Ukufuna Ubuchule Nokulungelelana Kwamandla: Ukhokelo Olunempembelelo

Ukunyanzela kuthe ngomnye wawona mandla aphambili anikwe iBhunga phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U. Kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokugcina ulungelelwano lwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente, kuqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinye — ingakumbi umphathi olawulayo — elinamandla kakhulu okanye elilisebenzisa kakubi igunya lalo. Ukuqonda ukungagqibeleli kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubunkimbi bedemokhrasi yaseMelika, njengoko ityhila uxanduva olwakhelwe kwinkqubo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika ezibangela ukuphendula ngokuphakama kwenkqubo yokungathobeli. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olunzulu lwenkqubo yembali, izicelo zayo, kunye nendima yayo ebalulekileyo phakathi kovavanyo olubanzi nolungelelwanolungelelwano.

Yintoni Efunekayo?

Ukunyanzelisa yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko apho iNdlu yabameli ityhola umongameli ohleliyo, isekela lomongameli, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente nge "ngengqiqo, ukunyoba, okanye ngolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokunganyaniseki". Eli gunya linikwe ngokucacileyo kwiGatya II, iCandelo lesi-4 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Igama elithi "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezonodelelo" alifuni ukusetyenziswa kakubi komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wobugqeba; kunoko, libhekisela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi okunzulu kwegunya, ukungcatshwa kwentlukwano kawonke, okanye izenzo eziphazamisa umgaqo-siseko. Abameli baboleka ingcamango kwinkqumfamente yomgaqo-siseko wamaNgesi, apho ukungaquququzeli kusetyenziswa khona ukuphendula abalungiseleli basebukhosini ngenxa yempatho.

Injongo yokunganconywa asikokohlwaywa kodwa kukususwa eofisini kwaye, ngengqiqo yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi, ukususwa komsebenzi wexesha elizayo. Lunyango lwezopolitiko kunokuba lube lolwaphulo-mthetho, oluyilelwe ukukhusela iriphabliki kumagosa abonise ukungakufanelekeli ukuphatha. Njengoko uAlexander Hamilton wachaza kwi [[FLT: 0]] u-Faceralist No. 65, ukungakhuthazi izindululo "zo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisuka kwihambo engafanelekanga yabantu basekuhlaleni, okanye, ngamanye amazwi, ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekuchaseni uthelo-ntle woluntu olukhoyo kwimbali yaseMelika."" Le njongo ikhokela yonke le ngcamango."

Inkqubo Yokungahlawulwa

Inkqubo yokungavumelani ityhilwa kwimigangatho emibini eyahlukeneyo: okokuqala kwiNdlu yabameli, emva koko kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Isigaba ngasinye sibandakanya iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezibonisa injongo yabaFramers ukulungelelanisa uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nokucingisisa ngezobupolitika.

Iqhawe: Indlu Yabameli

Indlu inegunya elipheleleyo lokuqalisa ukuphengulula. Le nkqubo iqala ngokuphanda yiKomiti yeHouse Judiary, enokuthi ihlale iphulaphule, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwendlu, iphulaphule ubungqina. Ikomiti ngoko ivota ukuba ingancomela amanqaku onyanzelo — izityholo ezisesikweni — kwiNdlu epheleleyo. Ukuba ikomiti incomela amanqaku, iingxoxo zeHome kunye neevoti kwinqaku ngalinye. Uvoti elula yanele ukuvuma inqaku lokungathobeli, ngaloo ndlela i-"incomela" igosa-gosa". Xa iNdlu yamkelekile, umba ungena kwiNdlu.

Ityala Lesibini: Inkundla Yetyala

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkundla lisebenza njengenkundla yokungagunyazi. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba iNdlu yeQumrhu lizame zonke iimpendulo, iJaji eyiNtloko ePhakamileyo ephetheyo, inguMphathiswa weNkundla elawulayo xa umongameli echophele ityala. Indlu ikhetha "iiintloko" ezinikela ubungqina bokuqinisekisa. Igosa eliququzelelweyo linganyusa ingqiniso, libize libize libize amangqina, libize libize amangqina okucalula, kunye namangqina okunqamleza. Ukuba abagwebi basebenza njengejaji betyala kodwa njengabagwebi bomthetho nenyaniso; basenokubuza imibuzo ngexesha lokuchola naliphi naliphi ityala. Emva kokuva zonke iimpikiswano, iiNxamvoso eziphambili ezimbini eziziweyo zifunekelwe ngamatyala namatyala. Ukuba ngabagwebi be-ofisi abakhoyo nabavoti.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso limisele imithetho yenkqubo yokuvavanywa, kodwa iinkcazo ziyahluka. UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga "amandla okuzama zonke iindidi," ukulinika inkululeko ebanzi ukumisela iinkqubo zalo, kuquka ukuba liphulaphule amangqina aphilayo okanye lixhomekeke kwiimfako. Zombini iinkqubo zendlu nendlu yeCandelo zilawulwa ngokwemvelo ngokwezobupolitika, kodwa zilawulwa zimigaqo yesiseko ecetyelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ukufuna Ubuchule Nokulungelelana Kwamandla

