Isiseko Esibalaseleyo Seetsheki Nezingqinipho ZaseMerika

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela echaza urhulumente wase-United States ayiyilwanga ingenanto. Abaseki abaFundayo bafumana ngamandla kwiinkulungwane zentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, amava abo e-koloni, kunye nezifundo ezisebenzisekayo kwimilingo yokusilela ekulawuleni. Ukuqonda kwabo okungundoqo kwakulula kodwa kunzulu: amandla amele ahlulwe kwaye enziwe ukuze akhusele inkululeko. Lo mbono, obekwe kumGaqo-siseko wewaka lika-1787, uhlala ukho lo msebenzi i-Riphabliki yaseMelika esebenza ngawo, nangona ijongeneemvavanyo ezizinzo ezingapheliyo kwiphulo lezobupolitika kunye nemfazwe ye-RGB.

Imvelaphi Yengcamango Yezobupolitika Ekhanyiselweyo

Akukho mqwalaseli mnye ophembelela ukwakhiwa korhulumente waseMerika kunesoluvo samaFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesine] uMoya woMthetho [, Montesquieu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko yayifuna ukwahlulwa kwemithetho, umphathi, kunye namandla okulawula. Walumkisa ukuba xa nawuphi na amandla amabini aye adityaniswe ezandleni ezifanayo, inkululeko yalahleka. OoFathers bafunda iMontesquieu. James Madineus, ku [FLT:] u-Factivelist.[4]

John Locke wakwabumba uluvo lwabaseki. Izivumelwano zakhe Ezibini zikaRhulumente wamisela isivumelwano soluntu kunye nengcamango yokuba urhulumente unegunya lifumaneka kwimvume yabalawulwa. Locke wagxininisa ukuba amandla owiso-mthetho afanele abe ngaphezulu kodwa abe nomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo, kwaye umlawuli wesigqeba ufanele abe negunya lokusebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho. Ezi ngcamango zivela kwisivumelwano somGaqo-siseko sokunika amandla adweliswe ngokwezintlukwano kunye nokhuseleko lwawo olucacileyo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukongezelela, abaqulunqi bafunda iiriphabliki zamandulo kunye nomzekelo karhulumente waseBritane oxubeneyo. Babona indlela iRiphabliki yamaRoma eyalungelelanisa ngayo inkqubo yeBritane, iindibano ezidumileyo, kunye nee-constals. Bayiqwalasela inkqubo yaseBritane apho iBritane, iHouse of Lords, kunye neNdlu yoCommons zahlolana, nangona zachasa ulawulo lolawulo kunye nobuhandiba belizwe ukuze zixhase inkqubo epheleleyo yempucuki. Umphumo waba yi-Americanthesis: urhulumente owahlulelwe kumasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye ngezixhobo zokuxhathisa ukungenelwa kwezinye.

Uyilo lweengcebiso nolungelelwano kumGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko udala amasebe amathathu anemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kodwa anamandla angenanayo. Iindlela ezichanekileyo ezivumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lijonge ezinye zibekwe kwinqaku I, II, nelesithathu. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zingundoqo ekuqondeni indlela eyayilwa ngayo ukuba kuthintelwe nawuphi na umzimba omnye ekulawuleni.

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukuvavanya okusemthethweni kwiGunya eliphetheyo: Congress ilawula amabinzana emali, kufuneka ivumele amadinga omongameli kunye nezivumelwano (iSenate), zingawasusa amatshati ngevoti ezimbini ezithathu, zinamandla okungamkeli uMongameli kunye namanye amagosa, kwaye zingaphengulula izenzo zegunya.
  • Iindlela zokuhlola ezigunyazisiweyo kwiJudiciary: imisela isakhiwo seenkundla zelizwe (ngaphandle kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko), ingamisela inani labagwebi, ivunywe yikomiti elawulayo, kwaye inokususa abagwebi besizwe.
  • [[NTL: 0] Uvavanyo oluphumelelsiweyo kuMthetho: uMongameli angarhoxa nayiphina imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga, kwaye angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo. UMongameli oPhawulwayo ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeNtlanganiso, efaka amavoti okrwelelo lweqhina.
  • I-evictive consfications kwi Judia: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi belizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kwaye unamandla okuxolela amatyala karhulumente (ngaphandle kokungagqibeleli).
  • [[NTLALA: 0] Ukuvavanywa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo neLawulayo: Ngokuhlola kwetyala, iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya eliphetheyo ezingagunyaziswanga ngokomthetho/a amandla umGaqo-siseko angawaniki ngokucacileyo kodwa asekwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo buttory v. Madison [18]

