ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko soMongameli kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo yoLuntu

Unyulo loMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli wase-Indiya lulawulwa ngumthetho 52 ukuya ku 73 womGaqo-siseko waseIndiya, odityaniswe [ iMithetho ePhakamileyo kunye noBuongameli-Mgangatho, 1952 kunye [uMgaqo-siseko] kunye noMgaqo-siseko weMigaqo-mthetho, 1974[[FLT]. La malungiselelo omgaqo-mthetho amisela inkqubo elungiselelwe ukulinganisa umelo lwe-Umanyano lwe-Union Union ne-United States, aqinisekisa ukuba omabini (umgaqo-ogracms) kunye noMongameli (union-bugner) (offious Shaion Shaion) akhethwe kwinkqubo yomthetho-orcet (iognethi) ka-Indiya.

Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo olungqalileyo lwamalungu ePalamente kunye neeNkqutyana zeRhulumente, uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli unyulwa ngokungangqalanga ziikholeji ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo. Le ndlela ingachazwanga yakhethwa ngabom ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko ukugcina ubundilele nesidima sala ma-ofisi ngeli lixa ewathintela ukuba angabandakanyeki kwezobupolitika eziphembelela abarhoxi.

Unyulo LoMongameli waseIndiya

UMongameli waseIndiya unyulwa yikholeji elawulayo equka amalungu anyuliweyo eeNdlu zombini zePalamente (uLok Sabha noRaje Sabha) kwaye unyulwa ngamalungu eMasipala e-Ronke kunye ne-Union Union Progacy kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho. UMgaqo-mthetho ukhupha amalungu arhoxileyo kwikholeji yonyulo, uqinisekisa ukuba kuphela abameli abanyuliweyo ngqo abathayo kunyulo.

Ukubekwa kweKholeji ye-Electoral

  • Amalungu aqwalaselweyo eLok Sabha (ngoku 543 – njengamandla amakhulu)
  • Amalungu aqwalaselweyo e Rajiya Sabha (ngoku 233 – ngokuchasene nobuninzi obungu 250; 12 amalungu atyunjiweyo ayakhutshwa)
  • Amalungu aqwalaselweyo eNdibano nganye yeSizwe eMithetho yeMgaqo-siseko (amanani ambaxa kwiingingqi ezingama-28 kunye namacandelo amathathu ahlanganisiweyo kunye neendibano zowiso-mthetho – Delhi, Puduchry, kunye neJamm & Kashmir)

[[NTL:0] Ibalulekile: Amalungu atyunjweyo endlu yePalamente okanye eMithetho yeSizwe awavoti. Ngaphezu koko, iiNtlanganiso zeSizwe ze-Union (ngaphandle kweDelhi, iPudeuchry, kwaye ngoku i-J&K) kunye namaBhunga aLawulisiweyo akuyo inxalenye yekholeji enyulwayo kaMongameli.

Inkqubo yokuhambisa: ijeti edluliswayo enye (STV) ngomelo lweProportion

Unyulo loMongameli lusebenzisa indlela yomelo lolungelelwaniso ngohlobo lwevoti enye edluliswayo. Umnyuli ngamnye ufaka iphepha elinye lokhetho apho abonisa khona indlela abakhetha ngayo abathathi-nxaxheba (ukhetho lokuqala, ukhetho lwesibini, ukhetho lwesithathu, njl.). Ukubala kwenziwa ngendlela eyaziwayo njengevoti (STV) edlulisiweyo, eqinisekisa ukuba umfumani ophumeleleyo ukhusele inani elichaziweyo levoti.

Indlela ivoti ebalwa ngayo nge STV:

  1. Lilonke ixabiso levoti ezigunyazisiweyo liqokelelwe (bona ubunzima ngaphantsi).
  2. Umlinganiselo umisiwe: (kunyulo lomongameli, lunyulo olunempumelelo lwe-atting, ngoko ke uququ = iyonke imivoti esemthethweni/2 + 1).
  3. Ukuba ummeli ukhusela umlinganiselo kwizinto azikhethayo kuqala, uvakaliswa njengonyuliweyo.
  4. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufikelela kumlinganiselo, umvoti ongowokuqala uninzi oluncinane lucimile, kwaye iivoti zabo zesibini zisasazwa kwabalandelayo abaza kubhaptizwa. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de omnye umvotelwa afikelele umlinganiselo.

