Ukhetho olulawulayo lweziko lolawulo-lwazi luchaza imida yokukhetha kwezobupolitika kumelo lwedemokhrasi. Phakathi kweyona mithetho ilandelayo ingunobangela wokuguqula amaMelika sisigqibo sokuba ngubani onokuba nenxaxheba kwiqela eliphambili. Umahluko phakathi kovulo novaliweyo asiyonto nje ephambili; ngumda ongundoqo wamandla ezobupolitika, ophembelela yonke into ukusuka kwinkcazelo ecocekileyo kunye nempumelelo yemithetho yokuvota kunye nempilo yamaqela ezobupolitika. Olu hlalutyo luhlolisisa umahluko okhoyo kunye neziphumo zentelekelelo zezi nkqubo zidibangxwa, unika ushwankathelo olucacileyo olusekelwe kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika kunye neziphumo zokwenene zemeko zelizwe.

Ukuchaza iinkqubo: Umgangatho ophezulu wokufikelela kwevoter

Amagama "ovula isiqalelo" kunye "ovalelweyo" amele isiphelo solwahlulo oluntsonkothileyo lonikezelo lwabavoti. Imithetho elawula olu nyulo imisela umlinganiselo apho umvoti kufuneka aququzelele khona ekuhleni neqela lezobupolitika ukuze abe nentetho ekukhetheni umgcini-ntloko walo osemgangathweni. Ukuqonda ukwakhiwa kwale nkqubo kuyimfuneko, njengoko nganye idala iseti eyahlukileyo yezihlokozo zabavoti nabathathi.

Iiponti Ezivaliweyo: IHortress Yeqela

Kwisigxina esivaliweyo, kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo eqela lezobupolitika angavota kukhuphiswano lwalo iqela. Ingcebiso icacile: iqela, njengeqela labucala, linelungelo lokukhetha iinkokeli zalo ngenkqubo elinganiselweyo kumalungu alo akwi-bonaide. Le nkqubo ibuyisela ubotshelelo olunzulu phakathi kwesivumelwano esithile kwaye iqinisa uphawu lweqela. UVoters kufuneka avakalise idipotime kakuhle phambi kosuku lonyulo, ithintele iinguqu zokugqibela zemithetho ecwangcisiweyo. Amazwe afana neNew York, Pennsylvania, neFlorida ngokwembali isebenzisa ii-Prigrims. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba oku kugcina ingqibelelo kweqela elithile kwaye bathintele "drai," apho amalungu eqela elichasayo angenayo impembelelo kusuku lonyulo olungomnye ugqweno.

Iindawo Ezivulekileyo: ISiqu Esinguwonke - wonke

Uvula nabani na obhalisiweyo uvumela ukuba akhethe ivoti yeqela ngomhla wonyulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu leqela labo. Umvoti obhaliswe njenge-Independent angagqiba ukuvota kwiRiphabliki ephambili, iDemocratic, okanye ngamanye amaxesha iqela elincinane eliphambili, kodwa angavota kuphela. Impikiswano engundoqo yokuvula amavoti kukuba afake inxaxheba kwivoti kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ngokuhlisa umqobo wokungena, bavumela ububanzi nomelo olungakumbi ukuba lwakhame iqula lomvoti. Le nkqubo icingelwa ukuba ikhuthaze abaqhubi ukuba babhenele ukubhenela ngaphandle kweqela, ngokungqinelanayo phezu kwemiqathango yemililo yemililo. Efana no-Alabasebenzi, u-Alaba, uMichigan, kunye no-Planstive.

Semi- Ivalekile kunye nomahluko Ophezulu- Kwisibini

Phakathi kwezi zibonda zimbini zikho iinkqubo ezixubileyo. Izibonelelo ezivaliweyo zivumela ukuba zingabikho okanye zivotelwa ngokwazo ukuba zibe nenxaxheba kuzo zonke iinxenye eziphambili, ngexa amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo ehlala ethintelwe kwiqela lawo. Oku kugcina ezinye izinto zokulawula iqela ngexa kubekwa icandelo elikhulu nekhulayo. [2] Phezulu- 2"2"Jungle" Prial[[[FLT]], esetyenziswayo eKliforgisss phakathi kokhetho oluqhelekileyo, ithatha indlela eyahlukileyo. Bonke abathathi beqela, babonakala kwiqela elingundoqo elinye. [iqela elikhoyo elikhoyo elikhoyo, elininzi, elikhoyo elininzi, eliphumayo, elininzi elininzi eliye linciphisa ukuvotelela nangaphezulu, elingaphezulu, elingaphezulu kweqela lokhetho eliqhelekileyo.[Fontaline]

