwaphakathi luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, inika amathuba athe rhoqo okuba abemi bagcine ukuphendula korhulumente wabo, ulwalathiso lwempembelelo yenkqubo, kunye nokumisela ulungelelwano lwamandla kwiBhunga. Ngoxa lusenzeka kwisithunzi sonyulo lomongameli kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo lutsale unyulo olusezantsi, impembelelo yabo ekulawuleni nasemgaqweni inzulu yaye ihlala ihleli.
Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo phakathi konyulo oluphakathi kwexesha lokuma-----kusuka kwi-ofisi ezithile ezikhuphisanayo ukuya kwimodeli yeenguqu zezihlalo ezingokwembali, --wanceda abemi baqonde ukubaluleka kwazo nokubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba. Umzekelo ongaguquguqukiyo weqela lomongameli eliphulukana nezihlalo ubonakalisa utyekelo lwabavoti lokusebenzisa ixesha eliphakathi njengeembekiselo kumsebenzi womongameli nomnqweno wabo wokuhlola amandla olawulo oluphezulu kwinkcaso yombutho.
Unyulo lwangoku lubonise imiqondiso ekhuthaza ukuganana kwesizwe okunyusiweyo, imigangatho yokuzimela phezulu nokuthatha inxaxheba okungakumbi phakathi kwamaqela angaphambili aboniswe phantsi. Le meko icebisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo kokubaluleka konyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo kwaye isenokuphinda ikwazi ukutshintsha imigaqo yesithethe xa ithe yagcinwa.
Njengoko idemokhrasi yaseMerika ijamelene neengxaki eziquka ukuthotywa kwemimandla, iingxoxo eziphosakeleyo ngokungena ekuvotelweni, unyulo phakathi kwexesha lusenamathuba abalulekileyo okuba abemi basebenzise ilizwi labo baze babumbe urhulumente wabo. Enoba ngovotelo, ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngokuhlala benolwazi, okanye ngokukhuthaza abanye ukuba babe nenxaxheba, ummi ngamnye unendima amele ayifeze ukuqinisekisa ukuba olu nnyulo luzalisekisa injongo yakhe yedemokhrasi.
Izithintelo eziphakathi konyulo zizokwenene kwaye zingumphumo. Zimisela ukuba yiyiphi iinkqubo eziphambili, ziziphi ezona ziphambili ezifumana ingqalelo, nendlela urhulumente anokuyicombulula ngokunempumelelo ngayo imingeni ejamelene nohlanga. Ngokuqonda intsingiselo yazo nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, abemi bangaqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lokukhetha luyaqhubeka lusebenza njengeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zokujongana nedemokhrasi kunye nokumela.