Ukulalanisa Okukhulu Nokungalawuleki

IConvention yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yaphantse yawa ngenxa yomelo. Amazwe amakhulu ayefuna umelo olusekelwe kumelo olusekelwe kuluntu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga; amaphondo amancinci afuna umelo olulinganayo. Lukhulu lokuhleba [, olucetyiswa nguRoger Sherman, oludale indlu yowiso-mthetho: iNdlulo-ndlu yabameli efumana imigaqo-mthetho elungelelanisiweyo (imele abantu) kunye neNdluvo yendlu elungeleleneyo (i-okanye ne-okanye i-ok amanani alinganayo kumazwe onke). Le sakhiwo ngokwaso sixilonga: ingeniso lwemali nokungathethi mithetho yendlu, ngoxa isala icebiso kwaye inyanise kwiintlanganiso kunye neentshulo.

IProfente EnguMongameli: Isixhobo Esisisindululo

I-veto amandla yayiyenye yezona zinto zidityanisiweyo kwiNdibano. Abanye abathunywa babesoyika ukuba iza kwenza uMongameli abe ngumlawuli omkhulu. Abanye, kuquka uAlexander Hamilton, baphikisa ukuba kwakubalulekile ukukhusela isebe eliphetheyo ekuphathweni kwemithetho-mthetho. Abaquluneli banika uMongameli uNotho [[[FLT:]], uHamilton wachaza ukuba iveto "FLT:1] isebenza njenge "amandla agqibeleleyo, kodwa ufuna ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho engalunganga. u-FEdrist. u-No.[, uHamilton uchaza ukuba iveto isebenza njenge "dvence" kwaye njengo-" wokuhlola okungahambiyo kwemithetho engalunganga.

Iphulo: Ingxaki Ephambili Kwezobupolitika

Ukuqulunqwa kwendlu yabameli kusesona sixhobo sinamandla sokugcina amagosa karhulumente etyala. Indlu yabameli inamandla okuphela (izisa izityholo), ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasalo iqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye, ngekota ezimbini ezithathu zokuvota, inokubanjwa kwaye ishenxe. Abaseki baluqhelisayo baluqheliselo loqheliselo kodwa balulungisele ukuba lube yirejista. Benza iziseko lokungagunyazi "Isizathu, isiSifumbathiso, okanye ezinye iiCrime eziphezulu kunye nezikhonkwane eziphezulu""-a ngesiqu somkhethelo bashiya engacacanga ukugquma impatho enzulu yamandla.

Imbali yokungancomi ityhila amandla kunye nemida yalo vavanyo. UMongameli uAndrew Johnson wacetyiswa ngo-1868 ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho we-Tenure of Ofish, kodwa wakhululwa yivoti enye. UMongameli Richard Nixon warhoxa ngo-1979 emva kweKomiti yeNdlu yeMicitho evunyiweyo yamanqaku agunyazisweyo okuthintelwa kokusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, kunye nokungathotyelwa kweKhompathi. Umongameli uBill Clinton wathelelwa phantsi komthetho ngo-19989 kunye nokungathinteli kokusesikweni kodwa wakhululwa yiNdluvo. Umongameli uDonald Trump wagwetywa kabini (209) kodwa wakhulula amaxesha omabini. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ukungangeneli kwemithetho yezomthetho, kunye nokunganyani kobunyani ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenza buthathaka njengovavanyo olusemthethweni.

AmaPhepha oLunga loQoqo: Ukhuselo lwaBaseki

Ukuyeyisela kumazwe ukuba aguqule umGaqo-siseko, uAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay babhala uthotho lweencoko ezingama-85 ngoku ezibizwa ngokuba ziiMaphepha [[[FLT: 0] zoluhlu lwemiGaqo-siseko. Ezi zincoko zihlala ziyingcaciso eqinisekileyo yoyilo loMgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi inkqubo yazo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso.