Amandla okuthintela alelona lilelona lembombo lenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olukwimiGaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi, abaphapheleyo bamandla onyanzeliso, badala amasebe amathathu alinganayo aneembopheleleko ezihambanayo namandla okuthintela elinye. UJames Madison wabhala ku Federali No. 51 okokuba "ukunconywa makuyenziwe ukulwa nebhongo." I-acatementumgatel' yesebe lemithetho yesebe elilawulayo — kwaye, kwimeko yabagwebi borhulumente, kwisebe lejaji yejaji.

Ulungelelwano lwamagunya asingomlinganiselo othe ngqo kodwa uxinzelelo olunamandla. Ukuzikisa kungaqaliswa kuphela xa iNdlu ibona ukuziphatha okubi okunzulu ngegosa; asisiso isixhobo sokungavisisani okuqhelekileyo kwemigaqo. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba umgangatho "wolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga" utolikiwe, uqwalaselwa-lwazi lwezopolitiko ngokungenakuphepheka xa kusetyenziswa. Lo mqathango wezobupolitika ukhonziswa: abalawuli balindele ukuba ukungaquki kwemithetho esemthethweni kunye nenkalipho yezobupolitika, njengokuba ibeka abameli abanyuliweyo kwindawo yokugweba isebe elilinganayo.

Ukuxilongwa Ngokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwendlela Ofuna Ukuyisebenzisa Ngayo

Le nkqubo iqulethe izikhuselo zokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ephantsi. Okokuqala, iNdlu kufuneka ivote ukuchasa, nto leyo efuna ukuba uninzi lwamalungu ayo luvume ukuba izityholo zinzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziqinisekiswe ukuvavanywa. Okwesibini, iBhunga leNtsimbi linento enzima yokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lifuna ukufezekisa ibhatyi ephezulu, ikhusela ukususwa komthetho. Okwesithathu, igosa eliqeshiweyo ligcina ilungelo lokuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo, kuquka ukumelelwa ngesiluleko namandla okubiza amangqina. Okokugqibela, uwonke wonke — ngomvoti nangococotho kunye nojongo eendaba — ugcina bonke abathathi-nxaxheba benoxanduva izigqibo zabo. Ezi ziqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-athi-nxaxheba bahlala belunyango lokulungisa olugqibe.

Imbali Ethetha Ngemibandela

Ukungagqibeki kuye kwasetyenziswa kancinci kwimbali yaseMerika, kubonakalisa ukutsaleka kwayo. Ngabona balawuli abathathu kuphela — uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump — abaye baphenjelelwa yiNdlu. Abanye ababini, uRichard Nixon noJohn Tyler, basongelwa ngokunzulu nto leyo eyakhokelela ekulahleni okanye ekutshintsheni amashishini abo ezobupolitika. Ngaphaya koko, abagwebi besizwe abangaphezu kwabalishumi elinababini baye banconywa baza basuswa, ngokufuthi ngenxa yorhwaphili okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwibhedlele. Ezi meko zibonisa uludwe lwehambo olunokubangela ukunganconywa.