Amaxabiso Anzima Eejelo

Enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zonyulo loMongameli yinkqubo yexabiso elinzima [[FLT: 0]. Iivoti zamalungu ePalamente namalungu eeNdibano zoMgaqo azilingani. Ixabiso levoti lijongwa ngabemi bezwe (ukusebenzisa u-1971 ubalo de kube ngu-2026) kunye nenani lamalungu anyuliweyo kwelo Ndibano.

  • Ixabiso levoti ye MLA = (Abemi belizwe / Inani elipheleleyo labanyuliweyo MMLA Anjengakulo mbuso) × (1/1000). Umzekelo, MLA esuka ku Utar Pradesh, elona lizwe linabantu abaninzi, linalo ixabiso eliphezulu levoti (malunga no-208) kune-MLA esuka ku-Sikkim (malunga no- 7).
  • Ixabiso levoti yeMP = (Ixabiso elipheleleyo layo yonke ivoti ye MLA) / (inani elipheleleyo leeMPs ezinyuliweyo). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ubunzima obudityanisiweyo beMPs bulingana nobunzima obudityanisiweyo be MMLAS.

Lilonke inani lamavoti ekholeji yokhetho lijikelezwe jikelele 1,100,000 (approx) emva kobunzima. Amanani athe ngqo ayatshintsha emva kokwenziwa kwakhona kwamanani abantu kunye nakuphi na ukuphinda kuqulunqwa kwamazwe.

Ibhola Efihlakeleyo

Unyulo luqhutywa lukhetho lwasese. IKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya yekuphela kwegunya elijongene nokuziphatha konyulo, kuquka ukutyunjwa kwamagosa abuyelayo nokubalwa kwamavoti. Emva konyulo, uMongameli-Mongameli usenza isifungo esilawulwa nguMgwebi oyintloko waseIndiya (okanye xa engekho, uMgwebi oPhakamileyo weNkundla ePhakamileyo) ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko nomthetho.

Unyulo Lomongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli waseIndiya

UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli unyulwa ngamalungu eeNdlu zombini zePalamente ehleli kunye njengekholeji enye yabanyuli. Ngokungafaniyo noMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli oPhantsi akafuni ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kwiNtlanganiso yeSizwe. Ngaloo ndlela ikholeji yonyulwayo iquka kuphela amalungu anyuliweyo eLok Sabba kunye namalungu anyuliweyo eRapya Sabba.

[[FLT: 0] Amalungu atyunjweyo eRajiya Sabha – anokuthi afikelele kwi 12 – awafaneleki ukuvota kunyulo lobuKhosi beKhosi. Ngokufanayo, amalungu afunyanisiweyo eLok Sabba akayonxalenye yekholeji yonyulo kuba iLok Sabba ayinawo amalungu angenawo amnye ngaphantsi komGaqo-siseko (wonke wonke amalungu anyuliweyo).

Ukwakhiwa kweKholeji ye-Electoral (Umongameli we-Vice)

  • Amalungu aqwalaselweyo eLok Sabha (543)
  • Amalungu aqwalaselweyo e Rajiya Sabha (233 kwisimbuku se 245; 12 icuthelwe ngaphandle)

Abanyuli abapheleleyo kwiKholeji enguMongameli enguMongameli: malunga [[FLT: 0] amalungu asixhenxe6 [ (njengowama-2025).