Imeko - bume Yembali Nomthetho

Inkqubo engundoqo yeziko langoku yimveliso yeNkqubela-phambili yeziNguqulo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ejolise ekususeni amandla kwiqela labalawuli kwaye ibekwe ezandleni zabavoti. Noko ke, ingxoxo emalunga neenkqubo ezivulekileyo ezivaliweyo yafika kwintloko esemthethweni kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT] California Democratic Party v. Jones [2000] [2]

Kwisigqibo esingu-7-2, iNkundla yabetha ingubo ephambili yendlela yeKhalifoniya. yaye ivumele nawuphi na umvoti ukuba avotele nawuphi na umvoti, adibanise kwaye angqinelane namaqela , ngokuchasene noMgqino wokuqala wezopolitiko kwicala lomanyano. Inkundla yabambelela ekubeni ingenako ukunyanzeleka ukuba ivumele abangengomalungu alo akhetha iinkokeli zayo. Esi sigqibo sikuvumele ngqo ukuba ikomkhulu wenkqubo, ewuthintela umcimbi wemithetho ngokususa ilekhlulo lombutho kwibala elingundoqo. Esi sakhiwo simisela isigaba sayo yonke impikiswano elandelayo emalunga nokufikelela kooyena mntu namalungelo. Ukuqonda eli tyala sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba kutheni kumele kubekho umsebenzi ohlukeneyo wemithetho yanamhlanje.

Impembelelo Ekuthabatheni Inxaxheba Nakubandakanyeko

Isiphumo soxokelelwano oluphambili kuvoti lungumbandela wengxoxo enkulu. Ngelixesha amanani aluhlaza esoloko exhomekeke kumongo, izikhuthazo zesakhiwo zicacile.

Ukufumaneka

Umlinganiselo ovaliweyo wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ulinganisela unyulo, ngokuyimfuneko lungamkhethe okhetha ukungadibani neqela elikhulu. Kwixesha apho i-intelligence imalunga nesithathu sama-Melika ichazwa njengee Independents, lo mqathango ungacinezela kakhulu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuvala. Amazwe anamagumbi okuvala asoloko abona amaqondo asezantsi okujika xa kuthelekiswa nokuvula amazwe aphambili, ingakumbi kumaqela asekuhlaleni okanye kumgangatho worhulumente. Ukuvula ii-primetries, ngokwahlukileyo, kumema unyuso olukhulu nolwahlulo olungafaniyo kwinkqubo yokukhetha, nto leyo enokunyusa ukuganana nokumanyana ngenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ulawulo lwezakhono zoluhlu

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zokuziphatha okuvulekileyo kukudibana kovotelo olubalulekileyo, okanye ukujika-jika. Abachasi beqela elivulekileyo baphikisa ngelithi bavumela amalungu eqela eliphikisayo ukuba avote umndilili obuthathaka okanye ogqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela andisa amathuba eqela labo kunyulo jikelele. Ngoxa ubungqina bomlinganiselo omkhulu wokuhlasela okuququzelelweyo buxubene, ukuqiqa oku kwengozi kungakonakalisa ukuthembeka kwinkqubo yokunganyaniseki.

Ingcamango Engathathi Nto Nempembelelo Yezobupolitika

Inkqubo esisiseko inokuba nempembelelo enkulu kakhulu ekubekeni izimvo zabathathi-nxaxheba. Isakhiwo sonyulo olunemiba ephezulu sibangela intshukumisa enamandla yendlela iphulo elithe lathe laza lalawula ngayo.

Isiseko Sidityaniswe No Voter

Kwisiqobo esivaliweyo, uvotelwa ukhiwe ngamalungu athembekileyo nasebenzayo eqela. Aba bavoti batyekele ekukhetheni kakhulu kune-avareji kwivoti jikelele. Isivotelwa esijongene novoti evaliweyo kufuneka siphumelele kule siseko siphezulu, sisenza ukuba bafake izithuba kude kumbindi. Le nto ingumqhubi ovunyiweyo wecandelo lezobupolitika: "Médian Voter Theorem" yaphuka xa uvo oluphambili lonyuso lungumngcibi, isiqwenga-mfaza sabemi.