Ukuphanda amatyala angooMongameli abanokuqondwa

  • Andrew Johnson (1868): [[FLT: 1] Johnson wacetyiswa ngenxa yokwaphula uMthetho weOfisi ngokususa unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu. Ityala lalinobuhlanga, kwaye uJohnson wakhululwa ngevoti enye. Ityala laphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kweBhunga nomongameli ngexesha lika-Constanton.
  • RICHArd Nixon (1974): Indlu yeKomiti eYongamelayo amanqaku avunyiweyo okungavumelani noNixon ngenxa yokuthintelwa kokusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, nokudelelwa kweBhunga elinxulumene nehlazo lamanzi. Phambi kokuba iNdlu yonke ivote, uNixon urhoxisiwe. Ukurhoxiswa kwakhe kusoloko kuthathwa njengokuvunywa ngokupheleleyo kwetyala nokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo yokungagunyazi.
  • Bill Clinton (1998: Clinton yacetyiswa ngenxa yento enzima kunye nesithintelo sobulungisa esisuka kulwalamano lwakhe nendlu emhlophe uMonica Lewinsky. IBhunga limkhulula, lingafumani nqaku elilula, ingasathethi ke ngezo zifunekayo ezimbini "3]. Umzekelo wabalaselisa ubunzima bokuchaza "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezithinteli-mpazamo" kunye nendima yokunyaniseka kwe-RCM.
  • UDivold Trump (209 kunye no-2021): uTrump kuphela umongameli oza kupheliswa kabini. Imposiso yokuqala (2029) yamtyhola ngokusebenzisa kakubi igunya kunye nokuthintela iKhomishini yokunyanzela i-Ukraine ukuba ihlole umbathisi wezopolitiko. Inkcaso yesibini (2021) yamtyhola ngokukhuthaza ukuvukela uhlaselo emva kohlaselo lweCapitola 6. Ngamanye amaxesha iNqanawa yamkhulula, kodwa isalathi sesibini saphumela kwinani eliphezulu leevoti zeNtlanga lokuvota ukuchola umongameli, kunye nezisixhenxe iiRiphabliki zidibanise zonke iiDemocrates.

La matyala abonisa ukuba ukungalungisi kuyinto yezopolitiko njengenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukunyanzelisa kwaBagwebi boMbutho

Abagwebi basoloko benyanzelekile kunabalawuli, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko ufuna abagwebi ukuba babe "nokuziphatha okuhle" ukuba babambe isikhundla, okubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha okubi ngaphantsi komgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho kungakuthethelela ukususwa. Iziphengululo ezingenakunconywa ziquka Ijaji John Tecting (1883), ishenxisiwe ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwengqondo nobunxi, u-Arkill Harry Colorn [1986] , esuswe ngenxa yerhafuthelo; G.CM.C.C.C. [FFFFFURight (20)], isuse ukunyoba nokuzisela.[FLD .] Le projectives Coography]

Indima Yeembono Zesidlangalala Nabemithombo Yezindaba

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunamandla nakuyiphi na inkqubela. Ngenxa yokuba ukungagqibeki kukwezopolitiko ngokwemvelo, amagosa anyuliweyo kwiBhunga athe aqhelaniswa nendlela abajonga ngayo abasemagunyeni abamangalelweyo kunye nezityholo. Amajelo eendaba anendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni loo mbono. I-Akhawuntigati yoondaba ingatyhila ubungqina bobubi, njengakwingxelo yeWashington Post ngeWatergate. Ngokuphikisana noko, amajelo eendaba e-Constantic angamisela iziganeko ngeendlela ezikhuthaza okanye ezinyusa inkxaso kawonke-wonke.

Ngexesha le-Clinton, uphando loluvo lukawonke-wonke lubonise inkcaso eninzi yokususwa, nangona amaMelika amaninzi engakuthandi ukuziphatha kobuqu. Olovo luphenjelelwa yiBhunga leNtlanga elungele ukuthotyelwa kwaye lunegalelo ekukhululekeni. Ngexesha le-Trump epheyisekayo yokuqala, iimbono zazingahambelani nemigca yeqela, kwaye inkxaso kawonke-wonke yokunyanzeleka kovavanyo lweRiphabliki. Impembelelo yokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha ichazwa ngokukhethekileyo kule mihla, apho uphatho lwezi zixhobo lwezentlalo lubangela ii-alamu ezinokuvelisa iingxelo eziququlur.

Ukuqonda amandla phakathi kwembono kawonke-wonke kunye nokungacebisi kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba ezinye iziganeko ziphumelele kunye nezinye zingaphumeleli. Abalawuli babelindele ukuba umongameli ongazange aphelelwe yintembelo yabantu abeya kuba ngamaxhoba okungathotyelwa, kwaye iBhunga liza kubonisa ukuthanda kwamazwe. Noko ke, ukunyuka kokunyaniseka okunamandla kusoloko kuthoba ukulindela, kwenza ukukholelwa okuthe tyelwe kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulungelelwano oluseluntlukweni.