Inkqubo yoMongameli onguVimba oPhakamisayo

Unyulo loMongameli onguMongameli osisiXhosa lukwaqhutywa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yomelo olugunyazisayo [[FLT:] ngokusetyenziswa kwevoti enye edlulisiweyo. Noko ke, kukho umahluko ongundoqo kunyulo loMongameli: [ nobunye ubunzima obusetyenzisiweyo. Ilungu ngalinye lekholeji enyuliweyo linovoti enye yexabiso elilinganayo [[. Ukubala kulandela indlela efanayo ye-STV echazwe nguMongameli.

Kutheni kungafuneki ukuba kube nzima? Isizathu sokuba uMongameli onguMongameli ahlale kwisihlalo sikaRajiya Sabha – indlu yePalamente apho onke amalungu anamalungelo alinganayo okuvota kwishishini lowiso-mthetho. Ngoko ke, iMP nganye kufuneka ibe nelizwi elilinganayo ekunyuleni uMongameli. Ngokwahlukileyo, uMongameli yintloko ye-Union emela isakhiwo sorhulumente, efuna umlinganiselo phakathi kobunzima babemi bamazwe kunye nePalamente ye-Union.

Iimfaneleko, Imithetho, Nokususa

Iimfaneleko Zomongameli

  • Kufuneka abe ngummi waseIndiya.
  • Kufuneka ukuba ugqibe iminyaka engama - 35 ubudala.
  • Kufuneka ufanelekele unyulo njengelungu leLok Sabha.
  • Masingaphathi ofisi yengeniso phantsi koRhulumente waseIndiya, uRhulumente walo naliphi na iLizwe, okanye phantsi kwalo naliphi na igunya lasekuhlaleni okanye elinye igunya phantsi kolawulo lwazo naziphi na iiRhulumenta (ngaphandle kweeofisi zikaMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, uPhathiswa woMmandla, okanye uMphathiswa weMbutho okanye woMmandla).
  • Umlandeli kufuneka atyunjwe ngokona [[FLT: 0] izinyusi ezi50 njengezicebisi kunye -50 abanyuli njengemiqathango yesibini (njengokuba yiyo yonke iKhomishini yoHlulo).

Iimfaneleko Zomongameli Oyisekela

  • Kufuneka abe ngummi waseIndiya.
  • Kufuneka ukuba ugqibe iminyaka engama - 35 ubudala.
  • Kufuneka afanelekele unyulo njengelungu leRaje Sabha.
  • Akumele kubekho nayiphi na iofisi yengeniso (imeko efanayo njengoMongameli, ngaphandle kwe-).
  • Umlandeli kufuneka atyunjwe ngokona ngabenzi bokhetho abangamashumi amabini njengazo zicebisi kunye nabachongi njengesibini].

Ixesha le-ofisi

Bobabini uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli ugcina isikhundla ngokwegama iminyaka emihlanu ukusuka kumhla abangena ngawo kwisikhundla sabo. Noko ke, bangarhoxa ngokubhalelana (uMongameli unikezela kuMongameli onguMongameli, kunye noMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo kuMongameli). Unyulo lokuzalisa indawo ebangelwe ngu-Rhulumente wegama kufuneka igqitywe phambi kokuphelelwa kwegama. Ukuba i-actoy yegama liyenzeka ngenxa yokurhoxa, ukususwa, okanye ukufa, unyulo lokuzalisa i-pastel kufuneka lubanjwe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Ukususwa e-Ofisini

UMongameli angasuswa eofisini kuphela uhlolo lokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokungaququzeli iqaliswe yindlu yePalamente nganye kwaye ifuna uninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini lwamalungu endlu, lulandelwa ngoninzi olufanayo kwenye iNdlu. Akukho Presidente wakha watyikiselwa eIndiya.

Umongameli ongumongameli angasuswa eofisini ngesigqibo seRaje Sabra esidluliswa luninzi lwamalungu eRajiya Sabba avumelana neLok Sabhaha. Le nkqubo ilula kunokungathethi nto kwaye ayifuni kumangalelwa okukhethekileyo kokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko.