Umanyano No. 51: ITheyibhile yeMbali eCwangcisiweyo

Mhlawumbi isincoko esidumileyo, u-Federalist No. 51, ebhalwe nguMadison, iqulethe ulungiso oluqhelekileyo lwamagunya ahlukeneyo: "Isikhundla kufuneka silwelwe ukulwa nephulo." uMadison waphikisa ukuba ngenxa yokuba abantu bengezozithunywa zezulu, urhulumente kufuneka alawule ulawulo kwaye azilawule. Indlela yokwenza oku kukunika isebe ngalinye "indlela yomgaqo-siseko neentshukumisa zobuqu zokuxhathisa ukungenelelana kwabanye." Wachaza ukuba amasebe kufuneka alungelelane ukuze ngalinye lifumane ukuthanda kwalo, ngokubekwa kwalo, okusuka kwimithombo eyahlukileyo kwaye kuneziququ ezahlukeneyo zeofisi. Le ndlela yokuqonda i-emele ikhuselwe ukukhusela ukukhusela i-ejoyie-10) kwinkqubo ye-Melikan.

Uludwe loManyano No. 10: Inyaniso Elawulayo KwiRiphabliki Enkulu

Udweliso lwe-Federali No 10., uMadison wasingatha ingxaki yamaqela---ii-amaqela adityaniswe nomdla ofanayo kumalungelo abanye. Waphikisa ukuba irepublic enkulu enamaqela akhuphisanayo ingenza kube nzima ukuba nayiphi na inkqubano ilawule. Inkqubo yomelo nokwahlulwa kwamandla izakucombulula uluvo lukawonke wonke kwaye ilungelelanise iziphumo zolawulo oluninzi. Le ncwadi yabeka isiseko sokuqonda indlela yokukhangela nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo, hayi nje phakathi kwamasebe kodwa phakathi kwebutho lonke.

Amatyala Achaza Ulungelelwano

Marbury v. Madison (103): Iwebhusayithi yezeejaji

Ityala elinye elibalulekileyo kumthetho-siseko waseMelika, uMarbury v. Madison wamisela umgaqo wempiliso-siseko [ wezomthetho wephondo [] , amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo okuvakalisa izenzo zeKhosi engaziquki. Oku kubhaliwe kwiNkundla yequmrhu, iJaji ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall waqiqabela ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophezulu welizwe, kwaye ngumsebenzi wejajidiary ukulichaza. Ngoko ke, ukuba umthetho ochasene nomGaqo-siseko, iNkundla kufuneka iwuxhase umGatho. Esi sigqibo sanika uvavanyo olunamandla kwi-Gcineyolkhlu, yenza iNkurhosawo lwesebe lwawonga.

Iphepha le Tube Co v. Sawyer (1952): Ulawulo olusezantsi

Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, uMongameli uHarry Truman wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokubamba izigalo zentsimbi ukuze kuphetshwe isibetho esiza kuphazamisa imveliso yemfazwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula umyalelo ongekho mgaqweni, ibambe ukuba uMongameli wayengenalo igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho wokuthatha isenzo esinjalo. UJaji Robert Jackson uqulunqe uluvo oludumileyo oluphangaleleyo olungomongameli kwimimandla emithathu: xa uMongameli esebenza ngokucacileyo okanye ngokugunyaziswa kwemithetho-siseko (umphathi omkhulu), xa uMongameli engasebenzi kwisenzo soburhulumente (umsinga wokuphela), kwaye xa uMongameli esenza ngokuchasene noko kuthanda kweBhunga (ukuthoba okuphezulu). Lo msebenzi uhlala usebenza umgangatho wokuhlola amandla olawulo kunye nokuhlola.

Nixon (1974): Ukulinganisela Ilungelo Lolawulo Oluphezulu

Phakathi kwehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wachaza ilungelo elipheleleyo lokuvala iikhasethi ezirekhodiweyo kunye namaxwebhu kwizaphuli-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yangavumelaniyo nesigqibo sakhe sokuba umongameli othe nelungelo eliqhelekileyo makanikezele kwiimfuno ezithile zenkqubo yezomthetho. Isigqibo sanyanzela uNixon ukuba athobele, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekukhutshweni kweekhasethi ezabonisa ukuba ubandakanyekeko lwakhe kwigqubuliso kwaye ekugqibeleni ukurhola kwakhe. Eli tyala labonisa ukuba ityala lomongameli limele libonise ukuba icandelo lejajingajongi kwanaye ngexesha elinamandla.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Lwenziwa Yinkqubo Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Umbono wabaseki worhulumente ozilungisayo unyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, kodwa ujongene nobunzima obubalulekileyo kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ukwanda kwezobupolitika, ukukhula kwamandla aphezulu, kunye nendima ekhulayo yemali kwezobupolitika konke kuvavanya ukuphumelela kwesixokelelwano sovavanyo nokulungelelana.