Intsingiselo ye "Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezisemngciphekweni"

Omnye wemibuzo ephikiswana kakhulu kumthetho-siseko yintsingiselo ecacileyo yebinzana elithi "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabalawuli abangalunganga". UmGaqo-siseko awuwuchazi, ukushiya ingcaciso kwiKhontrala. ngokwembali, eli binzana liye laqondwa njengequka ukusetyenziswa kakubi okunzulu kolawulo olugqwethekileyo olugqwethekileyo, njengokunyoba, ukuthintela okusesikweni, nokuphembelela ukuvukela umthetho. Ayifuni kwaphula umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukungaqeqeshwa kuka-mthetho kuka-Andrew Johnson kwakusekelwe ekuchaseni okungqongqo komthetho (Umthetho we-Ofisi) kodwa abaphengululi abaninzi abasemthethweni baphikisa ukuba lo Mthetho ngokwawo wawungacekiswa ngumgaqo-siseko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ingamanqaku achasene nomthetho osetyenziswa kakubi nokungabikho mqobo.

Ububanzi "bolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki" bunika isibanzi seNgqungquthela, kodwa bukwakhuthaza impikiswano yabahlali. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho agwetywayo kuphela afanele athethelele ukugwetywa; abanye bayavuma ukuba ukungancomi sisicombululo sezopolitiko kwiinkqubo zeBhunga lezobupolitika. INkundla ePhakamileyo igqibelele kule ngxoxo, ilawula UNixon v. United States (1993)

Ukufuna Ubuchule Nekamva Lamandla

Inkqubo yokungagqibeleli iye yahlolwa kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi emva kokucetyiswa kabini kukaMongameli uTrump. Abanye abajoli baxhalabile kukuba ukuphenjelelwa kuye kwaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokususa, kunciphisa iziphumo zokuthintela nokudodoba umlinganiselo wamagunya. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo isebenze njengeyiliweyo: Indlu iyakwazi ukubeka ityala lomphathi, kwaye iBhunga linika ukhuseleko oluphezulu ekususweni okungekho ngqiqweni.

Izibhengezo zotshintsho ziye zavela, kuquka izindululo zokucacisa ingcaciso yetyala elingadibaniyo, ukulinganisela amandla eBhunga lokukhupha izinto ngaphandle kwetyala, okanye ukwenza ikhomishini ezimeleyo yokuphengulula izityholo. Noko ke, kunzima ukudlula ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko, kwaye naluphi na utshintsho kwinkqubo yokungathobeli lufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi — into enqabileyo kwezobupolitika zanamhlanje.

Izifundo Kubemi Nabafundisi

Ukuqonda ukunyanzelisa kubalulekile kwimfundo yoluntu. Ifundisa abafundi indlela uMgaqo-siseko obangela ngayo ukuphenduliswa, indlela oorhulumente kunye nomthetho abadibana ngayo, nendlela osasazwa ngayo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Abafundisi-bafundisi bangasebenzisa uphando lwembali ukubonisa ukungavisisani phakathi komthetho nezobupolitika, kunye nokunceda abafundi bahlolisise iinkqubo zokungagqibeki. Iinzuzo ezifana ne [[FLT:] ugcino-Malike] lwesizwe lwekopi ye-U.S., [[FLT:]] [FT]]

Ngaphezu koko, ukuganana kwasesidlangalaleni kwinkqubo yokungacengi kuqinisa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente agunyaziswe ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa. Njengoko uJames Madison waphawulayo kwi- u-Federalist No. 51, "umdla wabucala womntu ngamnye usenokuba ngumthunywa wamalungelo kawonke-wonke." Abami abawaqondayo amandla okungagunyaziswa banokugcina abameli babo benoxanduva kwaye baqonde umlinganiselo onzima ochaza umgaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Isiphelo

Ukungaqiniseki asiyonto nje engokwembali okanye isixhobo sokulwa imfazwe elwayo; sisixhobo esisisiseko somgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Sinika indlela yokususa amagosa aye angcatsha ukuthembana kwabantu, ngoxa ngexesha elinye ehlonela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngemfuneko yokusebenza kwe-bidameral kunye nokuzinza. Ulungelelwaniso lwamagunya adweliswe ngabalawuli luxhomekeke ekusebenziseni imigaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko. Inkcaso ihlala ingenye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeBhunga, kwaye iqonde imbali yalo, inkqubo, kwaye iziphumo zibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda umlinganiselo opheleleyo wedemokhrasi. Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka lifuna ukuqhuba i-acalorbantial kunye nemithetho yezopolitiki, amandla okungathethiswayo, ukuphikisana, nokuqwalasela ingxutyuso, xa kuyimfuneko. — Isenzo