Intsingiselo Yembali

Inkqubo yonyulo engangqalanga kaMongameli noMongameli onguVikelo yamiselwa ngokwemo-mkhethe kwinkqubo esetyenziswa eUnited States kodwa yavisiswa nesakhiwo sepalamente yaseIndiya. UGqr. B.Ambedkar, kwiNdibano yeConstitutuent, wagxininisa ukuba uMongameli kufuneka abe ngumphathi-ngabaphathi-mikhosi ogama onegunya elilinganiselweyo, kwaye inkqubo yonyulo ibonakalisa lo mbono womgaqo-siseko. UMongameli usebenza kuncedo nakumacebiso eBhunga labaPhathiswa ngaphandle kwemimandla embalwa ecacileyo (umz., ukumisela uMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko xa kungekho mntu ucacileyo, okanye ukubuyisa isibhengezo-mali sokuphinda siphinde sifunyazwe).

Isitshixo sencopho kunyulo loMongameli siquka:

  • 1952: Unyulo Lokuqala Lomongameli – uGqr. Rajendra Prasad lwanyulwa ngaphandle kokuchaswa.
  • Ngowe - 1969: Okokuqala unyulo olwaliwa ngokusondeleyo – V.V. Giri woyisa uN. Sanjiva Reddy kukhuphiswano olunzima.
  • 2007: Uninzi lweevoti lwabala (oluthe chu phakathi kwePratibha Patil noBhairon Singh Shekhawat).
  • 2022: IDroupadi Murmu yaba libhinqa lokuqala lesizwe yaye yaba nguMongameli wesibini waseIndiya.

Umongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo usoloko enyulwa ngaphandle kokuchaswa – umzekelo, uSarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1952), S. Radhakrishnan kwakhona (1957), kunye nabanye abaninzi. Noko ke, ngo2017, M.Venkaiah Naidu wajongene nokhuphiswano olusuka kuGopalkrna Gandhi, olwabona iphulo elinamandla.

Indima yeKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya

IKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya (ECI) ligunya lomgaqo-siseko eliqhuba ubuPhosanti kunye noMongameli onguMongameli. I-ECI inika isaziso sokubiza unyulo, ibeka ucwangciso (kuquka umhla wokuchola nokubala), imisela abaphathi ababuyelayo kuwo onke amazwe kunye nePalamente, kwaye ikhupha iziphumo. I-ECI ikwanamandla okulungisa iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nonyulo, ngaphandle kwezibongozonyulo eziviwa yiNkuNkundla ePhakathi. Inkqubo yonke yenzelwe ukuba icace, kunye neECI ikhuphe rhoqo iincwadi ezinika abavoti kunye nabavoti.

Umahluko phakathi koMongameli noLuntu oluNcinane

AspectPresidentVice President
Electoral collegeElected MPs + Elected MLAs of all statesOnly elected MPs (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha)
Weighted votesYes – MLA votes weighted by population; MP votes equalized to total MLA weightNo – each MP has one equal vote
Voting systemProportional representation (STV) + secret ballotSame STV + secret ballot
Quota required to win>50% of total valid votes (STV quota)>50% of total valid votes (STV quota)
Number of electors (approx 2025)~776 MPs + ~4,120 MLAs = ~4,896 electors (before weighting)~776 MPs
Total weighted value (approximate)~1,100,000~776 (equal votes – no weight)

Note: Amanani angasentla angatshintsha kancinci ngenxa yezithuba, uhlolo lwabemi, okanye uphinda-phindo lombuso.

Ukugxekwa Neempikiswano

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, unyulo olungangqalanga lukaMongameli luye lwajongwa ngokugxekwa kwezinye iindawo ngenxa yokuba zobupolitika ngokugqithiseleyo nokuncitshiswa kwesikhundla sibe yindawo yemisitho elawulwa liqela elilawulayo. Noko ke, abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi uMongameli onyuliweyo ngqo unokuba nengxabano noMphathi-mikhosi olawulayo oyalela ukuba uninzi lwePalamente lungazinzi. Le nkqubo ilungiselelwe iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli uhlala ngaphezu kwezobupolitika eziphembelelayo ngoxa ifuzisela umanyano lohlanga.

