Isithethe Esihlala Sihleli Sendawo Yomongameli

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengenye yeyona mithetho ihlala ihleli kwaye ingumfuziselo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kwihlabathi lonke, ixesha inkokeli efunga ngalo ukunyaniseka kumgaqo-siseko okanye kuhlanga lumela ngaphezu komthetho osemthethweni . Kukuvunywa kwabantu bonke ukudluliswa koxolo, ukugunyaziswa kolawulo, nokuzibopha ukulawula phakathi kwemida yezomGaqo-siseko. Kwiminyaka engaphaya kweenkulungwane, amagama kunye nomongo zale mimiselo ziye zakwazi ukubonakalisa ukutshintsha kwemiqathango yezopolitili, amaxabiso ezinto zobugqeba, kunye neziganeko zomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa isithembiso esingundoqo sokukhusela umgaqo-siseko sihlala siqinile, indaleko yesifungo somongameli sithetha ngebali elinyazisa indlela izithethe esivisisana ngayo neenguqulelo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi yembali yesifungo somongameli, lihlolisisa iinguquko ezithile neziganeko zezobupolitika eziye zaluguqula ulwimi lwalo, lize liqwalasele ukubaluleka kwalo kwixesha lokuguquka kwezobupolitika ehlabathini lonke. Ngokuhlolisisa uhambo lwalo, sifumana ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kozinzo notshintsho olusekelwe kwimimandla yedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yomongameli

Iziganeko Zamandulo Nezithethe ZamaNgesi

Ingcamango yokuba inkokeli isenza isifungo sokuphakamisa imithetho nokunceda uluntu ngokubanzi idemokhrasi yamandulo ngeminyaka eliwaka. ERoma yamandulo, abalawuli bafunga ukukhusela iriphabliki nemithetho yayo. Ngokufanayo, ookumkani baseYurophu bamaxesha aphakathi babedla ngokukhupha izifungo ezibophelelela ukuxhasa amalungelo esithethe kunye negunya lobufundisi. Ezi zifungo zokuqala zazikukukuko okungesohlwaywa nguThixo njengokulawulwa kwehlabathi, ziqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba ukhokelo luneembopheleleko zokuziphatha nezomthetho.

Imbali yomgaqo-siseko wamaNgesi yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni izifungo zomongameli wale mihla. IBhili yamaNgesi yowe-1689 yafuna ukuba umlawuli afunge ukulawula ngokomthetho, kwaye isifungo sokubopha saguquka ukuze siquke izithembiso zokukhusela ukulandelelana kwamaProtestanti nokugcina okusesikweni. Le mizekeliso yamaNgesi yaphembelela amathanga kunye nokucinga kwamaMerika ngemfuneko yokufunga ngokungqalileyo ngabalawuli.

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye noMphathiswa wokuqala

IGatya II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, elamkelwa ngo1787, laseka isifungo somongameli ngendlela elula ngokuphawulekayo: “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza iOfisi kaMongameli waseUnited States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza kangangoko ndinako, ndigcine, ndikhusele ndize ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko weUnited States.” Abafaki-mthetho baye basiyeka ngabom nasiphi na isikhokelo sonqulo oluthile okanye umlawuli, bebonakalisa ukuzinikela kwabo kwi-Riphabliki yehlabathi kunye norhulumente obotshelelwe ngumthetho, hayi ukunyaniseka kobuqu. Umongameli wokuqala, uGeorge Washington, wathabatha esi sifungo ngoApril 30, 1789, kwiHolo yeFrederal eNew York, wongezelela ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo ngoko emva kokucaphula umbhalo womGwal-siseko, kodwa elibonisa ukuba limele umGaqo-siseko.

Ukulula kwesifungo santlandlolo kwakusenziwa ngabom. Abafaki-mthetho babekholelwa ukuba esi sifungo kufuneka sibe sifungo esingqalileyo kumGaqo-siseko, hayi isibhengezo esikhulu samandla omntu. Noko ke, oko kulula kuye kwangqineka kungqinelana nokuqina okuphawulekayo, qha, ibinzana elisisiseko lomgaqo-siseko alizange lilungiswe, kanye njengamacandelo omGaqo-siseko aguquka.