Ukuvela Korhulumente Wolawulo

Ukususela kwiNew Debate, iKhomishini iye yanika abameli abalawulayo igunya elikhulu lokumisela umthetho. Aba bameli badibanisa imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba ngeendlela abasenokuba bazifumanise zikhathaza. Umzekelo, iNkundla eBumelwayo ibhala imimiselo (legislative), inyanzelisa (ukubulala), kunye nenkcaso yenkani (iSizwe). Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigqibo eziliqela zokumisa kwisebe, ikakhulu iWest Virginia v. .[FLT] [25] [202], esebenzisa "imfundiso yomthetho" ukukhupha ugunyaziso phambi kokuba abameli benze ulawulo olucacileyo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko.

ICandelo leNtlanganiso kunye neNtlanganiso

Imithetho yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi ivumela iqaqobana ukuba lithintele umthetho nge-nfilbuster, efuna ukuba kubekho ukuvota okunamandla okufikelela kuma-60 ukuphelisa ingxoxo. Lo mthetho wawungeyonxalenye yendlela yabaseki (*.) umGaqo-siseko kuphela ufuna uninzi olulula ukudlulisa umthetho. Isiphumo singuvavanyo olukhulu ngokwawo, kodwa abagxeki bayiphikisayo ikhokelela kwi-gridlock kunye nemousesfective inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ii-mines iye yaba yi-scroot kakhulu, kunye namaqela omabini asebenzisa amacebo eprocedational ukucotha okanye ukumisa izicwangciso. Isiphumo siyindlela apho uvavanyo lunokuba yizixhobo zokuthintela izithintelo.

Ukwanda kweMithetho yeGunya eliPhezulu neNkqubela

Abalawuli babo bobabini baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo, imemoranda, kunye nezibhengezo zokudlula kwiKhomishini. Ngeli xesha imiyalelo yabalawuli besebe ingumsebenzi osemthethweni, bangapheliswa ngumongameli olandelayo okanye babethelwe ziinkundla. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwisiphumo "ukujika-inkqubo ezinkulu apho iinguqu ezinkulu zitshintshwa ngalo lonke ixesha iWhite House zitshintsha izandla, zicutha uzinzo nomthetho. Abaquluneli balindele ukuba iBhunga libe lisebe eliyintloko, kodwa i-deaster yanamhlanje iye yaba ngumbindi wezenzo zikarhulumente.

Ukugqalwa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kombono Wabasunguli

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iselukhuselo lwedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Iphumile kwimfazwe yamakhaya, uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho, namahlazo kamongameli. Abaquluneli baqonda ukuba akukho rhulumente ofezekileyo, kodwa babekholelwa ukuba ngokwahlulahlula igunya nangokunika isebe ngalinye indlela yokuxhathisa, babenokuyila iRiphabliki ehlala ihleli.

Kubemi namhlanje, isifundo sicacile: le nkqubo ifuna ukuphaphama. Ikhangela kunye nolungelelwano kuphela xa isebe ngalinye likulungele ukubeka igunya lalo kwaye xa uwonke unika amagosa ityala. UmGaqo-siseko awukhangeli/ukukhangelwa ngabantu. Abaseki banika izizukulwana ezizayo izixhobo; kuxhomekeke kwisizukulwana ngasinye ukuzisebenzisa.

Imithombo Yangaphandle Yokufundisisa Ngokunzulu

  • UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kuVimba lweSizwe - Jonga uxwebhu lokuqala uze ufunde ngendalo.
  • Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe – Inqaku I -inkcazelo ezisebenzisanayo zesebe lowiso-mthetho kunye neengxinano zalo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphepha loluhlu lomanyano (Umbhalo opheleleyo) – Funda izincoko ezipheleleyo ngu Hamilton, Madison, no Jay.
  • [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Oyez – Isishwankathelo semeko kunye nesandi sempikiswano zomlomo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Indlu yeQela yase-U.S. – Inkcazo - Imbali ePhakamileyo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokunganyuswa.