Uhambo lwetyala lokuphuma kwinkundla yenkundla luyinkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa idla ngokuntsonkotha enokuthi ikwazi ukuthatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka. Ukusuka kwisakhelo sokuqala sesikhalazo ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela ` kwaye iqonga ngalinye linokuba nesibheno-bheno esisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo ekuphuthumeni kobulungisa. Ukuqonda olu hambo kubaluleke kungekuphela kubafundi bomthetho kunye noochwepheshe bezomthetho kodwa nakumntu onokuthi ngenye imini afumaneke ebandakanyekile ekudibanisweni. Le sikhokelo sinikela iinkcukacha, iqonga-qonga ngeqonga elihamba ngendlela eliqhubekeka ngayo icala loluntu okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho liqhubekeka ngayo, ngengqalelo, imigaqo, iingcebiso, kunye nemiqobo ekwimo emileyo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Inkqubo iqala ngokusesikweni xa i-paltiff (kwityala lamakhaya) okanye urhulumente (kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) efaka isikhalazo okanye emangalela uxwebhu kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Kwimicimbi yoluntu, isikhalazo kufuneka sichaze isiseko esiyinyaniso setyala, ingcamango esemthethweni (umz., ukungakhathali, ukwaphula isivumelwano), kwaye isiqabu safuna intlawulo (ngokufuthi imali okanye umyalelo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sibekwe enkundleni enolawulo olupheleleyo (igunya lohlobo lomthetho lomthetho ongomnye) kunye nolawulo lobuqu (ugunya phezu kwamaqela).

Iinkalo Eziyintloko Zokukhalaza

  • I- Umba: Amagama amaqela, igama lenkundla, kunye nenani letyala.
  • Juridiction and Venue: Ukuchazwa kwesizathu sokuba le nkundla ingeva.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isivumelwano esicacileyo: Icacile, inani lemihlathi echaza iziganeko ezabangela ukumangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo ezithe ngqo: unobangela okhethekileyo womsebenzi (umz., ukuqhatha, ukunyelisa).
  • Umthandazo wentengantengiso: Isicombululo esingqalileyo sezicelo ze-pectetff, njengomonakalo, ukukhulula, okanye ugwebo lokususa.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokuqokelela, ummangalelwa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ufumana ukhuphelo lwesikhalazo kunye nesicelo sokukhupha isaziso esisemthethweni sokuvela nokuphendula. Eli nyathelo, elibizwa unikezelo lwenkqubo[, kufuneka lithobele iimfuno ezingqongqo ezisemthethweni (umz., ukunikezelwa kobuqu, inkonzo ngeposi, okanye impapasho ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufumaneka). Inkonzo engamandla ingalibazisa umba okanye isiphumo sokurhoxiswa. Kwinkundla yesebe, imithetho yenkonzo ilawulwa ngu Umthetho weCivilc 4 [FLT] , kwaye uthetha ukuba kukho imithetho emininzi.

Ukusabela Kummeli

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphendula iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30 kwinkundla yorhulumente, nangona imithetho karhulumente yahluka. Impendulo yokuqala yimpendulo , ethetha ngokumangalelwa ngako ekumangaleni. Impendulo ingavuma, ikhanyele, okanye imo yokwanela ulwazi lokuphendula kwisityholo ngasinye. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula kumgwebo ongagqibekanga nxamnye nommangalelwa.

Iindlela Zokusabela

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhupha: Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi nokuba zonke izityholo zinyanisile, isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ikhawunti esemthethweni esemthethweni (umz., ukunqongophala kolawulo, ukungakwazi ukubeka ityala phantsi komthetho 12(b)(6).
  • Impendulo ekwi Afredifitive Defects: Ummangalelwa ukhanyela izityholo ezingundoqo kwaye unyusa ukhuseleko olunjengomthetho wesithintelo, ukungakhathali okunika uncedo, okanye ukulondolozwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibala elingummangalelwa ufakela ityala ngokuchasene nomphandle ovela kwintengiselwano enye okanye ukwenzeka.
  • Crossclaim: Kwimeko ezinamaqela amaninzi, ummangalelwa angazisa ityala ngokuchasene ne-co-dendentant okanye i-coplantiff.

Imisebenzi

Impendulo yokuqala yommangalelwa imisela indlela yokuthetha. Ngokomzekelo, ukurhoxa ngokukhawuleza kunokuliphelisa ityala elibuthathaka, ngoxa impendulo evuma iingongoma ezingundoqo isenokuyibangela ibe mfutshane ityala. Amagqwetha amaninzi anesigxina asebenzisa eli thuba ukuvavanya amandla ezityholo zommangaleli aze aqalise ukuyila icebo lokufumana.

Ukufumana iPase

Ukufumana okuninzi kuyinto ende neyakhayo efuna umsebenzi. Injongo yayo kukuvumela amaqela omabini afumane ulwazi kunye nobungqina kumacala amathathu. Umlinganiselo wokufumana into ebanzi: nawuphi na umcimbi ongeyomfuneko onxulumene nento okanye ukhuseleko lweqela, kwaye ulungelelanisa iimfuno zetyala, ufunyaniswe jikelele ([[FLD: 0]] Umthetho weFederal 26(b)). Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukufunyanwa kwemithetho ehlukeneyo, ukuqhutshelwa kufuneka kutyhile ubungqina obukhoyo phantsi . [uGOFLT] Brady. Mary uGenethi oluzikhuselo kufuneka lutyhile ezinye iintlobo zobungqina.

Izixhobo Zokufumanisa

  • Ukubekwa kwengxelo: Umbuzo womlomo wobungqina (icandelo okanye ongelocazululo) phantsi kokufunga, obhalwe ngumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. I-Attorney evela kumacala omabini inxaxheba, kwaye irekhodi ingasetyenziswa ekuvavanyeni ukunikela ubungqina okanye njengobungqina.
  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Iinkundla zomanyano zimisela icala ngalinye kumashumi amabini anesihlanu amacala (kuquka inxenye esezantsi).
  • Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ESI), kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Le yindlela ii-imeyili, ii-askomptation, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye neengxelo zangaphakathi ezingena ngayo kwirekhodi.
  • Izicelo zeMiqathango: Iingxelo omnye umntu amele azivume okanye azikhanyele. Ukuba uyavunywa, zimiselwe ngokupheleleyo ukuvavanywa, ziphinda-phinda imibandela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lwenzululwazi kunye nolokusebenza kwengqondo: kwiimeko apho imeko yelungu lomzimba okanye yengqondo ibambene, inkundla ingayalela uvavanyo lwezamayeza oluzimeleyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokufihla

Ngokwanda konxibelelwano lwamanani, i- e- coffice ingumda omkhulu. Iinkundla ngoku zifuna amaqela ukuba achaze imithombo ye-ESI, agcine ugcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo, aze aluvelise ngendlela esebenzisekayo. Ukuthunyelwa koncedo (ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina) kungaba qatha, kuquka imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-mthetho okanye umgwebo ongagqibekanga. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-e-octive kusoloko kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-software ekhethekileyo kunye nokuqesha iingcali zokuqesha, ukongeza iindleko ezibalulekileyo ekudibaniseni.

Umda kunye nokuMiselwa kwenkqubo kwiKhompyutha

Ukufunyanwa kwale ngxelo akunasiphelo. Iinkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo yokukhusela iimfihlo zorhwebo, ulwazi oluyimfihlo, okanye izicelo ezibuxinzeleleyo. I-athorney ephezulu nemfundiso yemveliso yomsebenzi ikhusela uthungelwano oluthile ekufumanekeni. Umlinganiselo wolungelelwaniso obalaseliswe kuMthetho 26(b) (1) ukhuthaza abagwebi ukuba bavavanye iingenelo ezinokwenzeka zokufunyanwa nxamnye nomthwalo kunye neendleko zazo.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angayila iinguqu zentshukumo ukusombulula ityala ngaphandle kovavanyo olupheleleyo okanye ukuxinanisa imiba. Le ntshukumo ingagcinwa nakweliphi na ixesha emva kwetyala, kodwa ezininzi zenzeka emva kokufunyaniswa zigqityiwe. Zisebenza njengecebo elibalulekileyo: ukushukuma okunempumelelo okuqukumbela ityala, ngelixesha intshukumo ephumelelayo yokuhamba ngokufihlakeleyo ingasusa ubungqina okanye imida yempikiswano.

Intshukumo zangaphambili eziqhelekileyo

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Argues zeMigwebo yesishwankathelo: Ithetha ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene malunga nayo nayiphi na into yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho. Phantsi [ Umthetho weFoderal 56, inkundla ijonga ubungqina ekukhanyeni obulungileyo kakhulu kwizibanelo ezingeyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umvo okhoyo kwi Limine: Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obucalucalulayo okanye obungeyomfuneko phambi kokuba buvezwe ekuthethweni kwetyala. Umzekelo, iqela lingacela inkundla ukuba inike ubungqina bokhutshelo lwangaphambili okanye ucalulo.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: Xa iqela lingasamkeli kwizicelo zokufumana, omnye umntu angacela inkundla ukuba inyanzelise ukuthobela, mhlawumbi ngemvume.
  • I-Motion yomgwebo kwiPlateings: Isekelwe kumxholo oqulethwe sisibongozo (ingcelo nempendulo), inkundla igqiba ukuba ngaba ityala linokugqitywa njengomthetho.

Indima ecwangcisiweyo yeNtshukumo

Iintshukumo zangaphambili zovavanyo azikuko ukuphumelela kuphela; zikwayila ubume belizwe lokuvavanya. Ukuhamba ngempumelelo kwi-limine kungakhusela elinye icala ekungeniseni ubungqina obungundoqo, ngelinye ixesha intshukumo yomgwebo osisishwankathelo owenziwe ngandlel ’ ithile ingaphelisa izicelo ezithile okanye ukhuseleko. Amatyala amaninzi abemi alungiswa ngokuhamba kwentshukumo `ngokwendlela) ngokweenkcazelo ezivela kwiFederal Judication Center, umgwebo wesishwankathelo unikwa phantse kwi-15/20% yemibango yomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ii-mthetho eziqhutywayo ukucinezela ubungqina (umz., ukukhangela okungekho mthethweni) ziqhelekile kwaye zinokuphuma kwimeko yokutshutshiswa.

Ukuvavanywa

Ityala liyincopho yetyala. Inkundla yetyala ixhomekeke ekubeni lityala lesitulo (isigqibo esigwebi) okanye ityala labachopheli-tyala (isigqibo). Kwityala labachopheli-tyala loluntu, iSihlaziyiso seSesixhenxe siqinisekisa ilungelo lejaji kwimiba emininzi efuna umonakalo wemali; kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, iSindululo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala elinzulu. Inkqubo yokuchophela kwetyala ilandela umyalelo ongqongqo owenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Amanyathelo Okuvavanywa Kwetyala Elifanayo

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Inani elipheleleyo): kunye nejaji i-Attorney umbuzo wobukho bejaji ekwanokutyhilwa komkhethe. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa ucelomngeni olungenasiphelo (inani elilinganiselweyo) kunye nocelomngeni lokwenza (elingathintelwanga).
  • IiNgxelo ezivulayo: Icala ngalinye linikela ushwankathelo olufutshane lobungqina elilindele ukubuzisa. Isalathisi/inkcaso ihamba kuqala, ilandelwa yi-solute. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina; zizinto ezijongwa phambi koshicilelo.
  • Ukunikezelwa kobuBonelelo (Umzekelo kaPlaintiff-in-Chieef):[ Unxulumano lomntu oqhelekileyo namangqina, ukwazisa amaxwebhu nemiboniso, kwaye uphumle. Ingqina ngalinye lifanele ukuvavanywa ngqo, ukunqamleza, ukujongwa, ukutshintsha, kunye nokukhulula.
  • Umba wetyala odibeneyo: Emva kokuhlala kwe-start, ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina. Ummangalelwa akafuneki ukuba anikele ubungqina; umthwalo wobungqina uhlala kumphathi-tyala (okanye kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho)
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingxowa-mali neMpahla: I-Placttiff inganika ubungqina obubongezelelekileyo ukuphikisa imeko yokhuselo, kwaye ukhuselo lungaphendula ngendlela efanayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa ukuba kutheni abachopheli-tyala befanele bafumane uncedo lwabo. Isalathisi somgwebi/impatho sihamba kuqala kwaye singagcina inxalenye yexesha labo lokuphinda baphikise.
  • Imiyalelo ebhaliweyo i-[FURT:0] Ijaji ifunda umthetho wejaji kufuneka usetyenziswe, ugqume izinto zetyala ngalinye, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye nemigangatho yokucinga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jorlibration and Verdict: Abachopheli-mthetho bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuxubusha ngobungqina nokufikelela intsebenziswano (okanye kwezinye iimeko zasekuhlaleni, uninzi) lwesigqibo. Ukuba abanako ukufikelela kwisigqibo, ityala lingabakho ngokuphosakeleyo.

Ubungqina Buyabekwa Ecaleni

Izilingo zilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo yobungqina, ngokungakumbi iMimiselo yoManyano yoBufakazi (FRE) kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Iingcamango ezingundoqo ziquka ukusebenza (FRE1, 402), uvavava oluvayo (Fre1-807), ukuqinisekisa (Fre1), kunye namalungelo (umz. igqwetha-elingeneyo, i-aflegal, i-spostical). I-attorney kufuneka ikwenze into ngokukhawuleza kubungqina obungafanelekanga; kungenjalo, inkcaso isenokudiswa. Ijaji isebenza njengomgcini-sango, igqiba oko inokuviwa yimicimbi yezaphuli-mthetho. Kwizilingo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumangalelwa okungaphaya kokuthanda ukuthanda ukucinywa; imigangatho i-debugcuntswana (ekunje ayibonakali) kunye nokuchana kwento ecacileyo okanye ukukhomba.

Isichazi-magama seseva

Isigqibo sisigqibo esisemthethweni esinikezelwa ngumgwebi (kwityala lebheri) okanye kwityala labachopheli-tyala. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, isigqibo siza kugqiba ukuba kukho ityala, kwaye ukuba ityala lifunyenwe, ubungakanani bomonakalo. Kwityala lesaphuli-mthetho, isigqibo sisithi “sityala” okanye“asinatyala.” Isigqibo esinetyala kwityala lesigwebo esikhokelela ekugwetyweni ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwimeko zoluntu, isigqibo singaquka oko kufunyaniswe kuko (umz., ipesenti yetyala phantsi kwemimiselo enxulumene nokungakhathalelwa).

Iindidi zezifungo

  • Jikelele Isiqinisekiso: Ijaji ichaza qha ukuba liliphi icala eliphumeleleyo, ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuqiqa.
  • Isigwebo se-Special: Ijaji iphendula imibuzo ecacileyo, kwaye ijaji isebenzisa umthetho kwezo mpendulo ukuze ifikelele umgwebo.
  • Idityanisiwe Isiqinisekiso: Xa kugqityiwe ubungqina, ijaji ingalawula ukuba igqibi elinolwazelelelo alifumani kwelinye icala, ligqibe ngokunempumelelo ityala ngoko.
  • Jodgment Bungeno ne Verdict (JNOV): Kunqabile ukugunyaziswa, oku kuvumela ijaji ukuba ibhukuqe isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala ukuba ngokucacileyo sichasene nobunzima bobungqina.

Intshukumo yeposi

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nentlanganiso lingalungisa intshukumo yetyala elitsha okanye ukuguqula umgwebo. Ezi kufuneka zisekelwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho, kubungqina obufunyenweyo, okanye kwihambo engalunganga. Ukuba alivunywanga, ityala lishelela kwinqanaba le-appelta.