IMithetho yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni kunye nezinye iiNkcubeko zobuMongameli

Amanye amazwe amaninzi amkela izifungo zawo zomongameli emva kokuzimela okanye ukwamkela umgaqo-siseko werepublic. IRiphabliki yesithathu yaseFransi yaseka isifungo sobumongameli ngowe-1875, kwaye kamva irepublic yaqhubeka nesithethe. Isifungo namhlanje siquka isithembiso sokuhlonela umgaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo abemi. EJamani, isifungo sikamongameli wesizwe siquka ukuqinisekisa imigudu yokunikezela intlalo entle yabantu baseJamani. Ezi zifungo zidla ngokubonakalisa inkxwaleko yolawulo lobuzwilamfa, ngolwimi olucacileyo oluphathelele ukukhusela ulawulo-demokhrasi kunye namalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko weSpanishi-19789 ufuna ukumkani nentloko karhulumente ukuba afunge ukuxhasa umgaqo-siseko nomthetho, ukusabela ngqo kulawulo-Francoust.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngoxa isifungo saseUnited States samisela isiseko, indaleko yehlabathi lonke yezifungo zomongameli iye yalandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamava embali esizwe ngasinye neenguqulelo zezobupolitika.

IziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko kunye noHlaziyo

Nangona ulwimi olungundoqo lwesifungo somongameli wase-U.S. lungatshintshanga, utshintsho oluninzi lwezomGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubela-phambili yomthetho iye yachaphazela ukutolikwa kwayo kunye nomongo esenziwa ngawo. Ezi nguqulelo zibalaselisa indlela isifungo esiziqhelanisa ngayo nezinto zezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba kubhalwe ngokusemthethweni umbhalo wayo.

UHlaziyo Lwe - 12 Nobukho Bomongameli

Igunyaziwe ngo-1804, uMphengululo we-12 walungisa inkqubo yokunyulwa komongameli nomongameli, kodwa ayizange isilungise ngqo isifungo. Kodwa ke, yaqinisekisa ukuba isekela lomongameli liyaphumelela kumongameli ukuba umongameli uyafa, arhoxiswe, okanye asuswe. Olu landelelwano lwabangela ukuba kufuneke ukuba kubekho isifungo sobusekela-mongameli, osenza isifungo esifanayo somgaqo-siseko. Ulungiso lokungangqameli kwesifungo kwakukuqinisa ukubaluleka kwendima kamongameli wobusekela mongameli njengegosagunya likamongameli omnye.

Uhlaziyo loMhla wokuQhubelana noMhla

Uhlaziyo lwama-20, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1933, lwashukumisa ukunikezelwa komongameli ukususela ngoMatshi 4 ukuya kuJanuwari 20, ukunciphisa ixesha lokunqunyulwa komnquba nokuqalisa kwegama elitsha. Olu tshintsho aluzange lusitshintshe isifungo ngokwaso, kodwa lwachaphazela ixesha kunye nomongo wezopolitiko. Ngokunciphisa ixesha, ukupheliswa kwafuna ukwenza urhulumente athabathe intsabelo ngakumbi kunyulo, ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo ngendlela esisifungo esibonisa ngayo ukuqala kwegama lomongameli.

Uhlaziyo Lwe - 22 Nemida

Ngo-1951, uMphengululo wama-22 wanika umongameli imilinganiselo emibini ekhethelweyo. Nangona ukulungisa isifungo kungabhekiseli ngqo kwisifungo, kwayitshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela yezopolitiko ekuthatyathwa ngayo isifungo. Emva kokulungisa, oomongameli abafunga ibinzana lesibini bazi ukuba iza kuba yokugqibela, batshintsha intsingiselo yomqondiso wesifungo. Isithembiso siba singukuba bangafuni gunya elingapheliyo, ngokuyinxenye, ukhuseleko nxamnye nohlobo lomphathi osisigqwebetho ababesoyika.

IsiHlomelo Sesi-25 Nempumelelo

ISinyusi- Amendment sama-25, saqinisekiswa ngo1967, sacaciswa ngokulandelelana komongameli kunye nokukhubazeka. Saseka iinkqubo zokuba isekela lomongameli libe ngumongameli ukuba lisebenze okomzuzwana ukuba umongameli akakwazi ukukhulula amagunya. Oku kulungisa akuzange kusitshintshe isifungo, kodwa kwandisa iimeko apho umntu anokuthi phantsi kwazo afunge okwesihlandlo sokuqala, umzekelo, xa umongameli oynganye naye ephumelela kwi-Despresidenti. Ixesha ngalinye umongameli omtsha usenza isifungo, kwanangexesha lengxaki, ukuqhubekeka kukarhulumente wesiseko somgaqo-siseko kuyaphinda kuqiniswa.

Iziganeko Zembali Neemeko Ezingafaniyo Eziphawulekayo

Ingxaki Yowe - 1861 Nendawo KaLincoln Yokuhlala

Isifungo somongameli asizange sibe sichukumisa kakhulu kunangexesha lokwaphuka komGaqo-siseko. uAbraham Lincoln wafunga ngoMatshi 4, 1861, njengoko amazwe asixhenxe asemazantsi ayesele eshiywe kwi-Union. Kwidilesi yakhe yokuqala, uLincoln wagxininisa isifungo njengomsebenzi wobuqu nomgaqo-siseko, esithi: “Ndiza kulunyamekela, njengoko uMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo ngokwawo uthe wagunyazisa kum, ukuba imithetho ye-Union iphume ngokuthembeka kuwo onke amazwe.” Wacela isifungo sokuthethelela ukuzimisela kwakhe ukukhusela i-Union, kunye nokuphinda kwakhe isifungo saba ngumqondiso onamandla wegunya lomthetho. Imfazwe yamakhaya yavavanya intsingiselo yesifungo, kodwa ukubambelela ngokuqinileyo kwalincoln ukuba incede ukulondoloza umgaqo womgaqo womthetho-mthetho.

IOath yaseHerbert Hoover yowe - 1929

Unikezelo lukaHerbert Hoover ngowe-1929 luphawuleka ngomahluko omncinane kodwa obalulekileyo: wayengumongameli wokuqala owakhupha isifungo ngaphandle, kwaye wasebenzisa iBhayibhile eyayikwizizukulwana zakhe. Nangona amagama ayengatshintshanga, isifungo sasesifungo kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo zabonisa ukukhula kwesithethe sephepha elinolwahlulo kunye nesamaziko eendaba. UHover wabeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile, uqheliselo olwaba ngumgangatho kodwa olusaqhubeka lulukhetho lobuqu.

UKennedy Wagxininisa Ekubalaseleni

Ukwenziwa kwesifungo kukaJohn F. Kennedy ngo 1963 kusoloko kukhunjulwa “ngendlela athe wabuza ngayo u-"intetho yakhe edumileyo, kodwa ukucaphula kwakhe isifungo kwatsalela ingqalelo. Kennedy, umKatolika, wayengumongameli wokuqala wolo kholo, kwaye ukufunga kwakhe kwagxininisa ubukho besifungo esingesosamvelo. //ayengasebenzisi iBhayibhile ukuze afake isandla sakhe; endaweni yoko, wasebenzisa iBhayibhile ye-U.S. Coard Bible eyasetyenziswa ngaphambili ngomhla wesifungo somongameli. Uhlonipho lukaKennedy lwasesibhambanga esithelela ekusifungo sikawonke, lwaqinisa indima yayo njengomanyano lwesizwe esineepolitiki.

Isinyithi Ngamaxesha Otshintsho

Xa uMongameli Richard Nixon warhoxa ngoAgasti 1974, uMongameli onguMongameli uGerald Ford wathatha isifungo sesikhundla kwi-East House yeHouse. Lo msitho wawumfutshane kwaye unxunguphalisa, kodwa ukucaphula kwesifungo somGaqo-siseko kwaphawula ixesha elinzima lokulandelelana komgaqo-siseko. Kamva wathi, “Ndiyazi ukuba awumnyulanga ukuba ndibe ngumongameli wakho, ngoko ndikucela ukuba undiqinisekise njengomongameli wakho ngemithandazo yakho." Esi siganeko sabonisa indlela esi sifungo esisenza ngayo ukuba kuqhubekeke nakwezona nguqu zezobupolitika zivuthayo.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika Nezentlalo Ekuthetheni Okungathethiyo

Ngaphandle kweUnited States, amazwe amaninzi aye ahlaziywa izifungo zawo zomongameli ukuze abonise iinguqulelo ezinkulu kwezobupolitika nakwezentlalo.

