Umatshini Wokuqala Wokukhupha Iposi

Eyokuqala-phambili--okanye (FPTP) yeyona nkqubo yokuvota elula nesetyenziswa kakhulu kwilizwe elithetha isiNgesi. Kule ndlela yokufumana i-octive, umvoti ngamnye uphosa ivoti enye kubavoti bayo abathandayo, kwaye umbambeli ofumana eyona voti kwisithili uphumelela isihlalo ```awunamninzi'. Amazwe afana nolo [[FLT: 0] uBukumkani beUnited , i-Canada, i-Indiya, neUnited States isebenzisa i-FPTPP kunyulo lomthetho.

Inzuzo yePast-the Post yokuqala

Ukulula Nokufikeleleka

I-FPTP ilula ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Iivoter zifuna uphawu lwegama elinye kuphela kwivolithi, ukwenza inkqubo ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhawulezisa. Oku kulula kunciphisa ukudideka kwaye kunciphisa umqobo wokuthabatha inxaxheba kubantu abanolwazi olulinganiselweyo okanye abaqhelane neenkqubo zokuvota. Ulawulo lokhetho luncinane: ukwenziwa kwebhola yombatho kulula, ukubala kwevoti kuyakhawuleza, kwaye iziphumo ziyaziwa kwiiyure zokuvula.

Unxulumaniso olunamandla oluMqoka- Olusasaziweyo

Isithili ngasinye sinyula ummeli omnye, sidala ulwalamano olungqalileyo, olunobuzaza phakathi kwabavoti kunye negosa labo abanyuliweyo. Amalungu ayazi kakuhle ukuba ngubani omele aqhagamshelane naye kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni, kwaye ummeli unentshukumisa ecacileyo yokunceda abantu basekuhlaleni. Lo mbandela udla ngokukhankanywa njengeyona nkqubo iphambili yeFPTP.

Ukuthanda Oorhulumente Abakhulu Abanempembelelo

I-FPTP ithanda ukuxhasa iinkqubo zecandelo ezimbini kunye necandelo elinye. Ngenxa yokuba amaqela esithathu enqabile ukuphumelela izihlalo, inkqubo isoloko ivelisa urhulumente noninzi olucacileyo lwepalamente, olunokumisela iinkqubo ngokunyulu ngaphandle kokufuna uthethwano oludibeneyo. Olu luzinzo lunganomtsalane kumazwe afuna ulawulo olunempumelelo ngaphandle kokufumana i-grid lock.

Izaquzo Ezidimazayo

Ngaphantsi kweFPTP, amaqela anamandla okanye angenamsebenzi omnye akufumanisa kunzima kakhulu ukuwina izihlalo kuba inkxaso yawo idla ngokusasazwa ngokwemo yelizwe okanye anele ukuphumelela ubuninzi kuso nasiphi na isithili. Oku kuhluza kungagcina iingcamango ezigqithisileyo zingangeni kwimithetho yezobupolitika, zifak' isandla kwimekobume yezobupolitika eninzi.

Iingozi zePast-the Post yokuqala

Imisebenzi Esetyenziswayo

Ugxeko olukhulu lwe-FPTP yimeko “yovoti" -- iibhola zovota ziphosa abathathi-nxaxheba abangawi. Kumaqela amaninzi esithili, amacandelo amakhulu evoti yokuvota abaphulukani nonyuko, kwaye loo voti ayinafutheko kwisiphumo. Oku kukhokelela kuvoti ye- e-'' erractic''. [, apho abavoti balahla ukhetho lwabo lokuqala lokwenene ukuxhasa umvotisi oluncedo, becinezela intetho enyanisekileyo yezobupolitika.

Ulawulo oluncinane nokungabikho kweMajonggdadada

FPTP isoloko ivelisa abaphumeleleyo abafumana ngaphantsi kwama-50% evoti. Umvotisi angaphumelela nge 35% okanye kwangama-30% ukuba inkcaso yahlulahlulwe phakathi kwabanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Oku kuthetha ukuba uninzi lwezibonelelo lungavotela omnye umntu, lucuthe ugunyazo lomvuzo nogunyaziso olucingelwayo lukarhulumente. Kwimeko ezigqithisileyo, iqela lingakha urhulumente omkhulu ngevoti engaphantsi kwama-40% yesizwe ethandwayo.

Umelo loDityaniso

FPTP igqithisa ngokulandelelanayo kwiqela elikhulu kwaye idlulisela elingaphantsi kwencinane. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwama-2019 lwaseKhanada, iSigqeba seLiberal saphumelela kwi 33% yevoti kodwa sakhuseleka kuma-47% kwizihlalo, ngoxa iGreen Party yafumana i-6,5% yevoti kodwa kuphela isihlalo. Oku kungalungelelaniswa phakathi kwevoti kunye nesabelo sesihlalo kungakhokelela ekuvuselelweni kwevoti.

Ukwahlulwa kommandla kunye nohlaziyo lwe-Goographic

I-FPTP ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba ajonge kwiziphakamiso ezijingayo aze angazihoyi izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kungandisa amacandelo esizwe, njengoko amaqela elungisa iqonga kwimimandla ethile ngeli xesha engazikhathaleli ezinye. Amazwe anjengeKhanada kunye ne-United Kingdom aye abona ukwanda kokwahlukana komhlaba, nazo zonke iindawo zokuvota zikhulu kakhulu, zinciphisa ubudlelane besizwe.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Izinto Ezikhethiweyo

Uvoto olukhethiweyo olunyuliweyo (RCV), olukwasaziwa ngokuba luvota ngokukhawulezileyo okanye ngokuvota okukhethiweyo, luvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abatsha abatsha abakwisikhundla esiphezulu ukuze bakhethe ibhola enye. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala yevoti, umvoti onamavoti ambalwa okuqala atshatiswe, yaye ezo zibhedlele zabelwe kwakhona kubavoti-mkeli abalandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda de omnye umvotesi abe noninzi. RCV isetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe lwendlu yabameli Australia yeNT: 1,1], uvoteko lomongameli we-Rrential, novoti-oti yengingqi lwasekuhlaleni kwizixeko ezininzi ze-U. njengeSan Francisco neNew York.

Inzuzo Yokhetho Oluqinileyo

Ukhetho lwesingqi esandisiweyo kunye nohlobo lwentetho

I-RCV ikhulula abavoti “abangenaziphendu zobubi obubini” enkingeni. Endaweni yokuvota, abemi bangabeka izicwangciso zobunyani kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, besazi ukuba ukuba ukuba ukhetho lwabo lokuqala luphelisiwe, ukhetho lwabo luza kufuduswa. Oku kuvumela abavoti ukuba baxhase abavoti abancinane ngaphandle koloyiko lokudlala amavoti abo, besenza umvoti abonakale echube kakhulu kwizinto ezikhethwa kwezobupolitika.

Ukudambisa intsebenziswano enkulu kunye neziphumo zesinyibilikisi esincitshisiweyo

Kuba i-RCV iyaqhubeka de omnye umvoti abe noninzi, umvumi unyulwa ngenani elingaphezulu kwama-50% leevoti zokugqibela ze-onke-equare---wazinika ugunyaziso olucacileyo oluninzi. Ukongeza, i-RCV iyayiphelisa “isiphumo se-injini,” apho umvotelwa wesithathu otsalwayo efumana ivoti kwicandelo elikhulu, ebangela ukuba umntu ophumelele kancinci aphumelele. Oku kwenza unyulo lukhuphiseko olulungileyo.

Ukukhuthazwa Kwephulo Elifanelekileyo

Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimijaho ye-RCV kufuneka babhenele kungekuphela nje kwisiseko sabo kodwa kwanakubalandeli babanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwizinto ezikhethwayo zesibini nezesithathu. Le njongo idimaza ukuhlasela okungakhiyo nokuthetha okusukruqulayo kuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafuna ukuba lukhetho lwesibini lwabaxhasi babo. Uphando lufumanise ukuba amaphulo e-RCV atyekele ekungabini buhlungu kakhulu kwaye athethsiswe yimbambano.

Umelo olwahlukileyo kunye neMiboniso eBhalekileyo

I-RCV inganika umelo olulungelelene ngakumbi ngokuvumela amaqela okanye abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphandle kwendlela yesithethe yecandelo lesibini ukuba baphumelele kwizihlalo. Kwimininzi yewinner RCV (ekwabizwa ngokuba yivoti enye edluliswayo), ivumela umelo lolwahlulo, inika amaqela esithathu ugcino lwenyawo ngeli xesha isafuna inkxaso ephangaleleyo. Oku kunganyusa iingxube-ntlobo zamalizwi kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, kuquka amabhinqa amaninzi nabathathi besuka kuluntu oluphantsi kwengi.

Iingozi Zomsebenzi Wokukhetha

Ukuntsonkotha kweevolution namagosa okhetho

Ukujija abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kungadida, ingakumbi kubavoti abakhulileyo okanye abafundileyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iimpazamo zokukhaba bhola `abaqhubi abangalunganga' okanye ukuphosa amaqondo' kuqheleke kakhulu phantsi kwe RCV. Abalawuli bokhetho kwakhona bafuna uqeqesho oluninzi ukubala iibhola zokulinganisa ezisebenzisa imijikelo emininzi, kwaye inkqubo yokubala ingathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki kwimincinti yonxulumano.

Ukhetho Olude Noluxabisa Kakhulu

Unyulo lwe-RCV lubiza kakhulu ukulungiselela. Kukho iindleko zamaphulo okufundisa kawonke-wonke, iibhola ezibomvu, kunye nezixhobo ezintsha zokulinganisa isantya. Ukubala kucotha kuba iibhola zomgangatho ngamnye kufuneka zibekwe phezulu kwaye zibekwe embindini, zilibazise iziphumo zokugqibela. Kumaqela aphezulu epropati njengonyulo lomlawuli, oku kulibaziseka kungabangela ukungaqiniseki nokungathembani.

Iibhola Ezidinweyo Neziphene Ezingumsinga

Ukuba umvoti akahleli bonke abatshati okanye ukuba bonke abatshayeli abakwizigaba abakhutshiwe bakhutshwe phambi komjikelo wokugqibela, ibhola yabo iba “yintambo” kwaye ayisaqali kwisiphumo sokugqibela. Kulunye unyulo lwe-RCV, amaqondo okudinwa afikelela ku-10-20%, ithetha ipesenti ebalulekileyo yabavoti ayinanto ithethayo kwi-metal yokugqibela. Oku kunganciphisa ulwaneliseko kunye nokujika.

Okunokwenzeka Ngemiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Ngelixesha i-RCV inciphisa uqwalaselo olucwangcisiweyo, ayiziphelisi ngokupheleleyo. Abanye abavoti bangakhetha ukungabeka manani anamandla aphambili, benethemba lokunceda abathathi-nxaxheba besibini baphumelele. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo loshenxiso lungavelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo koko uninzi lunokukucinga ukuba belwazi ukuba iinketho zizakungqubana njani. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba i-RCV ingenza “ukubetha-hlula” kwimijikelezo ejika isiphumo sokugqibela.

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso lweFPTP ne-RCV

Ubungqina nokubuya

Iinkqubo ze-FPTP ezisoloko zidandathekisa kwisithili apho iqela elinye lilawula, ngenxa yokuba abavoti bavakalelwa ukuba ibhola yabo ayinakwenza mahluko. E-United States, unyulo lomongameli lubona ukujika okunzima kunexesha eliphakathi, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yemisebenzi yokuvota equlukileyo. RCV, ngokwahlukileyo, ukujika ngokugqithisileyo, ngokujika okuphezulu kwezinye iindawo. Umzekelo, data esuka ku Minnesotaimassal ibonisa unyuko oluthotho olulula emva kokwamkela i-RCV, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba uvoluvo lwazo luzakuba lunokuhlonelwa kwanokuba ukhetho lwazo lokuqala luye lwalahleka.

Umelo nolwandiso

I-FPTP elandelelanayo yomelo lwe-skews kumaqela amakhulu. Phantsi kwe-RCV xa isetyenziswa kwisithili esinye, umelo luhlala lungumphathi kodwa luchanekile kakhulu kwizinto ezikhethwayo zovoti. Noko ke, i-RCV eninzi kuphela (ivoti edluliswayo enye) iphumeza ulungelelwano lokwenyaniso. Kuzo zombini iinkqubo, imicimbi yesithili: FPTPPPP iyakwazi ukuvelisa umelo olwahlukileyo ukuba isithili benzelwe ukuba bakhuphisana, ngexa i-RCV iyakwazi ukuqhubela phambili iimbono ezifanayo ukuba isetyenziswe kwisihlalo esinye se-winner ngemidalitha ehambayo.

Impembelelo Yentetho Yezobupolitika

FPP ibuyisela izibheno zobuchule bokusuka kwinqanaba lobuzwe obunika ubuchule bokuvota kweqela, ngenxa yokuba kungumbandela wevoti yokuqala. Oku kungaqhuba i-hyperparantisanshi kunye nephulo elingalunganga. RCV incenticives-partisan izicelo; abatshayeli kufuneka batsale iivoti zesibini nezesithathu zabaxhasi bomphikisi. Ubungqina obudibeneyo obusuka ku [[FLT: 0]] uphando lokhetho lwase-Australia[FLTY:1] lubonisa ukuba i-RCV ikhokelela kwizibhengezo ezingalunganga ezingembini kwaye ingxuba enika ulwakhiwo oluninzi, nangona isiphumo singefani kuyo yonke imeko.

Umthetho Wedemokhrasi Nokuthembeka

Phantsi kwe-FPTP, kuqhelekile ukuba iqela eliphumeleleyo libe neqela elincinane levoti ethandwayo ngeli libambe uninzi lwezihlalo. Oku “kunganciphisa ukuthembana koluntu kwinkqubo yokukhetha nokufaneleka kukarhulumente. I-RCV isoloko ivelisa umvuzo ngoninzi kummandla wokugqibela, inika umnqolobi ugunyaziso olunamandla okuziphatha. Noko ke, ukuba ibholothi isantya sokudinwa siphezulu, uninzi lokugqibela lungamela kuphela iqela lonyusonke, luhlaze olo myalelo.