Kwisiseko esivulekileyo, abatshateli abanakuxhomekeka kwisiseko seqela. Kufuneka babhenele kwicandelo elibanzi elinqumla uwonke-wonke, kuquka eziphakathi kunye nezizimeleyo. Olu xinzelelo lwesakhiwo luziqhubela phambili ezinxulumaniswe embindini, zikhuthaza iindawo ezithe xhaxheyo zokwahlula. Inkqubo yeMiphezulu-2 eCalifornia yenziwa ngokucacileyo ngenjongo ecacileyo.

Isiphumo Sokwenza Oku

Izakhiwo ezivaliweyo zikhulisa isisongelo socelomngeni oluyintloko lweengcamango, okanye ukudityaniswa. Abameli abakwimimandla ekhuselekileyo badla ngokoyika ucelomngeni oluphambili olusuka entlukweni yabo kunenkcaso yonyulo jikelele. Oku kunyanzelisa abakhweli ukuba bathathe izimo eziqinileyo, ezingaguquguqukiyo ezingenakuhambelana nesithili esibanzi kodwa eziyimfuneko ukuze baphile phakathi kweqela labo. Ukuvula ama-primenter kusoloko kubangela ukuba lo mandla anciphe kakhulu, kuyenze ibe nzima kakhulu kwinginginyana yokungathwali kancinane.

Ukusebenzisa Imilinganiselo Engafaniyo Nokumela

Ulwalamano phakathi kweenkqubo eziphambili kunye nomahluko wabathathi-nxaxheba noosomashishini lunzima. Ubungqina buxhasa iimpikiswano kumacala omabini engxoxo.

Abaxhasi bezindlu zabefundisi ezivaliweyo baphikisa ngelithi banikela indlela elungelelanisiweyo engokwembali yamaqela alungelelanisiweyo kwiqela ukulungiselela nabanyulwa abamele iinjongo zabo ezikhethekileyo. Ngokusikel' umda ukuba nenxaxheba kwitheko, amaqela angasebenzisana nomvoti ongaphandle ongenakukwazi ukuphambana nembono yawo. Oku bekuyicebo kumabhinqa namagcuntswana afuna ukwaphula imiqobo phakathi kweqela.

Ngokuchaseneyo, abaxhasi bezinto ezivulekileyo baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zingabangela amandla eqela elikhoyo eliphakamileyo kunye nesiseko se-homogenous. Kwizibonelelo ezivulekileyo zikhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukwakha unyulo lwenkokeli ezithe ngcembe, ezinqamlezileyo nezinqumlayo ukusuka kwisangqa sokuqala sokuvota. Inkqubo ephezulu-2, ngokuvumela ababhenela ukuba babhenele kwiminxeba engaphaya kwe-Rhonsouts, kwezinye iimeko ikhuthaze ukunyulwa kwenkokeli ezithe ngcaba, nangona ubungqina besokuba ngaba isanyusa na umelo oluchazayo lusavela.

Uphando lomzekelo lwe-Dpeft: Iinkqubo eziqheliselwayo

Ukuhlolisisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezikhoyo ehlabathini bubungqina obunamandla bemiphumo yazo.

New York: Indawo Ephambili Yokunqabisa

INew York ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wenkqubo esisiseko evaliweyo kwicandelo elinye elinzima. Isiphumo yindlu yowiso-mthetho esoloko iphuma kwi-New York primmiry ephakathi kweyona isezantsi kuhlanga, ngamanye amaxesha ityhalela kwimivo enye kwimihlathi yemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Oku kusingqongileyo okusezantsi kunika amandla awona maqela alungelelanisiweyo naneengcamango, kunye nomatshini weqela. Isiphumo yindlu yowiso-mthetho esoloko ixabana nokungabikho kwemithetho esezantsi, njengentsontela encinane, esebenzayo kunesiseko sonovoloti jikelele. I-convote, enokuba nobuchule benkqubo, ikhutshiwe.