Izibheno

Inkqubo yesambuku asilotyala lesibini; kukuhlola izigqibo zenkundla egwebayo. Isibheno kufuneka sisekelwe kwityala lokuba inkundla yamatyala yenze impazamo yomthetho okanye inkqubo echaphazelekayo kwisiphumo. Iqela elinomtsalane yi-applellant; elinye icala yi-appellee. Ukuqaphela isibheno kufuneka kubekwe ngexesha elingqongqo eliphakathi kweentsuku ezingama-30 kumatyala karhulumente (uMthetho ka-Federal ka-Appelte Procedure 4).

Iziqwenga Zesibheno

  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhutshelwe kwisibheno: inkundla evavanya iifayile zetyala, iirekhodi, kunye neziboniso ziyahlanganisana zize zidluliselwe kwinkundla yezaphula-mthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ebhaliweyo echaza iimpazamo ezichaziweyo kwaye icacisa isizathu sokuba zifune ukuguqulwa. Oku kufutshane kufuneka kucatshulwe kwingxelo kunye negunya elisemthethweni elifanelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impendulu eyimfihlelo: Impendulo ethi isigqibo senkundla egwebayo sasichanile, okanye ukuba nayiphi na impazamo yayingenabungozi.
  • Iinketho ze Rept Brief (ukhetho): Umqwalaseli angaphendula kwiimpikiswano ezintsha eziphakanyiswe kufutshane kwe-appelle.
  • Impikiswano e-'Oral's ` A alinganiselweyo (idla ngokuba 15-30 imizuzu kwicala ngalinye) ithuba lokuba amagqwetha agxininise iingongoma ezingundoqo kwaye aphendule imibuzo yabagwebi. Iimeko ezininzi zigqityelwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano yomlomo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Decision: Inkundla edityanisiweyo inika uluvo. Inga [[FLT:] i-afright (ibamba inkundla evavanyiweyo), [[FLT:]] ijijeka (ijijela isigqibo), okanye ne (ithumela ityala emva kwetyala elihambela phambili noluvo). Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla ingalungisa ugwebo okanye umyalelo omtsha.

Imigangatho yempinda

Asizizo zonke iimpazamo ezichatshazelwe ngokulinganayo. Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukileyo yohlolo exhomekeke kuhlobo lwetyala: de novo (uhlolo olutsha) ukwenzela iimfuno zomthetho, [ imposiso ecacileyo[[ yeziphumo zenyaniso ekuvavanyweni kwebhentshi, [[FLT:]] ukusetyenziswa kwecebo [ ukusetyenziswa kwe-processical okanye imigaqo ecacileyo. Le milinganiselo iphembelela ngamandla amathuba empumelelo kwisibheno. Ngokwe ofisi ye-UNIKTS., iinkundla zokufaka isibheno- tyala ezigunyaziso zetyala malunga neemeko zobuzwe.

Enye indlela: Ukuzinziswa kunye nenye iNkxaso

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku lichaza uhambo olupheleleyo lwetyala, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uninzi lwamatyala amakhaya aluze lufikele kwityala. Ngokwenkcazelo yakutshanje evela kwi-] Bureau of Justice Statistics, ngaphezulu kwamatyala angama-95% enkundla karhulumente equlethwe phambi kokuba kuxatyiswe, ukuchotshelwa kwesigwebo seshwamputha, okanye ukugxothwa. Iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza ukuba `/okanye/okanye iintlanganiso zezonyaka zibandakanye/okanye/okanye iingxoxo zezohlukene (ADR), njengetyala eliqhelekileyo elimele ukusetyenziswa kwenkundla yolwazi ngenxa yokubanziswa kwetyala. I-mediation ibandakanya iqela lesithathu labathathi-nxaxheba ekuboneleni uqeqesho olusemthethweni kodwa lungenawo amandla okulungisa isicombululo. I-Arbit inokuba isebenzisa izivumelwano zezorhwebo.