Intsebenziswano yamalungelo asekuhlaleni nokulingana

Kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe, amazwe amaninzi ongeza isifungo esicacileyo kumongameli wawo sokukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nokuthintela ucalucalulo. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika emva konyaka ka-1996 uquka isifungo somongameli esithembisa “ukumanyanisa umanyano kunye nokudibana kwesizwe” kunye nolo “kukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abantu. Ngokufanayo, umongameli waseIndiya ufunga“ ukukhusela uMgaqo-siseko nomthetho” kwaye “uzinikele kwinkonzo nakwinzuzo yabantu baseIndiya.” Ezi zongezelelo zibonisa utshintsho lwehlabathi lonke ekugqaleni ulwano lomntu ngamnye noluntu ngabanye.

Isifungo sase-U.S., ngokwahlukileyo, asizange silungiswe ngokusemthethweni ukuquka olo lwimi. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ibinzana elithi “ukhuseleko, khusela kwaye ukhusela umGaqo-siseko” ngokupheleleyo liquka iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezindululo, ngaloo ndlela kukhuselwa amalungelo abantu. Noko ke, bekukho iminxeba yexesha naliphi na ixesha ukubiza isifungo ngokuphandle ukuchaza ulingana okanye ukususa ulwimi olufanayo (umbhalo usabhekisela kumongameli usebenzisa izigcincana ze-card).

Imfazwe Nokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Ngamaxesha emfazwe, isifungo somongameli siba nentsingiselo engaphezulu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wayedla ngokucela isifungo sakhe ukuba athethelele izenzo ezithatyathwe ngaphambi kwemvume yekomkhulu, njengenkqubo yeLend-Lavement. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba isifungo sokuba “kuyiphumeze ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi” sasiquka umsebenzi wokuhlonela amagunya ombutho, kodwa indlela ebanzi yokutolika kaRooselt. Ngokufanayo, isifungo sichaziwe kwiingxoxo zokulawula igunya lemfazwe ngexesha le-majorthi, ngomongameli bephikisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo wokukhusela imiqathango ethile yokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Ukuchazwa Nokucelwa Kweenguqu Kwezi Mini

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kuye kwacelwa ukuba kwenziwe lula okanye kwenziwe kube lula isifungo somongameli kumazwe amaninzi. Ngo-2021, abanye abenzi bomthetho wase-U.S. basungula isigqibo sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ukuba afune ukuba umongameli afunge ukuba “aqinisekise ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho” okanye“ agcine imigaqo yedemokhrasi. Le migudu ayikhange ifumane ukuthatyathwa, kodwa ibonakalisa umnqweno omkhulu wokwenza isifungo sikwabelana ngakumbi namaxabiso akhoyo. Kwamanye amazwe, njengoChile kunye ne-Argentina, izifungo zomongameli zaphinda zibhalwe emva kokuguqulwa kolawulo-demokhrasi, ukugxininisa amalungelo abantu nomthetho.

Intsingiselo Yexesha Elizayo Nenkqubo Yendaleko Yexesha Elizayo

Isinyithi Njengophawu Lokhuseleko Lwedemocratic

Namhlanje, isifungo somongameli sisengumqondiso onamandla wegunya elingomGaqo-siseko kunye nokulawula ngedemokhrasi. Kwixesha lokunyuka kwepopulism, ukuphambana kwezikhundla, nokucalucalucalulwa kwezobupolitika, isifungo sikhumbuza abantu ukuba kwaneyona nkokeli inamandla ilawulwa ngumthetho. Esi sifungo sikwalixesha lomanyano lwesizwe, sijongwa zizigidi zabemi ababona inkokeli yabo zisenza umsebenzi olungileyo. Sisithethe esisigqitha kwiicawa zocalulo lwesizwe kwaye sikhuthaza ingcamango yokuba ulawulo luyimbopheleleko, hayi ukuthemba.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo siye saba ngumqondiso wokuhlola ihambo yobumongameli. Xa umongameli etyholwa ngokwaphula umGaqo-siseko, abachasi badla ngokubhekisela kwisifungo njengomlinganiselo ophulweyo. Kwiingcinga ezingeyonyaniso, isifungo sicatshulwa rhoqo njengesiseko somsebenzi womongameli “wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka.”