EKhalifoniya: Ulingelo lwesibini esiphezulu

Yenziwa ngokulandela ijones isigqibo, iProcensix 14 yaseKhalifoniya (2010) imisele inkqubo engundoqo ephezulu-2. Injongo yayikukunciphisa i-gridrowrow ngokunyanzela abatshayeli ukuba bafake isibheno kwiqela elikhulu labanyuli. Ubungqina besiphumo sidityanisiwe. Uphando lwezopolitiko kwinzululwazi zenzululwazi eUC San Diego kunye neStanford lucebisa ukuba inkqubo ayiyinciphisanga kakhulu i-Rhoxisvotation kwisimilo se-Roce; iinkokeli zeqela zisasebenzisa ulawulo olunamandla. Noko ke, lunyuse inani labatsha abanokuconga abanyulwa ngokufanelekileyo abalwenza lunyulo jikelele, kwaye inyanze abafuni benziwe ukuba baphulaphule kakhulu uludwe olubanzi. Inkqubo yokuvota.

IAlaska neWashington: Iinguqu kwiGrandenti

Iphondo iWashington lisebenzisa inkqubo ephezulu-2 efana neKhalifoniya, isoloko ifumana uqikelelo olululo lwempembelelo yayo kwimisebenzi yowiso-mthetho. I-Alaska ithe yalungiselela imodeli entsha: i-Top-Fomatian ephezulu idityaniswe nonyulo oluphezulu lwezikhundla. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuthintela inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo "ukubhalisa" ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake izikhethelo zabo, beqinisekisa ukuba umnqolobi ophumeleleyo ubonakalisa ulwandiso. Ubungqina bangaphambili base-Alaskade bucebisa ukuba i-asko ikhuthaza abaququzeleli bemilitoliki yesibini kwimivoti yemi, ikhuthaza intlalo yezopolitiko encedisayo.

Inkqubela Yotshintsho Nekamva Labo Bacalucalucalulo

Iziphazamiso zombini ezivuleke kunye nezivaliweyo zikhuthaze iliza lezicelo zotshintsho kulo lonke ilizwe. Intshukumo kungena kwicala labaphathi kunye nokuvota okubekwa esweni kubonisa umnqweno wokunciphisa ukujijeka okubangelwa kukujika-jika okusezantsi, ukukhupha umpungeno ogqithisileyo.

Imibutho efana nomanyano lwamazwe kunye nolwandiso lweenkqubo zovoti ezandisa ukufikelela kovoti ngexesha lokhetho. Imodeli ye-Alaska .Imodeli evulekileyo enentloko ekwindawo ephezulu yonyulo-mkhethi-wonke--- kwaye isoloko ibekwa phezulu njengesikhokelo samanye amazwe. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekuthatheleni indawo i-i mibale "ovula ngokuchasene" ingxoxo ngesiseko esinentsingiselo ephambili yokhuphiswano, umlinganiselo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ebanzi. Umbuzo ongundoqo oqhuba ezi nguqulelo zingundoqo kukuba ingaphinda ityikiswe ukuba inkqubo yokuqala ifumane izihlomelo eziphilileyo zomntu ozamdla norhulumente osabelayo.

Isiphelo

Ukhetho phakathi kokuvula nokuvala i-primporation lukhetho phakathi kwemibono ekhuphisanayo yokumela idemokhrasi. Amagumbi angquzulana aqinisa amaqela ezobupolitika njengemibutho yangasese kwaye anika intsebenziswano enzulu ngokumanyeneyo, kodwa abeka engozini yokwandisa indawo engaphandle kunye nokususa iqela elikhulu le-voti. Isigqibo sokumisa ukhetho lomvoti ngamnye kwaye akhuthaze abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhe ububanzi, ukunqamleza kweqela, kodwa bangenza buthathaka ukuchana kweqela nokuvula ucango olunzulu lokusebenzisa iqhinga. Isigqibo esinguwonke [iisiseko] simisela ummiselo, kodwa asikhuthazi ukuba kubekho ubuchule obusebenzayo kumntu omnye olawulayo kunye noongezelele nabani nabani na. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ikamva lokulungisa iinguquko alikho kukhetho oluqhelekileyo, kodwa lungancitshiswa kwimiqatha elisebenzayo nakunye.