Uzalisekiso Neengxaki Zokwenene Zehlabathi

Uvavanyo lwetyala lwe-FPTP

Unyulo lwaseKhanada lwango-2019 nolo-2021 lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukurhoxa kwe-FPTP. ISigqeba seLiberal sawina i-33% yezihlalo kodwa ezingama-47% zezihlalo ngo-2019, ngoxa i-Conservative yafumana i-3% yevoti kodwa 37% kuphela yezihlalo. ISigqeba esingu-Greenwe sifumana 6.5% kuphela nesivoti. U-0. Ngaphandle kokuba sixhaswe kakhulu yinkxaso yoluntu yotshintsho lonyulo, urhulumente we-Liberre washiya isithembiso sokuthatha indawo yeFPTPPP emva kwekomiti yonyaka wama-2016 efileyo. Kulo 2016 kuphela. Kulo , i-FPPP ikhokelele ekutshanisweni kwe-Liber Democracrates ngo-2015, xa i-7% ye-199, kodwa i-R.

Uvavanyo lwetyala lwe-RCV

I-Australia iye yasebenzisa i-RCV (ebizwa ngokuba “kuvota okuphambili”) kwiNdlu yayo yabameli ukususela ngo-1918. Le nkqubo isoloko ivelisa oorhulumente abaninzi, kodwa ikwanyanzela amaqela amabini amakhulu ukuba athethe namaqela amancinane kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo ukwenzela ulwahlulo oluthandwayo, ukwandisa ingxoxo-nkqubo. EUnited States, uMaine waba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukusebenzisa i-RCV kunyulo lwamazwe azimeleyo ngo-201818. Izifundo ze-Maine's 2018 kunye ne-202020-aquarlion zibonisa ukuba i-RCV ishenxile iziphumo ezithiweyo, ivumela abathathi-sithathu abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bahambe ngaphandle koloyiko olunogwegwegwe, kwaye ive nabaphumeli be-50% bevoti yevoti yokugqibela. Isixeshi sasetyenziswa nge-RV ngo-201 ye-operalk, ngexesha lokubala ii-opera-opera, njengoko kufunwa iingxelo ezifanelekileyo, njengoko zivunywa ngokuba ngokuba ngokuba ngokuba.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo

Iintsomi ezizingisileyo ze-RCV intsonkothile kakhulu kubavoti. Noko ke, ugcino-lwazi oluphefumlelwayo olusuka kwiSan Francisco nakwiMinneapolis lubonisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwama-99% eebhola zomloti agcwaliswa ngokuchanekileyo emva kokuphunyezwa kokuqala, kwaye imigudu yemfundo yovota ngokukhawuleza inciphisa iimpazamo. Enye into ephosakeleyo kukuba i-RCV isoloko inceda abavoti abangeneli. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-RCV ingenza iziphumo ezibonisa ukuba iluncedo kusenokuba lulungelelwano okanye abathathi benkqubela phambili, kuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo.

Ikamva Lotshintsho Olumangalisayo

Njengoko ukunganeliseki yi-FPTP ikhula, imimandla emininzi iqwalasela i-RCV okanye iinkqubo ezichaseneyo ezifana nomelo oludityanisiweyo. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kwizixeko zase-U.S. zibonise ukusebenziseka kwe-RCV kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kwaye amaphondo amaninzi `kuquka i-Alaska ne-Nevada''' amkele i-RCV kunyuso oluthile. Imiqobo ephambili ihlala iphakathi kombutho wezopolitiliti: i'''''''''''''''''' ifuna ukutshintsha inkqubo ewakha amandla. Noko ke, imibutho yengca kunye nemibutho ye-bistatan iyaqhubeka inyanzelo yonyuso kufunelwa unyulo, ithetha ukuba ummeli ongakumbi nothembekileyo umgangatho we-omatilasi.

Ekugqibeleni, zombini ezidlulileyo zokuqala-okanye neZiko lokhetho olushicilelweyo zithwala izinto ezihamba phambili: iFPP inika ubuchule obulula kunye nomelo olunamandla lwengingqi kwixabiso levoti elahlwayo kunye notshintsho. i-RCV inika intetho ebanzi yovoti kunye neziphumo ezininzi kodwa ifuna ukuntsonkotha kunye nobuncwane obuninzi. Ukhetho phakathi kwazo luxhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili zoluntu: nokuba ziyakuxabisa ukugqibelela nesithethe okanye ukufakwa kunye nomqondiso ochanileyo wotshintsho oluqhelekileyo oluyaya kubalwa. Njengoko impikiswano yokuguqula okunokhetho kunyuswa kokhetho emhlabeni wonke, ukuqonda okucacileyo kwezi rhwebo-ngaphandle kuyimfuneko kubagcoci, abaqeshi, abaqeqeshi, nabaququki benkqubo.