Enye ingxubusho ijikeleze ukusetyenziswa kobalo lwemiba yowe-1971 kumaxabiso okuvota. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wawudibanisela ixabiso levoti kubemi bangoku, uMphetho-mva wama-42 (1976) wanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanani e-1971 de kube ngu-1940 wokuqala ubalo lwenani labantu. Oku kungqibeleze amaphondo aphezulu kakhulu njengo-Uttar Pradesh kunye no-Bihar, njengoko abemi bawo bangoku bebakhulu kakhulu kunangowe-1971, benciphisa ubunzima babo obunxulumeneyo. Abagxeki baye babiza uhlaziyo emva konyaka wama-2031.

Inyathelo Ngenyathelo Elihambayo (Zombini Ii-ofisi)

  1. Ukwahlula-hlula: IKhomishini yoNnyulo inika isaziso phantsi kweCandelo 4 loMongameli kunye noMgaqo-wobuKhosi-oGciphene, ochaza ucwangciso.
  2. Ufako: lwamaphepha okufakela amaphepha negosa elibuyayo (loMongameli, uNobhala-Jikelele weLok Sabha; kuSekela-Mongameli, uNobhala-Jikelele wase Rajiya Sabha). Amaphepha okufakelwa kufuneka akhatshwe ngamanani okhuseleko (R1,000) kwaye atyikitywe ngamanani afunekayo eePrograms kunye nabaquququzeleli.
  3. Scritiny: Igosa elibuyelayo lihlola amaphepha okudibanisa. Uhlomelo olungasebenziyo luyalahlwa.
  4. [[UMTLL: 0] Ukutsalwa: Izahlulo zingarhoxa ngexesha elichaziweyo.
  5. [[UMTL:0] Ukukhupha ityala: Ukuba kusele abatsha abangeneli abaninzi, usuku olunye lumiselwe ukuvota. Ibhola yemfihlelo iqhutyelwa kwizitishi zokuvota ezimiselweyo (ePalamente nezakhiwo zeNdibano yeRhulumente).
  6. Ukubala: iivote zibalwa phantsi kolawulo lweKhomishini yoNnyulo. KuMongameli, amaxabiso evoti abalwa ngokusebenzisa indlela echaziweyo. Indlela yokubala iyasetyenziswa.
  7. [[UMTL: 0] Ucalulo lweziphumo: Umphathi obuyayo uvakalisa umlandeli ophumeleleyo.
  8. Isifungo seofisi: uMlawuli woMlawuli uthatha isifungo phambi koMasipala oMkhulu waseIndiya; uMongameli onguMongameli-Mongameli olawulayo phambi koMongameli.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zonyulo zoMongameli noMongameli onguSekela-mandla waseIndiya zimiselwe ngobuchule obulungelelanisweyo ubugqeba bomGaqo-siseko obulungelelanisa ukumelelwano kwamazwe nendlu yowiso-mthetho yamazwe nendlu yowiso-mthetho, ukugcina ubundilele bee-ofisi eziphezulu, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile ngekholeji efihlakeleyo kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunika abemi ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseIndiya kumgangatho wayo ophezulu, kwaye kugxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo nayiphi na ivoti - nokuba iphonswe ngqo kwi-MLA okanye iMP, okanye ngokungangqalalanga yemfundo enzima. Inkqubo ivelise amashumi asixhenxe eminyaka kwaye ivelise ngempumelelo oomongameli kunye noomongameli baseburhulumente beemvelaphi beembali beembali abahlukeneyo, bebonakalisa umgangatho wobuninzi nomgangatho worhulumente borhulumente beRiphabliki.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko waseIndiya uyafumaneka kwiwebhsayithi esemthethweni yoBulungiseleli boMthetho noBugwebi. Amanani acacisiweyo ngonyulo lomongameli odlulileyo angafunyanwa kwiKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya ekwindawo yasekhohlo phantsi kwecandelo loMongameli weNkqululo.

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