Ubuchule kunye nezindululo

Ulawulo lwesifungo luye lwavela ngobugcisa. Izifungo zale mihla zisasazwa ehlabathini lonke, yaye isifungo sisoloko sicatshulwa ngoncedo lwee-teleprompter okanye ii-dismedies. Imithombo yezonxibelelwano idibanisa ixesha, yaye kwezinye iimeko, oomongameli baye bathabatha isifungo sesibini, esingacwangciswanga kwimithombo yezonxibelelwano yezentlalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayawuqinisekisa kwakhona ummiselo wabo. Ngoxa ezi nguqu zingaluguquli ulwimi lwesiseko, bayandisa ukufikelela nokuchaphazela kwesithethe.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ezitsha zexesha elizayo eziquka iifomati zokufunga, njengento efana nento eyenzekayo xa kufikelelwa ungxamiseko lwesizwe, okanye ukusetyenziswa kolwimi oluthetha ubufanasini. Abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba ixesha lilungele ukuphelisa ngokusemthethweni isifungo somGaqo-siseko sokuquka isithembiso sokuxhasa amaziko edemokhrasi nokugatya utyekelo lwe-autocratics. Noko ke, ubunzima bokulungisa i-U.S. bunokwenza utshintsho olunjalo lungaqondakaliyo ngeli xesha elikufuphi.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nemikhwa Yokuthelekisa

Ihlabathi lonke, isifungo somongameli siyaqhubeka siguquka. Idemokhrasi entsha isoloko iyila izifungo zayo zokwaphula ngeemfuno ezingqongqo. Ngokomzekelo, isifungo sikamongameli wase-Ukraine siquka isifungo sokukhusela inkululeko nengqibelelo yelizwe. KwiiRiphabliki ezisandul' ukusekwa, isifungo sisisifungo solawulo. Le mizekelo yanamhlanje ibonisa ukuba esi sifungo sisenguxwebhu oluphilayo, sivisisana nenyaniso yezobupolitika yexesha ngalinye.

Njengokuba iinguqu zezobupolitika zikhawulezile------ukusuka kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, okanye ukutshintsha kwemithetho yejiyografi yezwe elikwijiyo-------yal iza kuqhubeka ibonakalisa ezo nguqulelo. Isithembiso esingundoqo sokukhusela umgaqo-siseko siya kuhlala, kodwa izithethe ezingqonge, iinkcazelo, kwanezinto ezibuthathaka ngokweenkcazo zentetho ziza kuqinisekisa ukuba isifungo sihlala sifanelekile kwizizukulwana zexesha elizayo.

Isiphelo

Indaleko yesifungo somongameli sisipili seenguqulelo zezobupolitika. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yaso yamandulo ukuya kumazwi alula kodwa anamandla omGaqo-siseko wase-U. kunye namaxesha emfazwe yamakhaya ukuya kutshintsho lwedemokhrasi yale mihla, isifungo siye sasebenza ngexa sigcina injongo yaso esisiseko: ukubopha umlawuli kumthetho nabantu. Njengokuba abantu bejamelene neengxaki ezintsha, isifungo siya kutshintsha ngokungenakuphepheka, kodwa indima yaso ebalulekileyo njengesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi iya kuhlala ikhona. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kusinceda siqonde kungekuphela kwembali yamandla olawulo-ngamandla kodwa kwanemilinganiselo ehlala ikho exhasa urhulumente weRiphabliki.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali kunye nokubaluleka kwezifungo zomongameli, bona ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe logcino-lwazi loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (Umzobo II, Icandelo 1), i- iNkatheliso yoHluliso loPhoqo loPhoqo-siseko [[FLT:] 3], kunye noshwankathelo lweNdlulo lweNdlulo yeNdlulo yeNdluwawawa lokunikezelwa komongameli . Ukuvavanya uluvo oluthe kratya oluthe kratya [[FLT] iprojecttioti ye-Progionties [[FLT]]], oko kuqukwa nogcino lwe-fastitu yogcino-omati ye-omatilo propatipati ye-litiase propatitiestiestianti [[FT]]]